Fischerinsel (Berlin)

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Historic neighborhoods in the city center of Berlin, in Berlin-Mitte , as they were divided in 1727.

1a Nikolaiviertel
1b Heilige-Geist-Viertel
1c Marienviertel
1d Klosterviertel
2a Schlossviertel
2b Marktviertel
2c Neu-Kölln
3a Gertraudenviertel
3b Schleusenviertel
Sources:
Content: CEGeppert: Chronicle of Berlin from the development of the city to the present day , Berlin 1840 , August Brass: Chronicle of Berlin Potsdam and Charlottenburg, Berlin 1843
Map basis: District Office Mitte von Berlin

Fischer Island is the name of the residential area in the southern part of the island in the Spree in Berlin district of Mitte .

Historically, this part of the Spree island was the market district (2b, see illustration) in the historic district of Alt-Kölln . From 1954, a residential area was planned on the approximately eight hectare area south of Gertraudenstrasse and the name Fischerinsel was introduced for it. After the demolition of the remains of historical buildings in the 1960s, this part of Alt-Kölln has been dominated by residential high-rise buildings since the 1970s. The earlier name 'Fischerkietz' comes from the first half of the 20th century, there was no historical Kietz on this part of the island.

prehistory

Kölln Street on Fischerinsel, 1900

11th to 19th centuries

The first settlements at this point took place around the year 1000 by middle Slavs (= Wends), but they soon disappeared without a trace; the reason is not known. In the 12th century, merchants from western Europe built a completely new settlement here and brought the place name Kölln with them. Because of the location on the water, fishing and boatmen families also came to the new residents . From 1237 the area belonged to the city of Kölln , which has belonged to the royal seat of Berlin since 1709 . The regulation of the Spree and the Spree Canal in the 17th and 18th centuries led to the increased settlement of craftsmen from Holland and religious refugees from France . The industrialization beginning at the end of the 18th century resulted in a loss of importance for the fishing industry. In the early 19th century, this led to a standstill in building development and to a conservation of the existing building, including the last gabled houses in Berlin. Part of the area was called Speicherinsel because a larger warehouse had been built on Fischerstrasse . The settlement was considered a "poor people's quarter". The name Fischerkietz , naturalized in later centuries , does not really refer to a neighborhood, because it was originally a service settlement in the vicinity of a castle , which never existed in Alt-Kölln or Alt-Berlin . 'Kietz' (also: 'Kiez') was a dirty word, living there was reserved for poor people who always had to stick together.

In the 20th century

The area remained largely untouched by the development of Berlin's city ​​center and was considered backward. Travel guides like the Baedeker called the picturesque quarter the oldest part of Berlin, others recommended its old Berlin restaurants like the Nussbaum to tourist visitors. The Fischerkietz consisted of a right-angled street network of nine small alleys and streets with a total of 16 different names. Since the 1920s, the Berlin magistrate had been planning to tear down large parts of the old town, including the Fischerkietz, in order to gain space for the redesign of the historic center of Berlin .

“But in the long run the old town of Berlin will not be able to be saved as a residential town or a museum. The cityscape that will be created here [...] will be unromantic and poor in tradition, but it will be more hygienic and economically more rational ”

- Hermann Ehlgötz : The subsoil of Berlin's old town as the basis of urban design

These plans were followed up during the Nazi era , but could only be partially implemented.

Planning the residential area

Situation after 1945

During the Second World War , the location did not suffer any extensive destruction. The Fischerstrasse had "got over the destruction of the bombing war relatively well".

Fischerinsel with Petrikirche , view from the Waisenbrücke , 1952

According to estimates at the time, 40–50 percent of the buildings on Fischerinsel could have been rebuilt. In the land use plan of 1955, the repair of the building fabric worth preserving was therefore specified.

