Fuchsia paniculata
| Fuchsia paniculata | ||||||||||||
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Fuchsia paniculata subsp. paniculata , Costa Rica |
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| Fuchsia paniculata | ||||||||||||
| Lindl. |
Fuchsia paniculata is a species ofthe evening primrose family (Onagraceae). It grows as a shrub or small tree and is found in the mountains of southeast Mexico and Central America .
description
Vegetative characteristics
Fuchsia paniculata grows as an upright shrub or as a small tree up to 8 m high. The ascending, slightly triangular to square branches are 5–40 cm long and 2–5 mm thick. Older branches and the main trunk are 2–15 cm in diameter. The leaves are opposite or in three to four-fold whorls . The often fused, early falling stipules are triangular in the typical subspecies , 0.8–1.2 mm long and 0.7–1.5 mm wide, with the Mexican subspecies subsp. mixensis they are dark brown, narrow triangular, thickened and have a length of 1–1.5 mm and a width of 0.3–0.7 mm. The simple and undivided leaf blades are 8–26 mm long and stalked and have an elliptical, oblong-elliptical to partially lanceolate shape. In the typical subspecies, they are slightly leathery, 3–15.5 cm long and 1–5.5 cm wide. With subsp. mixensis they are herbaceous, with a length of 11–25 cm and a width of 4–10 cm significantly larger and have 14–18 pairs of lateral nerves . The blades have a pointed to narrow wedge base and are pointed to pointed at the front. They are glossy green on the top, paler on the underside and have a finely to coarsely serrated edge. In the typical subspecies, the vegetative organs are usually completely bare. With subsp. mixensis , the twigs are finely downy with hairs 0.2–0.4 mm long. The undersides of the blades are here along the nerves just like the leaf stalks with short downy hairs and the tops of the blades are bald, but often have short hairs along the nerves.
Generative characteristics
The sex distribution of the flowers is predominantly gyno , that is, there are both hermaphrodite and purely female plants. As with the closely related Fuchsia arborescens, populations of the typical subspecies north of the isthmus of Tehuantepec consist exclusively of hermaphrodite individuals. On the other hand, it was found in several gyno-dioecious populations in Costa Rica and Panama that the externally hermaphroditic plants show reduced or missing fruit set and are therefore partly to be regarded as functionally male. So these southern populations are sub- diocesan , that is, they can be seen as a transition to a diocesan (dioecious) gender distribution.
The inflorescences are terminal, 2–3-fold branched, floriferous panicles . These are 5–15 (–20) cm long, 9–12 (–15) cm wide and narrow towards the tip. At the branching points of the panicle there are narrow, leaf-like, 1–3 mm long, soon sloping bracts . The flowers sit upright on thin pedicels at the ends of the panicle branches. The flower stalks are 8–12 mm long in the typical subspecies. With subsp. mixensis , the flower stalks are finely hairy, with hermaphrodite flowers 15–20 mm long and with female flowers 9–14 mm long.
The flower buds are near the top slightly to significantly wider than below and have before flowering there a diameter of up mm to 5 hours. The radially symmetrical flowers have a cylindrical to indistinct funnel-shaped, often hairy flower cup on the inside . In the case of hermaphrodite flowers, this has a length of 4–8 mm and a diameter of 1–2 mm at the base and 1.5–3 mm at the edge. Female flowers have a length of 3–5.5 mm and a diameter of 0.7–1.7 mm at the base and 1.5–2.2 mm at the edge. With subsp. mixensis , the flower cup is sparsely short downy-haired to almost bald on the outside. The four narrow, elongated to lanceolate, pointed sepals are 5–10 mm long and 1.1–2.5 mm wide in hermaphroditic flowers, 3.5–7 mm long and 0.7–1.5 mm wide in female flowers. The sepals protrude horizontally or are turned back to the flower cup. They fall off later. The flower cups and sepals are reddish pink to pinkish purple in color. The four free, twisted ( contorten ) petals in the bud are pointed at both ends and colored pinkish-purple to purple. They stand upright or horizontally and fall off after flowering. In the typical subspecies they are lanceolate to elliptical, with hermaphrodite flowers 4–10 mm long and 1.1–3.5 mm wide, and with female flowers 2.3–4.5 mm long and 0.6–1.3 mm wide. With subsp. mixensis , the petals are obovate, with hermaphrodite flowers 4–6 mm long and 2–4.5 mm wide, or with female flowers 3.5–4.5 mm long and 2–2.5 mm wide. The eight stamens stand in two circles, the ones in front of the sepals being longer than those in front of the petals. The upright, thread-like, pale pink to purple colored stamens are (2–) 4–13 mm long in hermaphrodite flowers and 1–5 mm long in female flowers. The broadly egg-shaped to kidney-shaped anthers are 0.8–1.6 (-2) mm long and 0.7–1.4 mm thick in hermaphroditic flowers, 0.4–0.8 (- 1) mm long and 0.2-0.6 mm thick. Functional dust bags open lengthways. At the base of the flower cup there is a nectar disc in the form of a smooth to irregular ± four-lobed ring. It is (1.2–) 1.3–2 mm high in hermaphrodite flowers and 0.8–1.4 (–1.5) mm high in female flowers. The lower ovary is fourfold. With subsp. mixensis is 2–3 mm long and has short downy hairs. In each ovary compartment there are numerous ovules on the central angular placenta . The single thread-like stylus is sparsely hairy and purple colored. In hermaphroditic flowers of the typical subspecies, it either towers over the anthers with a heady, short four-lobed stigma, or is shorter than this and then has a greatly reduced stigma. In female flowers of the typical subspecies, the style is 7–11 mm long, the stigma clearly protrudes over the stamens and has four 0.6–1.9 mm long scar lobes. With hermaphrodite flowers of the subsp. mixensis , the style is 14-18 mm long and protrudes over the edge of the flower cup by 10-13 mm, the heady stigma is ± square and 1.5-2 mm wide. In female flowers of the subsp. mixensis , the style is 13-14 mm long and protrudes 8-9 mm above the edge of the flower cup, the square-headed stigma has four distinct, 2-2.5 mm long lobes.
