Kongsvinger Fortress
| Kongsvinger Fortress | ||
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| Creation time : | 1673-1784 | |
| Castle type : | Hilltop castle | |
| Conservation status: | receive | |
| Place: | Kongsvinger | |
| Geographical location | 60 ° 11 '58.3 " N , 12 ° 0' 41.8" E | |
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The Kongsvinger fortress (Norwegian: Kongsvinger festning) was built between 1673 and 1784 and is located on the west side of the Glomma River in the Tårstadt district of Kongsvinger in the eastern Norwegian province of Innlandet . The forerunner of the fortress was the Vingersund Schanze (Norwegian: Vingersundet skanse ), which was later also called Tråstad Schanze . The fortress is now owned by Forsvarsbygg nasjonale festningsverk and has been a listed building since the 1920s. Since 1971, a large part of the surrounding area has also been under protection by the resolution of the Norwegian heritage authorities.
history
In the 17th century, when Kongsvinger had not yet developed, the Sogn Vinger was one of three trade routes that led from Värmland in Sweden to Christiania ( Oslo ). In addition, Vinger had a strategically important ferry connection to Tråstad Hof, as it was the only one along the Glomma for many kilometers and also paved the way to the center of southern Norway. Denmark-Norway waged several wars with Sweden, including the Three Crowns War of 1563–1570, the Kalmark War of 1611–1613, and the Torstensson War of 1643–1645. Thus, a defense of the ferry connection was essential to prevent the advance of Swedish troops further into central Norway. Colonel G. Reichenwein, Commander in Vinger, wrote in 1647 for the first time a request for the construction of a ski jump in Vinger. He proposed the construction of two entrenchments on either side of the Glomma. However, he revised the proposal and instead requested the construction of a ski jump on the hill and one on the river. Two years later he wrote another letter and mentioned that an engineer had surveyed the site. Another letter asked for a jump at the church on Tråstadhof. In 1657 Sweden occupied the Danish Jutland . Then a simple, pentagonal redoubt was created on the west side of the Glomma and in the summer of 1658 the Tråstad Schanze was ready. Maps show another star-shaped jump at the point where the church was built later (1697). However, it was not recorded when the hill was built. A map from the 1720s describes it as a ruined redoubt from the Crab War (1657–1658). However, it is likely that it was built at the same time as Tråstad Schanze. The war lasted three years and brought the realization that the hill would not withstand a long siege. Henrik Ruse , General Inspector appointed in 1661, wanted to strengthen the fortresses along the coast and the Swedish border.
Vinger Schanze
In August 1673 the Vinger Schanze on Tråstadberg was first mentioned by the governor Ulrik Fredrik Gyldenløve . In his letter to the council of war, he wrote that in Vinger there is a cliff that is almost inaccessible from all sides, on which he would build an eight-foot-high parapet that dominates Tråstad Redoubt and the river. In addition, a crew of 300 men would be enough to repel 10,000 enemies. At this point he had already started to set up the position and a magazine . He also built a donjon , which was 19 x 22 alen in size. The lower two storeys were bricked, with a battery above them. The other floors had a wooden structure. The facility was surrounded by a square wall with batteries in three of the four corners. It was nicknamed Gyldenborg Fortress . Other buildings such as a bakery - which no longer exists today - as well as provisions and ammunition stores were added in the following years. Lieutenant Anthony Coucheron received 25 Reichstaler for drafting the plans. Some sources claim that there was a fortress on the mountain in 1658, but later assessments suggest that there were several misunderstandings. The first in command of Vinger Company was Ole Elingson.