First plans

The district with all the architectural monuments to be restored was to be rebuilt as a residential area by 1965 according to the planning of the East Berlin magistrate while preserving the street layout and the property boundaries. In 1957, chief architect Hermann Henselmann commissioned the "planning of the urban reorganization of the district at the Fischerkiez". The concept by Hans Schmidt and Georg Münter combined the new construction of four-story buildings, which would have involved partial demolition, with the renovation of the historic houses. The two architects Henselmann and Schmidt later submit extensive plans for this. However, as early as 1955, the GDR building industry turned towards strict economization through industrial construction and standardized housing construction.

High-rise planning

After the plan to rebuild the center of the GDR's capital was decided in 1962, new residential and government buildings were erected on the other side of Gertraudenstrasse, with little regard to the historic town plan. After all, the 1966 program for the development of Berlin's city center envisaged the construction of high-rise apartment buildings in a ring around the city center.

Construction of the residential area Fischerinsel

When carried out in preparation for the construction of new buildings demolition and reconstruction the historic homes were demolished in this part Alt-Kölln, including 30 monuments, and six 21-storey buildings in large-panel construction type GAA GT 18 built, each with 240 apartments to 1973rd The road network that had existed for centuries disappeared except for Roßstrasse and Gertraudenstrasse, which were greatly widened to make the city ​​suitable for cars .

In addition to a swimming pool, the large Ahornblatt restaurant was built as the social center of the residential area in 1971–1973 in extravagant architecture with a cantilever concrete roof designed by Ulrich Müther . On the other side of the southern part of the Spree Canal, the so-called traditional island Märkisches Ufer was created. a. with the reconstruction of the Ermelerhaus, which was demolished in 1967/1968 on Breite Strasse .

Development after 1990

High-rise development on Fischerinsel with a maple leaf in the foreground, 2000

In 2000, the maple leaf and all of its outbuildings were demolished, despite numerous protests. Two residential and commercial buildings were built in its place.

According to the inner city plan, there are plans to redensify the Fischerinsel residential area, i.e. to build additional buildings at the Köllnischer Fischmarkt and in Gertraudenstraße. The Friedrichsgracht promenade and the park on the Spree are to be redesigned by 2020.

literature

Web links

Commons : Fischerinsel  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Draft Fischerinsel 1954
  2. ↑ Herbert Ludat: The East German Kietze. Pp. 33/34.
  3. ↑ Interview by Maritta Tkalec with the historian Felix Escher (see literature).
  4. ↑ On the "backwardness" of the Fischerkietz see Harald Bodenschatz , Hans-Joachim Engstfeld and Carsten Seifert : Berlin in search of the lost center . Junius, Hamburg 1995, ISBN 3-88506-255-0 , p. 56.
  5. ↑ In: Deutsche Bauzeitung No. 14, 1931.
  6. ↑ For the degree of preservation see Erika Schachinger: Alte Wohnhäuser in Berlin. A tour through the city center , Verlag Bruno Hessling, Berlin 1969, pp. 33–44.
  7. ^ Otto Nagel: Berliner Bilder , Henschel, Berlin 1955, p. 16; there also the following on the planned reconstruction, p. 8 f.
  8. ↑ | Designed by Fischerinsel in 1954
  9. ↑ Marlene Militz: GDR architecture and post-reunification reconstruction: a story that never existed . In: The daily newspaper: taz . August 23, 2019, ISSN  0931-9085 ( taz.de [accessed November 11, 2019]).
  10. ↑ For the inventory of monuments after 1945 see Hans Müther: Berlins Bautradition. Brief introduction , Das Neue Berlin, Berlin 1956, pp. 85–112: Register of historic Berlin urban development and architectural monuments in the Mitte district (with two plans).
  11. ↑ For the tabula-rasa solution, see Joachim Hermann et al. : Berlin: Results of the local history inventory , Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1987 (= values ​​of our homeland volume 49/50), p. 143.
  12. ^ Herbert Schwenke: Berlin urban development from A to Z , Berlin 2001, pp. 61–63.

Coordinates: 52 ° 30 ′ 47 "  N , 13 ° 24 ′ 24"  E