The fruits are spherical to ellipsoidal berries with a length of 3–9 mm and a diameter of 3–7 mm. They are purple to purple in color and, when ripe, have a greenish blue waxy hoop. The approximately 50-100 seeds are laterally compressed, oval to irregularly triangular in outline and have a membranous seed coat . They are 1–1.4 mm long and 0.5–0.8 mm thick. The seeds do not contain endosperm .
The species can bloom and fruit all year round.
Chromosomes
Fuchsia paniculata has a haploid chromosome number of n = 11 and thus a diploid chromosome set with 2n = 22.
distribution and habitat
The distribution area of Fuchsia paniculata includes several sub-areas in the mountainous countries of southeast Mexico and Central America, which are separated from each other by lower regions. To the west and north of the isthmus of Tehuantepec , the mountainous countries in the Mexican states of Veracruz , Puebla and Oaxaca are populated, especially the relatively humid slopes that are exposed to the Gulf of Mexico . The largest sub-area extends from the Mexican state of Chiapas via Guatemala , El Salvador and Honduras to the northwest of Nicaragua . The easternmost subarea includes the mountains of Costa Rica and in the west of Panama . The typical subspecies colonizes the entire range of the species, on the other hand subsp. mixensis only known from two districts in the center of the state of Oaxaca. The species occurs mainly at altitudes between 1200 and 3400 m above sea level . Occurrences down to relatively low altitudes of around 800 m above sea level are rare.
Fuchsia paniculata grows in evergreen cloud forests and in mixed mountain forests composed of oak and pine species .
Taxonomy
The first detailed description of this plant, supplemented by a colored illustration, was published in 1848 by the French botanist Charles Lemaire . He described the plant under the name var. Syringaeflora as a variety of Fuchsia arborescens . The basis for this was formed by bushes that were grown from seeds that had been sent to the Belgian botanist and gardener Louis van Houtte from Guatemala. The first description of Fuchsia paniculata at species level , which is valid according to the nomenclature rules, was made on May 3, 1856 in a note in the horticultural journal The Gardeners' Chronicle by the English botanist John Lindley . The short description refers to the similarity to Fuchsia arborescens and cites the smaller flowers as the distinguishing feature of the new species. In this case, too, the plants were derived from seeds that came from Guatemala. They had been sent to Veitch and Sons by the Scottish plant collector George Ure Skinner . Subsequently, Fuchsia paniculata was not accepted as an independent species and was treated as a synonym of Fuchsia arborescens . But it was not until the 1980s that the two species were separated. Fuchsia liebmannii H.Lév. and Fuchsia syringiflora ( Lem. ) Carrière are synonyms of Fuchsia paniculata .
swell
- PE Berry, DE Breedlove: New taxa of Fuchsia from Central America and Mexico. In: Novon. 6, 1996, pp. 135-141. (on-line)
- DE Breedlove, PE Berry, PH Raven: The Mexican and Central American species of Fuchsia (Onagraceae) except for sect. Encliandra. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 69, 1982, pp. 209-234. (on-line)
- J. González: Onagraceae. In: BE Hammel, MH Grayum, C. Herrera, N. Zamora (eds.): Manual de plantas de Costa Rica. Vol. VI: Dicotiledóneas (Haloragaceae – Phytolaccaceae). Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-60-3 , pp. 828-845.
Individual evidence
- ↑ DE Breedlove, PE Berry, PH Raven: The Mexican and Central American species of Fuchsia (Onagraceae) except for sect. Encliandra. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 69, 1982, p. 228. (online)
- ↑ Fuchsia paniculata , Herbarium documents at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 16, 2013.
- ↑ Fuchsia paniculata subsp. paniculata , herbarium specimens at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 16, 2013.
- ↑ Charles Lemaire : Fuchsia arborescens var. Syringaeflora. In: Flore des serres et des jardins de l'Europe . 4, 1848, pp. 416-417. (on-line)
- ^ J. Lindley: New plants. 171. Fuchsia paniculata. In: The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette. 1856 (18), 1856, p. 301. (online)
- ↑ DE Breedlove, PE Berry, PH Raven: The Mexican and Central American species of Fuchsia (Onagraceae) except for sect. Encliandra. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 69, 1982, pp. 223-224. (on-line)