The hill becomes a fortress
In order to be able to withstand a siege better, the expansion of the Vinger Schanze into a fortress began in 1681 . Johan Caspar de Cicignon submitted the first plan, but the design was too expensive and extensive. Anthony Coucheron was commissioned to work out a new design, which was approved by King Christian V on October 8, 1681. Coucheron's plan provided for a donjon with three generous external works in the north, south and west, which should be integrated into the existing complex. Mainly it was designed as a tenaillenform , but integrated the half-bastions Prince George and Princesses, between which the curtain wall was located in the east. The shape shows characteristics of the French fortress construction engineer Vauban from the 17th century, but the facility in Kongsvinger adapts itself strongly to the conditions of the terrain. Construction work began in the spring of 1682. The tower of the redoubt remained as it was an important element of the fortress. The fortress walls were replaced by stronger and higher ones. Furthermore, the provision house, the commandant's house, as well as the small powder tower and a lime store were added within the fortress. Many other buildings were built in the external works, including the officers' house, workshops for bricklayers and lime burners and a forge. The main gate of the fortress was unprotected for a long time until the Ravelin was built in 1691 . At the beginning of the 18th century, the covered path was partially laid out with Kontreeskarpe and a glacis in front of the fortress walls. Part of the outer works was torn down again. In order to better protect the glacis, the defensive system of the palisades was also used . They were approx. 5–6 alen long and had a diameter of 7–8 woods and were pointed on both sides. To protect them against rot, they were flamed before they were placed vertically in the earth. The construction of the wells was also an important step for the fortress, as they made the fortress independent in terms of water supply. Before that, water had to be brought in from outside, which could be very difficult in the event of a siege. The main part of the fortress was completed in 1684, although construction continued for several years.
In January 1683 Gustav Wilhelm von Wedel decided that the fortress should be called Kongens Vinger from now on . Later the name was merged to Kongsvinger . When King Christian V made a trip through Norway in 1685, he also visited the fortress. His initials can still be seen on the fortress wall today. Due to the expansion of the Vinger Schanze, soldiers and their families are settling on the slope south of the fortress. Traders and craftsmen supplied the fortress with goods and services. With the construction of the new church, Kongsvinger established itself as a fortress town. However, when the fortress was decommissioned in 1823 and served other military purposes, the city, which lived mainly on the soldiers, experienced a collapse. Only when the Kjøpestad rights (trading rights) were obtained did the town regain its momentum.
Coalition Wars and Union time with Sweden
With the attack of the British on Copenhagen in 1807, the Napoleonic Wars extended to Denmark-Norway and Norway and Sweden faced each other again as enemies. In 1808 the Skjær redoubt was built to the west of the fortress and all batteries were repaired and made ready for action. A short time later, fights with the Swedes took place between 1808 and 1809, also at the Lier Schanze, six kilometers east of the fortress. As a result, the Norske løve and Prinz Fredrik ski jumps were built in the northwest and the Se til høyre ski jump in the southwest a year later. With the fall of Napoleon in 1814, Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden, whereupon Norway proclaimed its independence. However, this could only exist for a short time and Norway entered into a union with Sweden. As a result, the border fortifications on the Swedish border were no longer necessary and the Kongsvinger fortress was cleared. Many of the buildings that were no longer needed were demolished or sold. When an engineering brigade came to Kongsvinger in 1846, they emphasized the great importance of the fortress and demanded that it be preserved. However, the Akershus Commission of 1855 claimed that the fortress was worthless as long as it had no further external works. They wouldn't build any either, since the Reich simply lacks the money. Thus the fortress was closed and became state property. The second Akershus Commission came to the conclusion that the facility was of great importance and that it should be better demonstrated by the Solørbanen railway line . With efforts towards equal rights for Norway in the Union, tensions with Sweden increased at the turn of the century. As a result, Norway modernized its border fortifications along the Glomma. Since the Kongsvinger Bridge continued to be an important route connection, it was believed that the fortress alone was not able to withstand a new possible war. All buildings that could be exposed to direct fire should be demolished. Positions for twelve cannons were set up on the top ramparts, the fortress walls were reinforced and the casemates were built. In addition, the twin forts Vardårsen and Gullbekkåsen were built between 1901 and 1902. They each had two cannons with a diameter of twelve centimeters. Long underground tunnels were blasted into the earth, in which dormitories, ammunition stores, latrines and drinking water tanks were installed. A covered path for the infantry was laid out all around and some buildings were also built for the crews outside the fortress. The fortress itself only served to accommodate the soldiers and as a warehouse. A proposal to make loopholes for cannons in the casemate was not implemented.
With the peaceful dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905, all border fortresses were to be demolished and a demilitarized border zone of 3 Norwegian miles, around 34 kilometers, was established. The Kongsvinger fortress was considered too old and no longer usable and was therefore not destroyed. The forts Vardåsen and Gullbekkåsen also remained. The demilitarized zone was not lifted until the 1990s.
