Fritzens-Sanzeno culture

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Expansion of the Hallstatt culture in the 6th century BC Chr.

The Fritzens-Sanzeno culture is an archaeological cultural group from the Iron or La Tène period in the Alps. Their porters, identified as Raetians , were discovered during the Roman campaigns in the Alps and their foreland in 15 BC. Chr. Completely extinguished or like the Genaunen , Breonen ( Inntal ) and Anaunen ( Nonstal and Val di Sole ) permanently romanised . The Fritzens-Sanzeno culture is established in the late 6th century BC. Chr. Recognizable and dissolves in South Tyrol and the Trentino the late stages of the leach Melaun culture , in Nordtirol until then at the urnfield culture and then at the Hallstattkultur oriented the more northern neighborhood Inntal culture from, that leads the two distinguishable previous cultures. It is also once again shaping East Tyrol , which had turned from west to east half a millennium earlier.

Research history

Important eponymous finds of the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture were discovered around 1920 by the community doctor of the community of Wattens , Karl Stainer, in Fritzens (on the Inn just below Innsbruck ). In 1924 he exhibited his findings at the 88th meeting of German naturalists and doctors; however, these were ignored. Nevertheless, he published his observations in the reports from Austria (I, p. 136, 192; II. P. 47, 102, 177, 187; III (1948), p. 154.). He also had the humus cuttings from the local quarry collected in the Himmelreich corridor in Volders - which is opposite the small town of Fritzens in the Inn Valley - and was able to collect a considerable number of finds from the younger Iron Age and the entire Roman Empire over the years. At that time it had not yet been recognized that this was a significant burnt offering site. Leonhard Franz then published the Fritzner Finds in the 1950s (which Gero von Merhart first became aware of). He referred to the ceramics from Fritzens and other Tyrolean sites as the "Fritzner Typus". In 1955, B. Frei spoke for the first time of a "horizon of Fritzener and Sanzeno ceramics" , which he was able to differentiate stratigraphically from older "Melauner horizons" . This ceramics influenced the archaeologists' assessment of the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture like no other group of finds. Around 500 BC. The Fritzens-Sanzeno culture formed north and south of the main Alpine ridge.

distribution

Overall, the area of ​​the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture covers almost the entire North Tyrolean region, part of the Lower Engadine , East Tyrol and the present-day Italian regions of South Tyrol and Trentino .

The most important excavation sites in the southern part of the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture include Sanzeno in Nonsberg (Trentino), the settlement on Ganglegg in Schluderns ( Vinschgau , South Tyrol), the Rungger Egg in Seis am Schlern , the large settlements in Brixen - Stufels ( Eisacktal ) and at Tartscher Bichl (Vinschgau) and the grave fields of Pfatten (Vadena) in the Adige Valley and Moritzing near Bozen. In the north there are the grave fields of Kundl and Egerndorfer Feld , both located in the Lower Inn Valley , as well as the hilltop settlements on Bergisel in Innsbruck , in Pfaffenhofen-Hörtenberg , Goldbichl in Innsbruck-Igls, Pirchboden in Fritzens and the Kingdom of Heaven in Volders with the associated ones Burnt offering places .

Well-researched and published fire victims' sites are the sanctuary at Demlfeld in Ampass as well as the sacrificial site in Aldrans -Innsbruck, Egerdach , the sanctuary at Piller Sattel in Oberinntal and the Himmelreich terrace in Volders. South of the main Alpine ridge, the Rungger Egg in Seis am Schlern and the Hahnehütter Bödele near the Ganglegg settlement in Schluderns / Vinschgau should be mentioned. On the periphery of the actual distribution area of ​​the FSK is the well-researched fire victim area at Spielleitenköpfl near Farchant near Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Bavaria.

Find overview

Material culture of the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture outside its area of ​​distribution, such as fibulae and ceramics, are known from southern Bavaria, the oppidum of Manching , the Dürrnberg near Hallein and from Mannersdorf am Leithagebirge (Lower Austria).

Although the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture was very much influenced by its neighbors, namely the Venetians , Etruscans and Celts in the south and the Celts in the north and west in terms of handicrafts, funeral rites and religion , it brought a number of specific characteristics such as house building (casa retica ) and its own forms in material culture. These include the typical ceramic shapes such as the stamped Fritzner bowl or the Sanzeno bowl as well as the alpine strip ceramics . In the 4th century BC The Celtic armament was adopted. Numerous inscriptions were found from the 5th century BC onwards. The Celtic-inspired, so-called mandolin fibulae and a number of other fibulae based on the Early to Middle Latena scheme should be mentioned for the fibula craft . Modifications of Celtic disc neck rings were found in the northern and southern areas of the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture. Its heyday almost coincides with the duration of the oppida culture in Bavaria. From the Middle Latency period onwards , graphite clay ceramics , glass jewelery and occasionally bronze jewelery were imported from the Celtic area . The jewelry in particular suggests marital connections. The Fritzens-Sanzeno culture ends abruptly with the Alpine campaign of Drusus and Tiberius, 15th BC. Chr.

