Burdock bedstraw
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Burdock bedstraw ( Galium aparine ) |
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The burdock bedstraw ( Galium aparine ), also stick weed , is a species of bed herb ( Galium ) within the red family (Rubiaceae). It is an economically important field weed, but it also grows in hedges, fringes and forests. This spreader climber climbs up other plants with its bristle hair.
description
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Vegetative characteristics
The burdock bedstraw is an annual herbaceous plant whose prostrate or - more often - climbing stems are usually 50 to 150 (15 to 300) centimeters long and not very branched. They are hairy at the nodes . The square stems have backward-facing spiked bristles.
Six to nine of the leaves are in whorls . The single-veined leaves are 12 to 60 millimeters long and 3 to 8 millimeters wide and lanceolate to elliptical. On the upper side of the leaf there are pointed bristles and on the edge of the leaf backward-pointing spines. The tip of the leaf has a spiked tip.
The root system is - characteristic of annual plants - only weakly developed. The roots reach 35 centimeters deep.
Inflorescences and flowers
The partial inflorescences are in the axils of foliage-like bracts , tower over them and consist of two to five flowers that form a cerebral umbel .
The hermaphrodite flowers are fourfold. The cup is reduced to a ring bulge. The four petals are briefly fused, but a clear corolla tube is missing . The whitish corolla is 1.5 to 2 millimeters wide and has four pointed corolla lobes. There are four stamens . Two carpels have become an ovary grown. The two styluses are fused at the base and bear heady scars .
fruit
The dried fruits are 3 to 5 millimeters long, always larger than the crown. The olive or purple colored fruits are densely covered with bristly hooks. The two partial fruits are split fruits , each contain a seed and are spherical. The fruits weigh 7 to 9 milligrams and the seeds around 3.7 milligrams.
Chromosome set
The basic chromosome number of the genus Galium is x = 11. The species Galium aparine includes tetraploid , hexaploid and octoploid cytotypes with 2n = 42, 44, 66, 88. Fischer calls the species hexaploid. Observations of 64 chromosomes are interpreted as the result of the fusion of two chromosomes.
ecology
growth
When cleavers is one winterannuellen partly therophytes . The root biomass only makes up around 10 percent of the total biomass. Mycorrhiza is often absent.
The bristles on the stems and leaves allow the plant to climb up along supports, it is a straddle climber . When touched, they create an adhesive impression, which is what gave the plant its name.
The burdock bedstraw reproduces exclusively through seeds. The germination takes place epigeal . The hypocotyl is 2 to 3 inches long and smooth. The two cotyledons are oblong-egg-shaped and 9 to 15 millimeters long and thus differ significantly from the other leaves. There are two ecotypes that differ significantly in their growth behavior: a hedge ecotype and a field ecotype.
Seeds of the arable ecotype germinate in autumn, forming seedlings with short internodes less than an inch long. They form rounded leaves at the bottom two nodes and reach a height of 10 to 20 centimeters. In this first vegetative stage of growth they overwinter. They are frost-resistant down to −17 ° C. In the hedge ecotype, the seeds need vernalization and only germinate in spring. In them, the first stage is greatly shortened and reduced. In the second vegetative stage, long internodes (up to 10 centimeters) and the normal lanceolate leaves are formed. If the stems are removed from their supports, for example by wind, the prostrate stems straighten up again at the nodes within a few hours .
The time between germination and flowering is determined by the temperature, the length of the day, the availability of nutrients and the ecotype; humidity and light conditions are irrelevant.
In the first reproductive stage, flowers are formed on side branches, while the vegetative growth of the main shoot continues. In the last stage, the main shoot tip also forms an inflorescence, thus terminating growth. Flowers are formed from May to September. The fruit ripening begins in June and lasts until October. After the fruit ripens, the plant dies.
Flower ecology
The burdock bedstraw reproduces exclusively sexually and is therefore an amphimic . The hermaphroditic flowers are protandric , that is, the stamens mature before the female organs. The stamens are not bent back when the flowers open. As the scars mature and the area of the scar becomes accessible, the scars touch the anthers . Since the anthers are already dry at this point and have scattered the pollen , but still harbor a lot of pollen, safe self-pollination takes place.
The flowers are rarely visited by small insects. The hover fly Syritta pipiens L., small wasps , parasitic wasps and real flies were observed as flower visitors .
Spread
A plant specimen forms around 300 to 400 partial fruits. These are the dispersion units ( diaspores ) and, thanks to their barbs, adhere very well to the fur of animals, but also to clothing and mud. Therefore animals and humans are the most important spreaders. Whole fruiting shoot sections can also get caught on animals and spread out. In addition, spread in the water ( hydrochory ) and through endozoochory by cattle and birds has also been observed. Wind propagation ( anemochory ) as a trolley ( chamaechory ) also occurs.