Second World War
In 1939 the team was Germany , the SS City of Flint boarded, interned at the fortress. Eight pilots were also captured. This is how the population saw Kongsvinger's German officers in uniform in front of many others.
In April 1940 the commandant of the fortress surrendered without a fight and the fortress came under German command. A training center was set up there for the Norwegian SS , who stayed there for a few months. The courses continued, but after that the courses were mainly for the German SS , who were under Quisling's direct orders . The fortress has been extensively restored. From 1943, prisoners from the Grini police detention center were admitted to the fortress . You should do a variety of jobs, including repair work and potato peeling.
In contrast to the fortress, Captain Gösta Benkert fought against the German soldiers one kilometer west in Vardåsen Fort. The cannon fighting around the fort in 1905 was one of the most important battles of 1940 in Norway. Max Manus also served in Benkert's company .
From 1945 traitors were interned at the fortress.
post war period
After the war, the Befalsskole of the Norwegian artillery moved to the fortress and stayed there until 1959. After that, the Norwegian Homeland Security moved into the fortress. However, in 2002 part of the department was moved to Værnes.
On October 24, 2000, United Nations Day , a memorial in honor of the fallen soldiers of the peacekeeping force in Lebanon was unveiled at the fortress .
In July 2005, part of the fortress walls slipped. In the autumn of the same year, another part was closed due to the risk of a landslide. The fortress was restored, but work came to a standstill in 2006, as unexpected archaeological discoveries were made in the earth behind the fallen fortress wall. The restoration work was completed in 2009 and the commandant's garden was restored. Furthermore, the fortress was now subordinated to the Forsvarets avdeling for kultur og tradisjon (German: Defense Department for Culture and Tradition ).
The attachment
1 New Barracks, 2 Old Barracks, 3 Syringe House, 4 Arsenal, 5 Old Guard House, 6 Commandant's House, 7 Provision House, 8 Small Powder Tower, 9 Stable, 10 Fountain, 11 Prince Georg's Battery, 12 Prince Wilhelm's Battery, 13 Prince Carl's Battery, 14 Crown Prince Battery, 15 Queen Battery, 16 King Battery, 17 Main Gate, 18 Wedels Battery, 19 Gyldeløvens Battery, 20 Princess Battery, 21 Powder House, 22 Laboratory, 23 Outer Guard, 24 Covered Path, 25 Glacis
The Kongsvinger Fortress experienced a major construction period from 1681 to 1690. It was laid out in an irregular star shape, the walls of which are between six and ten alen high. The walls in the northwest form a double tenenille system . In the east there is a curtain wall between two half bastions . The south and southwest is protected by a semi-detailed system. The main route to the fortress, as it is still today, was laid out in the south. The main gate is located below the king's battery and has been protected by a ravelin since 1691 . However, horse-drawn carriages had to make the way to Skjærtor in the northwest, as the way through the main gate in the south was too steep. Further small gates, so-called side gates , were built in the walls . On the one hand, they served to get out of the fortress unseen in the event of a siege and, on the other hand, to escape from the fortress in the event of a storm. Such sideline gates are for example in the Ravelin, at the small powder tower and under the Prince Carl's battery. Two wicket doors inside the fortress led to two underground wells. Originally the fortress had a continuous outer structure in the north, south and west . The walls, apart from the western one, were three alen thick and three alen high. The thickness of the outworks to the west was three alen and six alen high. The steep east side was not reinforced. But these fortifications were soon seen as inadequate and the outer works in the north were replaced by a covered path . The two other outer works followed and the continuation on the east side from 1718, so that the path led around the entire fortress. Due to a lack of funds, the work was not completed before 1748. Finally, a glacis was created on which originally palisades were located.
building
Over time there have been many constructions on the fortress. Some have been preserved from the time the fortress was founded, others have fallen into disrepair or have been demolished and new ones have been added. The buildings are mainly made of local materials, including granite , field stone and wood, but also bricks were used. Most of the buildings were electrified in the early 20th century.