See also

literature

  • Hans Appler: New research on prehistory and Roman times in North Tyrol (= treasure finds, sacrificial sites and settlements. Vol. 1). 2nd unchanged edition. H. Appler, Wattens et al. 2010, ISBN 978-3-200-01923-2 .

Hans Appler, Brooches from the Bronze and Iron Ages of the Alto Adige region. (New archaeological research on prehistory and Roman times in Tyrol, Vol. 2, Wattens / Vienna 2018) ISBN 978-3-200-05723-4 .

  • Markus Egg : Late Bronze Age and Iron Age armament in the central Alpine region. In: Ingrid R. Metzger, Paul Gleirscher (Ed.): The Raetians. = I Reti (= series of publications by the Alpine countries working group. NF Vol. 4). (An overview of the research status of the "Raetians" on the occasion of the traveling exhibition of the same name developed by the Rätisches Museum Chur). Athesia publishing house, Bozen 1992, ISBN 88-7014-646-4 , pp. 401-438.
  • Peter Gamper: The Latène period settlement on Ganglegg in South Tyrol. New research on the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture (= International Archeology. Vol. 91). Leidorf, Rahden / Westphalia 2006, ISBN 3-89646-363-2 .
  • Paul Gleirscher: The Raetians. Rhaetian Museum, Chur 1991.
  • Paul Gleirscher, Hans Nothdurfter: On the bronze and iron crafts of the Fritzens-Sanzeno group. In: Ingrid R. Metzger, Paul Gleirscher (Ed.): The Raetians. = I Reti (= series of publications by the Alpine countries working group. NF Vol. 4). (An overview of the research status of the "Raetians" on the occasion of the traveling exhibition of the same name developed by the Rätisches Museum Chur). Athesia publishing house, Bozen 1992, ISBN 88-7014-646-4 , pp. 349-367.
  • Paul Gleirscher, Hans Nothdurfter, Eckehart Schubert: The Rungger Egg: Investigations at an Iron Age fire sacrifice near Seis am Schlern in South Tyrol (= Roman-Germanic research. Vol. 61). von Zabern, Mainz 2002, ISBN 3-8053-2826-5 .
  • Amei Lang: The Kundl cemetery in the Tyrolean Inn Valley. Studies on the pre-Roman Iron Age in the central Alps (= Early History and Provincial Roman Archeology. Vol. 2). Leidorf, Rahden / Westfalen 1998, ISBN 3-89646-531-7 (also: Munich, University, habilitation paper, 1996).
  • Reimo Lunz: Studies on the end of the Bronze Age and the earlier Iron Age in the southern Alps. Sansoni, Florence 1974 (at the same time: Innsbruck, University, dissertation, 1971).
  • Franco Marzatico: I materiali preromani della valle dell'Adige nel Castello di Buonconsiglio (= Patrimonio storico artistico del Trentino. Vol. 21). 3 volumes. Provincia autonoma di Trento - Ufficio beni archeologici, Trento 1997, ISBN 88-7702-062-8 .
  • Johann Nothdurfter: The iron finds from Sanzeno in Nonsberg (= Roman-Germanic research. Vol. 38). von Zabern, Mainz 1979, ISBN 3-8053-0403-X (At the same time: Innsbruck, University, dissertation, 1979).
  • Hubert Steiner (Ed.): Alpine burnt offer places. Archaeological and scientific research. = Roghi votivi alpini (= research on monument preservation in South Tyrol. Vol. 5). Editrice Temi, Trento 2010, ISBN 978-88-89706-76-3 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Cf. Raetia: residents
  2. ^ Paul Gleirscher: The Raetians. Chur 1991, pp. 12-15.
  3. ↑ Ludwig Pauli: In search of a people. Old and new on the councilor question. In: Ingrid R. Metzger, Paul Gleirscher (Ed.): The Raetians. = I Reti (= series of publications by the Alpine countries working group. NF Vol. 4). (An overview of the research status of the "Raetians" on the occasion of the traveling exhibition of the same name developed by the Rätisches Museum Chur). Verlagsanstalt Athesia, Bozen 1992, ISBN 88-7014-646-4 , pp. 725-740, here p. 731.
  4. ^ P. Gleirscher: The Raetians. 1991, fig. 6, p. 16.