Herbivores and diseases
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The burdock bedstraw is forage for at least 40 insect species, of which the following feed exclusively on this species, i.e. are monophagous : Sminthurus viridis ( springtails ); Paw beetles ( Timarcha tenebricosa ) ( leaf beetles ); Dasineura aparines , Dasineura galiicola , Liriomyza morio , Paraphytomyza anteposita , Paraphytomyza orphana ( two-winged species ).
In addition to the downy mildew Peronospora aparines , the burdock bedstraw is also attacked by the fungi Erysiphe galii ( Leotiomycetes ), Leptosphaeria galiorum and Leptosphaeria scitula ( Pleosporales ), Puccinia difformis and Puccinia punctata ( Uredinales ) and Phomopsis elliptica ( Hyphomycetes ).
Occurrence
Area
The distribution area of the burdock bedstraw includes Macaronesia and the temperate zones of Eurasia. It is a neophyte almost worldwide .
The burdock bedstraw is common and common in almost all of Europe. In Norway it occurs up to 70 ° north latitude, otherwise it is absent north of the Arctic Circle . In the west it extends to the Azores, in the east it extends over the Urals to western and southern Siberia . It is also found in the North Caucasus , in the coastal areas of Asia Minor and the Mediterranean area, and in Northwest Africa ( Atlas Mountains ). The distribution area is therefore Eurasian-suboceanic. It was introduced into North America and occurs in the eastern United States between 30 and 48 ° north and on the west coast from California to Alaska.
Locations
The burdock bedstraw grows particularly in places with good nitrogen and phosphate availability . It is a clay pointer and an outspoken nitrogen pointer . It is most common on soils with a pH between 5.5 and 8.0. It grows in alluvial forests, fields, vineyards, ruderal areas , in hedges and on river gravel. It occurs particularly in disturbed locations because there is a high supply of nitrogen there. It rises up to the montane level up to altitudes of mostly around 1200 meters. In the Allgäu Alps it rises to an altitude of 1400 meters.
It's a semi-light plant that can grow in four to 100 percent of full sunlight, and a moderate heat pointer . It is indifferent to moisture. In meadows and pastures, it is sensitive to mowing and pasture and incompatible with kick .
The ecological indicator values according to Ellenberg for Galium aparine are: L7 = half-light plant, T6 = moderate to warmth indicator, Fx = indifferent behavior, R6 = weakly base to moderate acid indicator, N8 = pronounced nitrogen indicator
Plant sociology
In Central Europe , the burdock bedstraw is a class of the ruderal societies (Artemisietea vulgaris) or the nitrophilic fringes (Galio-Urticetea). It also occurs in: intensive root crops and garden weed communities (Polygono-Chenopodietalia), in soil-moist Segetal weed communities (Secalietea) and in white willow trees (Salicion albae). It is also found in moister Robinia forests, in ruderal oat meadows (Artemisia vulgaris-Arrhenatherum society) and meadowsweet tall herbaceous meadows (Filipendulion).
Systematics
The first publication of Galium aparine was in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . The epithet aparine was already used by Theophrast and Pliny the Elder as a name for the burdock bedstraw, although the etymology of the word is unclear. Synonyms for Galium aparine L. are: Aparine vulgaris Hill , Aparine hispida Moench nom. superfl., Galium lappaceum Salisb. nom. superflat., Asperula aparine (L.) Besser nom. illeg., Asterophyllum aparine (L.) Schimp. & Spenn. , Asperula aparine var. Aparine (L.) Nyman nom. inval., Galion aparinum (L.) St.-Lag. , Rubia aparine (L.) Baill. , Galium adhaerens Gilib. , Galium asperum Honck. nom. illeg., Galium uliginosum Thunb. nom. illeg., Galium hispidum Willd. , Galium uncinatum Gray , Galium aparine var. Hirsutum Mert. & WDJKoch , Galium aparine var. Verum Wimm. & Dig. , Galium aparine var. Marinum Fr. , Galium intermedium Mérat nom. illeg., Galium aparine var. minor Hook. , Galium horridum Eckl. & Zeyh. nom. illeg., Galium aparine var. subglabrum Peterm. , Crucianella purpurea Wulff ex Steud. , Galium segetum K. Koch , Galium chilense Hook. f. , Galium aparine var. Microphyllum Clos , Galium chonosense Clos nom. superflat., Galium pseudoaparine Griseb. , Galium parviflorum Maxim. nom. illeg., Galium aculeatissimum Kit. ex Kanitz , Galium tenerrimum Schur , Galium aparine var. fructibushispidis Franch. , Galium aparine var. Intermedium (Mérat) Bonnet , Galium borbonicum var. Makianum Cordem. , Galium aparine var. Pseudoaparine (Griseb.) Speg. , Galium australe empires nom. superfl., Galium larecajense Wernham , Galium charoides Rusby , Galium aparine var. agreste P.D.Sell , Galium aparine subsp. agreste P.D. Sell , Galium aparine f. intermedium (Mérat) RJ Moore .