Gyldenløvesturm
Gyldenløve Tower was a three-storey donjon and was located on the highest point of Tråstadberg. It was originally one of the first buildings at Vinger Schanze (Gyldenborg). According to a proposal from 1692, gunpowder was also stored in the tower. A prerequisite for this was that the tower had to be made bombproof. That didn't happen. This turned out to be devastating, as the tower was struck by lightning on June 30, 1733 and the ammunition dump exploded. Flying debris caused major damage to the surrounding buildings. On July 7th of the same year, King Christian VI traveled . and decided that a new tower should be built in the same place.
Provision house
The provision house is located in the southeast corner of the fortress. The brick house dates from 1682 and is one of the oldest buildings in the fortress. The space between the provision house and the fortress wall was covered with a vault in 1696, which was used as a powder store. However, the rooms were too damp and unsuitable for storing ammunition, so that use was discontinued after the small powder tower was completed. At the turn of the century, lightning destroyed the east gable. 21 years later, the building was expanded to include the bakery in the same height and width, and two ovens were added. Between the years 1744 and 1749 vaults were fitted into the provision house and the building was extensively renovated. Furthermore, the roof was extended so that it reached over the former powder store. Two more ovens were installed in 1774. The first floor was converted into the fortress museum in 1980 and was inaugurated by King Olav V in 1982 .
Commandant's House
The commandant's house bought from Nordre Nor was relocated to the fortress in 1683 and is located between the provision house and the main gate. It was built over the ammunition store , which dates back to the time of the Vinger Schanze, and had two floors, a cellar and an attic, as well as four bay windows . It was constructed in half-timbered construction, in which the compartments were filled with masonry. This construction was a very unusual construction method in Norway at the time and was mainly used for administrative buildings, especially in Oslo. Over time the house has been rebuilt and restored many times, including after the explosion in Gyldenløves Tower. The 2nd floor was dismantled in 1694 and used as an officer's building. This building was destroyed by fire in 1701. As the walls began to leak in the 1780s, they were clad with wood paneling and new stoves were installed. A short time later, the construction of the building gave way in several places and sat down. The commandant's house remained leaky. Thus the walls were straightened and the roof was renewed.
Small powder tower, arsenal and powder house
The fortress' small powder tower was built between 1683 and 1684 and is located north of the provision house on the southeastern bastion. Its 90 cm thick outer walls consist of granite walls and a vault spans the interior. There were several gunpowder stores, including the aforementioned Gyldeløves Tower. After this had exploded, a new camp was built below the king battery in the covered path.
In 1737 the arsenal was completed and replaced the Gyldenløves tower. The two-story building, measuring 24 by 20 alen, used to be known by several names. One of them was The Great Powder Tower (Norwegian: Det store krud Taarn ). In 1771–1772 a three-story gun carriage house was added so that it appears as one building. 1774–1776 a small syringe house for fire brigade equipment was built behind it . The yellow building stands on the highest point of the fortress and can be seen from afar from the south.
The powder house, approved in 1809, was built from 1810 to 1811 in a covered way. It is a small, longitudinal building made of granite and field stones with a gable roof. When the fortress was no longer part of active service in 1823, the camp was cleared and ammunition and artillery were taken to other fortresses.
Casemates
Within the walls there were six or seven casemates in the northwest . They were from 1688 and 1689. However, the original wooden structure was prone to rot. To be sure that the batteries on the hill did not collapse, the wooden structure was replaced by five masonry casemates. One of them was used as a laboratory. In the rest there was space for more than 200 men. In addition, there were three casemates in the Ravelin from 1695. They offered space for 114 people. They were also rebuilt from 1739 to 1742. A little later the old barracks were completed and the casemates were no longer needed in times of peace. After a short time, however, another war broke out and the casemates were put back into operation. It was complained that it would be unhealthy to be there, but nothing was changed in the condition.
