Flowers of gods

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Flowers of gods
Mead of Gods Flower (Primula meadia)

Mead of Gods Flower ( Primula meadia )

Systematics
Asterids
Order : Heather-like (Ericales)
Family : Primrose Family (Primulaceae)
Subfamily : Primuloideae
Genre : Primroses ( primula )
Section : Flowers of gods
Scientific name
Dodecatheon
( L. ) ARMast & Reveal

The flowers of the gods ( Dodecatheon ) were a genus of plants within the primrose family (Primulaceae). The Dodecatheon species have been known as the Primula sect section since 2007 . Dodecatheon included in the genus Primula (Primroses). It is common in North America .

description

Flowers and young fruits of Primula hendersonii
Illustration of Primula meadia from The Botanical Magazine , Volume 1, 1787, plate 12

Vegetative characteristics

The gods flowers are perennial , herbaceous plants and reach heights of 5 to 50 centimeters. The plants survive the winter with an underground rhizome . The leaves are arranged in a basal rosette. The leaf blade is simple.

Generative characteristics

The flowering time is in spring. On an inflorescence stem there is a golden inflorescence that contains 1 to 25 flowers. The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five flower petals are fused. A characteristic feature of the divine flower species are the five folded crown lobes. The neck of the corolla usually has a conspicuous colored marking with a transition from black-brown to yellow. The corolla lobes are white, pink, purple or red. There are five stamens .

ecology

There is vegetative reproduction from the perennial rhizome.

The pollination is done by insects . Divine flowers do not produce nectar . Instead, the pollinators, especially bumblebee species ( Bombus spec.), Collect the pollen . The bumblebees vibrate loose pollen from the anthers (anthers). The flower shape typical for vibration pollination with turned-back petals (referred to as "solaniform" after the Solanum species; further examples: Ramonda species, Oxycoccus species and Cylamen species) and with poricidal anthers has developed independently in different plant genera and is therefore a part of it represent a typical example of convergent evolution .

Name story

The generic name Dodecatheon goes back to Pliny the Elder and is composed of the Greek words dodéka (twelve) and théos (god): flower of the twelve gods. Anecdotally, Pliny is said to have named the flower after the six most important Greek goddesses and six gods , as they were attributed all-healing powers and thus the glory of the gods (25th book of natural history by Cajus Plinius Secundus). Pliny himself could never have seen this North American plant species, which plant species he described with the name "Dodecatheon" is unknown, it is assumed that the common cowslip ( Primula officinalis ) was meant. In 1754, however, Carl von Linné used the ancient name Dodecatheon for this North American plant genus in the 5th edition of his work Genera Plantarum . Flowers of the gods occur naturally in North America and along the Bering Strait. Another name inspired by the appearance of the plant is shooting star flower, as the corolla protrudes like a comet's tail from the pointed fruit cluster.

Systematics and distribution

The name Dodecatheon goes back to Carl von Linné . Based on the similarities of the bloom a close relationship to the genus was cyclamen ( Cyclamen ) postulated. Due to the different geographical distribution and the morphological similarity of the Dodecatheon in their stage before flowering to the Allioni primrose ( Primula allionii ), the relationship to the Primula genus was examined more closely. Studies in chloroplasts - DNA and nuclear DNA was determined that the most recent common ancestor ( most recent common ancestor ) from the Primula comes genus of. For this reason, since Mast et al. 2007 assigned to the Dodecatheon as a section of the genus Primula (see e.g. Jepson-eFlora). Unlike most primroses, dodecatheons are not heterostyle . Probably one of the two morphologies was genetically fixed from a common distyle ancestor of the Dodecatheon species and the solaniform flower shape developed in further steps.

The monophyletic section Dodecatheon belongs to the subgenus Auriculastrum Schott from the genus Primula L.

The species of the Primula sect. Dodecatheon are common in North America .

To the section Primula sect. Dodecatheon (L.) ARMast & Reveal include:

  • Primula austrofrigida (KLChambers) ARMast & Reveal (Syn .: Dodecatheon austrofrigidum K.L.Chambers ): It comes in the northwestern United States Oregon and Washington before.
  • Primula clevelandii (Greene) ARMast & Reveal (Syn .: Dodecatheon clevelandii Greene): It occurs from the US state of California to the Mexican state of Baja California Norte .
  • Primula fragrans A.R.Mast & Reveal (Syn .: Dodecatheon jeffreyi var. Redolens H.M.Hall , Dodecatheon redolens (HMHall) HJThomps. ): It comes in the western United States from California to western Utah before.
  • Primula hendersonii (A.Gray) ARMast & Reveal (Syn .: Dodecatheon hendersonii A.Gray ): It occurs in western North America from southern British Columbia to California and Idaho .
  • Primula jeffreyi ( Van Houtte ) ARMast & Reveal (Syn .: Dodecatheon jeffreyi hort. Ex Van Houtte ): It occurs in western North America from Alaska to California and Montana .
  • Primula latiloba (A.Gray) ARMast & Reveal (Syn .: Dodecatheon dentatum Hook. ): It occurs in western North America from British Columbia via Washington to Oregon and Idaho.
  • Primula meadia (L.) ARMast & Reveal (Syn .: Dodecatheon meadia L. ): It is widespread in the USA.
  • Primula pauciflora (Greene) ARMast & Reveal (Syn .: Dodecatheon pauciflorum Greene , Dodecatheon pulchellum ( Raf. ) Merr. , Exinia pulchella Raf. ): It is widespread in western to central North America.
  • Primula standleyana A.R. Mast & Reveal (Syn .: Dodecatheon dentatum var. Ellisiae ( Standl. ) NHHolmgren , Dodecatheon ellisiae Standl. ): It occurs in the southern US states of Arizona and New Mexico .
  • Primula Subalpina (Eastw.) Mast & Reveal (Syn .: Dodecatheon subalpinum Eastw. , Dodecatheon hendersonii var. Yosemitanum H.Mason ): This endemic in California is probably only in the Sierra Nevada before.
  • Primula tetrandra (Suksd. Ex Greene) ARMast & Reveal (Syn .: Dodecatheon alpinum (A.Gray) Greene , Dodecatheon meadia var. Alpinum A.Gray , Dodecatheon tetrandrum Suksd. Ex Greene ): It comes from Oregon in the western USA California and Utah to Arizona .
  • Primula utahensis (NHHolmgren) ARMast & Reveal (Syn .: Dodecatheon dentatum . Hook . Var utahense N.H.Holmgren , Dodecatheon utahense (NHHolmgren) Reveal ): You only occurs in Utah.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ AH Mast and JL Reveal: Transfer of Dodecatheon to Primula (Primulaceae) . In: Springer (ed.): Brittonia . No. 59 , p. 79-82 ( wisc.edu [PDF]).
  2. ^ A b Katherine I. Beamish: Studies in the Genus Dodecatheon of Northwestern America . In: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club . tape 82 , no. 5 , January 1, 1955, p. 357-366 , doi : 10.2307 / 2482481 , JSTOR : 2482481 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Thomas J. Rosatti, Sylvia Kelso: Primula. Revision 1. In: Jepson eFlora. Jepson Flora Project, 2017, accessed May 25, 2017 .
  4. ↑ LD Harder, RMR Barclay: The Functional Significance of Poricidal Anthers and Buzz Pollination: Controlled Pollen Removal From Dodecatheon . In: Functional Ecology . tape 8 , no. 4 , 1994, pp. 509-517 , doi : 10.2307 / 2390076 , JSTOR : 2390076 .
  5. ^ Schubert / Wagner: Botanical Dictionary . 12th edition. Ulmer, 2000.
  6. ↑ Uebers. and ext. by Ph. H. Külb: “Cajus Plinius Secundus” natural history . Metzler, 1855, p. 2725 + 2757 ( Pliny Natural History Dodecatheon in the Google book search).
  7. ↑ Laura Luise Foster: Dodecatheon . In: Bulletin of the American Rock Garden Society . tape 42 , no. 2 , 1984, p. 53 ( nargs.org [PDF]).
  8. ↑ Austin R. Mast, Danielle MS Feller, Sylvia Kelso, Elena Conti: Buzz-pollinated Dodecatheon originated from within the heterostylous Primula subgenus Auriculastrum (Primulaceae): a seven-region cpDNA phylogeny and its implications for floral evolution . In: American Journal of Botany . tape 91 , no. 6 , June 1, 2004, ISSN  0002-9122 , p. 926-942 , doi : 10.3732 / ajb.91.6.926 , PMID 21653449 .
  9. ^ Austin R. Mast, James L. Reveal: Transfer of Dodecatheon to Primula (Primulaceae) . In: Brittonia . tape 59 , no. 1 , January 1, 2007, ISSN  0007-196X , p. 79-82 , doi : 10.1663 / 0007-196X (2007) 59 [79: TODTPP] 2.0.CO; 2 .
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g Primula in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 25, 2017.

Web links

Commons : Flowers of the Gods ( Primula sect. Dodecatheon )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files