Galium aparine belongs to the Aparine section in the genus Galium . Together with the closely related but diploid small-fruited burdock bedstraw ( Galium spurium ), it forms the species group Galium aparine agg. There are no known hybrids with other species.
Within the species Galium aparine , a distinction is made between the two ecotypes described in the Growth section . Furthermore, some authors have two forms : Galium aparine f. intermedium bonnet with smooth fruits and Galium aparine L. f. aparine , which has the prickly fruit already described.
meaning
The burdock bedstraw is used as a folk medicinal plant, as a wild vegetable and in homeopathy. Pliny the Elder mentions it as a remedy for snake and spider bites, earache and hemostasis. Leonhart Fuchs names the same effects, plus those against the goiter. In modern herbalism, the whole herb is used fresh or dried as a diuretic , as an anti-inflammatory ( anti-inflammatory ), against skin diseases and for insomnia. The leaves can be used in vegetable soups, tea can be brewed from dried leaves and roasted fruits make a coffee substitute.
It has another meaning as a field weed . It is one of the most important weeds, especially in winter wheat and winter rape, and can reduce the yield by 30 to 60 percent. In contrast to many other field weeds, the burdock bedstraw has always been at home in Central Europe, but has moved from its natural forest locations to the fields ( apophyte ). The species has been a cultural companion since the younger Stone Age . The harmful effect is based on the competition for soil nitrogen and light, since the bedstraw overgrows the grain stocks. The high economic importance leads to the definition of the damage threshold of only 0.1 plants per square meter. It is relatively resistant to chemical control; even heavily damaged plants regenerate and form seeds. The active ingredients fluroxypyr , mecoprop , florasulam or amidosulfuron are suitable for combating ; Combination preparations are also successful, while contact and broad spectrum herbicides have only limited effectiveness. For the targeted control of burdock bedstraw on tree stumps, glufosinate is recommended as an active ingredient.
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literature
- Kenneth Taylor: Galium aparine L. (= Biological Flora of the British Isles. No. 207). In: Journal of Ecology . Volume 87, No. 4, 1999, ISSN 1365-2745 , pp. 713-730, doi : 10.1046 / j.1365-2745.1999.00381.x .
- Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 769-770 .
- ^ A b Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
- ↑ a b Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species . 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 .
- ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Galium aparine. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved February 1, 2016.
- ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 509.
- ↑ a b c Hartmut Dierschke, Gottfried Briemle: Kulturgrasland. Meadows, pastures and related herbaceous vegetation. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3816-6 .
- ^ Heinz Ellenberg : Vegetation of Central Europe with the Alps from an ecological point of view. 4th, improved edition. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8001-3430-6 , p. 702.
- ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 108, digitized .
- ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 68 (reprint from 1996).
- ^ A b Kenneth Taylor: Galium aparine L. (= Biological Flora of the British Isles. No. 207). In: Journal of Ecology . Volume 87, No. 4, 1999, ISSN 1365-2745 , pp. 713-730, doi : 10.1046 / j.1365-2745.1999.00381.x .
- ↑ C. Pliny Secundus: Naturalis historia. Book XXVII, §32. (on-line).
- ^ Leonhart Fuchs: New Kreüterbuch. Caput XIIII, 1543 (Reprint ISBN 3-8228-1298-6 ), (online) .
- ↑ a b Galium aparine at Plants For A Future
- ↑ Weed profile burdock bedstraw ( Memento of the original from April 10, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the Bavarian State Institute for Agriculture , accessed December 6, 2011.
- ↑ Klaus Gehring, Stefan Thyssen: Effect potential of various cereal herbicides against burdock weed. ( Memento from October 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Investigation by the Bavarian State Institute for Agriculture , accessed on December 6, 2011.
- ↑ Work diary 2014 of the fruit growing research institute Jork , p. 185.
Web links
- Galium aparine agg., Burdock bedstraw (species group). In: FloraWeb.de.
- Galium aparine L., burdock bedstraw. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Burdock bedstraw . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Galium aparine L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora .
- Distribution in the northern hemisphere from: Eric Hultén, Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants. 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0 at Den virtuella floran. (swed.)
- Thomas Meyer: Bedstraw data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia ).
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