Old and new barracks
In 1694, the second floor of the commandant's house was dismantled and rebuilt as an independent building. But after just one year it burned down completely in 1701. A new brick house was built between 1702 and 1704. The building was divided lengthways by a partition wall and all entrances are on the long sides of the house and go outside. There were six rooms on the north side, five and one room on the south side. The barracks could accommodate up to 150 soldiers. Until 1780 there was a laundry and an oven in the basement. Since there was not enough space in the main guard, a room was set up in 1807 for the prisoners . After 1814 the number of criminal workers at the fortress increased and more rooms were set up and the windows were barred. Since then the house has only been called the prison. At the beginning of the 20th century, the building was equipped with electricity and a sewer connection. With the German occupation, the house was completely redesigned. A reading room, a fireplace room, a dining room and a lounge were set up in the old style in the barracks. The stairs on the south side gave way to a terrace, so that the area of the courtyard was also raised. On the north side, a door was bricked up while another was converted into a French balcony. A little later, offices were also set up.
In order to better accommodate the entire garrison in the fortress, the intention was to build on the old barracks in 1765. Instead, it was decided to build a completely new building, which was finished in 1773. The new barracks was built on the site where the former gun carriage house existed. The soldiers lived on the first floor, and the NCOs' quarters were at both ends. The officers were accommodated on the second floor. The building was designed for a total of 200 people. In the basement there were two ovens, two laundry rooms and storage rooms. In contrast to the old barracks, the walls of the building were bricked and left unplastered. In order to prevent a fungal attack, the cellars were subsequently equipped with vaults. Early 19th century the roof of a The hip roof to a gable roof remodeled and the building was electrified. In 1922 a water tank with an electric pump was installed. He also takes care of the old barracks, the commandant's house and the stable. Under German occupation, the house was renovated once more, including new concrete stairs and renovation of the rooms. In the 1990s, small residential units (Norwegian: hybel ) were set up in the barracks. From 2009, demolition work took place inside the building and the furnishings were removed again from the 1940s.
Old and outer guard
The old guard is located inside the fortress and in 1706 replaces the guard from 1683. The single-storey building originally consisted of two rooms, the guard room for soldiers and the one for officers. From 1741, prisoners were housed in the guard house together with the guards. It was not until two years later that a room for the guards was partitioned off, when it was decided to permanently house the prisoners here. The guard was currently in poor condition. In 1750 the small guard was also built in the trenches. In order to create more space for the prisoners, the main guard room was divided. Four years later, in 1769, the guard was renovated. It got a new floor, new leaded glass windows and a new stove in the soldiers' common room. The inventory was also changed. A few years later a new tiled stove was installed in the officers' room. In addition, it was proposed to convert the building and add another floor, but this proposal was not implemented. In 1788 the building was restored again. The building may have been plastered at that time. A wall floor was built into the prison in 1794. Since then, the professed and general powers of the fortress have also lived in the rooms. In the following years the building was rebuilt several times, including the roof was made bombproof (1814) and electricity was installed (1917). The guard has been used as an office since 2002.
The outer guard in the covered path was built in 1750 and consisted of two rooms, a guard room for the soldiers and a smaller one for the officers. In 1814 the building was strengthened and since 1818 it has been inhabited by professors and general powers. The caretaker lived here from the 1970s until 1992 when the guard was restored and a place to sleep was provided.
Stable building
The stable building was built in 1742 as a syringe house and horse stable. In 1777 the building was extended up to the small powder tower to create more space for cows. Toilets, showers and a sauna were added between 1941 and 1943 under German occupation. Today it is still used as a shower and changing room, as well as a toilet house for employees and tourists.
laboratory
Originally the laboratory was built in 1743 as a forge in a covered way. After two years, the building was expanded to include a coal shed at the eastern end. But as early as 1749 the forge was too small and it was expanded in length and width. Another shed, divided into two rooms, was again added on the eastern side. It was used to store the artillery and the coal was stored in a new building. At the turn of the century, the forge was converted into a laboratory and is probably related to the construction of the powder house. The new forge was built under the Dronningen bastion. From 1812 the building was only called the laboratory. It is currently used as a depot and warehouse.
Flagpole
From 1779 a systematic triangulation of southern Norway began in order to revise the unequal neighboring maps and to create a uniform map series . For this purpose, a national coordinate system was developed, the starting point of which was the flagpole at the Kongsvinger fortress. The first map, which was created as a series, also kept the starting point from the flagpole in Kongsvinger.
Batteries
There were batteries on the fortress walls, most of them bearing royal names or names of princes. Some names, such as the Wedels Battery and the Gyldenløves Battery, are used for different batteries at different times. The batteries in the covered path seem to have had no name. Following are the most consistent names according to the latest status:
- Königsbatterie, in the south above the main entrance
- Queen Battery, in the southwest
- Kronprinzenbatterie, in the northwest, also called Prince Friedrich's battery after the then Crown Prince
- Prince Carl's Battery in the northwest
- Prince Wilhelm's battery in the northeast
- Wedel's battery on the Ravelin
- Gyldeløves battery in front of the commandant's house
Most of the battery's cannons were made in Norway, for example in Fritzøe, Fossum, Moss and Christiania. They were made of cast metal. Bronze cannons were mainly used in field artillery , as they were less weighty due to their smaller thickness. The iron cannons were stationed at the fortress. Initially, the carriages were made of wood. Oak models were delivered from Copenhagen and were painted in the Oldenburg colors , red and gold. The wooden carriages often did not last longer than ten to twelve years. Therefore, the cannons were dismantled and the mounts were brought into the mount house in peacetime. Only a few cannons remained standing for safety and signaling. The dismantled cannons were simply left on the ramparts. From the 1720s, stone and earth stalls were built for cannons, which, however, required frequent repairs due to the weather. There have been cannons in the covered path since the 1730s. After 1823 only a few salute cannons remained on the fortress, the others were distributed to different fortresses after the closure. When the twin forts Vardårsen and Gullbekkåsen were built, two Schneider-Carnet turret cannons with a diameter of twelve centimeters and twelve field cannons of the Schneider-Carnet type with a diameter of 7.5 centimeters were delivered in 1902 . The field cannons were initially housed in the arsenal of the fortress. They were later replaced by 8.5 centimeter cannons. Between 1938 and 1939 the tower cannons were dismantled and taken away. The field cannons were used against German attackers in Vardåsen Fort in 1940.
Commanders
The date of appointment is given.
- 1680: Ole Ellingssen (Vinger Schanze)
- 1682: Georg Reichwein
- 1688: Maquard Otto v. Lack
- 1688: Johan Braun
- 1689: Johan Nicolai Møllerup
- 1699: Markvard Otto Mangelsen
- 1703: Johan Otto Sesterfleth
- 1713: Jacob Mathesen
- 1724: Johan Junge
- 1745: Hans Olai Fremmen
- 1746: Mogens Holck
- 1764: Johan Ludvig Maximilian Biellart
- 1798: Niels Harbou
- 1804: Gottfried Carl Wilhelm Gottlob von Blücher
- 1808: Werner Nicolas Seue
- 1809: Frederik Wilhelm Brueneck Stabell
- 1810: Andreas Samuel Krebs
- 1811: Benoni d'Aubert
- 1817: Nicolai Frederik Reichenwein Huitfeldt
- 1837: Wilhelm Sissener
- 1847: Peter Bernhard Anker
- 1849: Erik Theodor Anker
- 1859: Frederik Daniel Werenskiold
- 1878: Jonas Severin Dessen
- 1882: Christopher Frederik Lowzow
- 1893: Hans Christian Schjørn
- 1897: Wilhelm Gran
- 1897: Theodor Emil Lefevre Grimsgaard
- 1903: Theodor Flindt Ellerhusen
- 1912: Georg Marenus Gottlieb Erdmann
- ?
- 2005: Grethe Bergersen
- 2011: John Petter Bachke (previously Head of the Military Veterans Center)
Culture
The Kongsvinger Fortress has been an important part of the cultural life of the city of Kongsvinger for over 300 years. Well-trained officers from Germany , Denmark and Sweden came here. One of them was Fredrik Daniel Werenskiold, captain and then in command of the Kongsvingen fortress. His family comes from Ribe in Jutland , Denmark and dates back to the 17th century. The draftsman and painter Erik Theodor Werenskiold (1855–1938) was the commandant's son and he spent his childhood at the fortress.
For many years the fortress was the scene of the fortress games in Kongsvinger.
The Kongsvingen Fortress Museum is located in the old provision house from 1682. It is run by the Kongsvinger fortress friends and consists of four exhibitions. The most important exhibition shows Norway's military history from the Viking Age to the present. It was built by King Olaf V . Inaugurated in 1982 and is part of the Military Museum in Oslo. In addition to the rented exhibition, a part deals with finds that go back to the Stone Age and focus on civil life. The borderless exhibition The Good Helpers was opened in 2002. She deals extensively with the courier traffic across the border to Sweden during the Second World War . The picture gallery on the third floor shows the photo exhibition From the border post from the time during the dissolution of the Union. Another exhibition shows the work of Ole Boger, the caretaker at the fortress.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Historical overview. Norwegian Defense Estates Agency, accessed June 16, 2013 (Norwegian).
- ^ History of the fortress. Norwegian Defense Estates Agency, accessed June 16, 2013 (Norwegian).
- ↑ OIC Lødøen: history Norges . Cappelen, Oslo 1934, p. 144 .
- ↑ Monument description of the provision house and monument description of the powder cellar with pictures and floor plans in the Bildegalleri on Forsvarsbygg - accessed on May 29, 2013 (Norwegian)
- ↑ Monument description of the commanders' house with pictures and floor plans in the Bildegalleri on Forsvarsbygg - accessed on May 29, 2013 (Norwegian)
- ↑ monument description of the small powder tower with photos and floor plans in the Bildegalleri on Forsvarsbygg - accessed (Norwegian) on May 29, 2013
- ↑ Monument description of the arsenal and monument description of the syringe house with pictures and floor plans in the Bildegalleri on Forsvarsbygg - accessed on May 29, 2013 (Norwegian)
- ↑ Monument description of the powder house with pictures and floor plans in the Bildegalleri on Forsvarsbygg - accessed on May 29, 2013 (Norwegian)
- ↑ Monument description of the old barracks with pictures and floor plans in the Bildegalleri on Forsvarsbygg - accessed on May 29, 2013 (Norwegian)
- ↑ Monument description of the new barracks with pictures and floor plans in the Bildegalleri on Forsvarsbygg - accessed on May 29, 2013 (Norwegian)
- ↑ Description of the monument to the Alte Wache with pictures and floor plans in the Bildegalleri on Forsvarsbygg - accessed on May 29, 2013 (Norwegian)
- ↑ Description of the monument of the outer guard with pictures and floor plans in the Bildegalleri on Forsvarsbygg - accessed on May 29, 2013 (Norwegian)
- ↑ Monument description of the stable building with pictures and floor plans in the Bildegalleri on Forsvarsbygg - accessed on May 29, 2013 (Norwegian)
- ↑ Monument description of the laboratory with pictures and floor plans in the Bildegalleri on Forsvarsbygg - accessed on May 29, 2013 (Norwegian)
- ↑ a b 4.1.3 Jumps, batteries and cannons on Forsvarsbygg - accessed on May 29, 2013 (Norwegian)
- ↑ Anker, 1885, p. 43.
- ↑ Anker, 1885, p. 116.
- ↑ Anker, 1885, p. 51.
- ↑ Anker, 1885, p. 243 f.
- ↑ Anker, 1885, p. 248 f.
- ↑ Anker, 1885, p. 36 f.
literature
- Robert I. Frost: The Northern Wars; 1558-1721 . Longman, Harlow, 2000, ISBN 0-582-06429-5 .
- Guthorm Kavli: Norges festninger . Universitetsforlaget, 1987, ISBN 82-00-18430-7 .
- Per Erik Rastad: Kongsvinger festnings historie. Vakten ved Vinger - Kongsvinger festning 1682–1807 . Kongsvinger 1992.
- Carl Johan Anker: Biografiske data om 330 norske, norskfødte eller for nogen tid i den norske armé ansatte generalspersoner: 1628-1885 . Alb. Cammermeyer, Kristiania 1885, p. 43 . - accessed on June 16, 2013 (Norwegian)
Web links
- Monument description of the fortress Kongsvinger from Forsvarsbygg - accessed on May 28, 2013 (Norwegian)
- Kongsvinger festning. In: Store norske leksikon . Retrieved May 31, 2013 (Norwegian).
- Film about the history of Kongsvinger - accessed May 28, 2013 (Norwegian, English)