Gibson Les Paul
| Gibson Les Paul | |
|---|---|
 Gibson Les Paul Classic |
|
| General | |
| Type | Electric guitar |
| Manufacturer | Gibson ; United States |
| production | 1952–1961, since 1968 |
| Construction and materials | |
| Scale length | 24.75 inches (628 mm) |
| Body | Solid body made of mahogany with a top made of maple |
| neck | Set-in neck made of mahogany |
| Fingerboard | Rosewood or ebony , 22 frets |
| Mechanics | 3 × left, 3 × right; capsuled |
| Footbridge / bridge | Two-part Tune-O-Matic metal bridge with individual saddles |
| Pickups and Electronics | |
| Pickups |
2 × humbuckers |
| Tone control | passive
|
The Les Paul (also known colloquially among German-speaking musicians as Paula ) is an electric guitar . It has been manufactured by the US company Gibson since 1952 .
Developed under the direction of Gibson President Ted McCarty in collaboration with the musician Lester William Polsfuss (stage name Les Paul ) as an answer to the instruments of the competitor Fender , the Les Paul was the first solid-body electric guitar from Gibson to be an exotic product in the Despite sluggish sales and temporary production cessation in 1961, the Les Paul quickly became the main instrument of artists such as Jimmy Page , Jeff Beck and - at least in earlier years - Eric Clapton due to its warm, powerful sound . After resuming production in 1968, the Les Paul became Gibson's most successful instrument. It is still in production today and, along with the Fender Stratocaster and the Fender Telecaster, is a classic among electric guitars.
history
In the 1930s, the young musician and inventor Les Paul looked for ways to overcome the disadvantages of the electric guitars that were common at the time. These were often acoustic instruments that were subsequently fitted with an electric pickup . The disadvantage of this design is the creation of unsightly feedback at higher volumes due to the resonance of the hollow body . For this reason, Les Paul heavily modified his own jazz guitar : He sawed the body lengthways in the middle, mounted the neck, bridge , tailpiece and electronics on a rectangular wooden block and reattached the body halves to the sides of the block. So he got an instrument that looked similar to an acoustic guitar, but was built solid in the middle . This guitar no longer produced an acoustic tone, but instead had a clear electrical tone without feedback. After Les Paul had successfully played this guitar called “ The Log ” in live performances, he presented it to Gibson in 1946 in the hope of persuading the instrument maker to mass-produce it. Gibson President Maurice Berlin rejected Les Paul's invention with the comment that they would not build such a "broomstick with pickups" , however.
Shortly afterwards, the Californian radio technician Leo Fender achieved first commercial successes with his newly developed solid-body electric guitar “Fender Broadcaster” (renamed Telecaster in spring 1951 ). The new Gibson President Ted McCarty decided that Gibson had to add a massive electric guitar as well, and remembered Les Paul and his "Klotz" guitar. Les Paul and McCarty quickly agreed that a "Les Paul guitar" should be developed. How this development took place in detail is controversial:
- The musician and hobby inventor Les Paul claims that he helped determine almost all the details of the guitar. Gibson engineers reportedly implemented some of his design requests incorrectly, including: a. the bridge / trapezoid tailpiece combination and the maple top. The color (gold or later black) can also be traced back to him.
- Ted McCarty claims that the guitar had previously been developed in the Gibson workshops and that Les Paul received various prototypes as samples during the first negotiations. According to McCarty's account, Les Paul only suggested the bridge / trapezoid tailpiece combination and the gold or black paintwork of the first two models (called Standard and Custom). Ted McCarty decided to use a vaulted ceiling, because the instrument is so clearly from the flat board guitar brand Fender took off and Fender did not have at that time the technology to copy such a guitar.
What is certain is that Les Paul and McCarty signed a contract at a meeting around 1950/1951 that made it possible to build the guitar under the name Les Pauls. The patent for the guitar was later applied for to McCarty, Les Paul received the patent for the tailpiece.
The first Les Paul models appeared on the market in 1952 . These were equipped with two P90 single coil pickups and had a domed maple top that was painted gold . Hence the unofficial name "Gold Top". According to Les Paul, the color gold should express luxury and value . In contrast to this claim, the first models with construction errors came into the shops: The bridge / trapezoid tailpiece combination was too high for the guitar, which is why the strings usually had to be passed under the bridge - so the strings could not be carried be dampened by the ball of the hand. This was only remedied in 1953 by a modified bridge (the so-called stud or stop tailpiece). In addition, the neck angle was initially chosen too small, which is why the neck is often re-inserted in these early models to make them more playable.
In addition to the Les Paul (standard) model with the gold-colored maple top, the Les Paul Custom appeared in 1954 , a visually enhanced model in black with gold-plated metal parts and an ebony fingerboard, which is nicknamed "Black Beauty" and "because of the flat fret "the nickname" fretless wonder "( Bund lot miracle received). The custom had the new " Alnico " single coil pickup on the neck and a new bridge / tailpiece combination, which consisted of a tailpiece (stop tailpiece) and bridge (Tune-O-Matic). Since 1955, this construction has also been used on most other models. The Les Paul Custom had a vaulted mahogany top instead of maple.
In 1957 the Les Paul was equipped with the newly developed humbucker pickups by Gibson employee Seth Lover . The pickups contributed to the start of production a sticker " P atent A pplied F or" ( patent pending) to deter imitators. These pickups, known as “PAF” among musicians, are very popular with collectors. Instead of the Gold Top, the Standard model with a transparent lacquered top in "Sunburst" was offered from 1958; a paint job in which the color runs from a dark red or brown on the edge of the ceiling to an almost transparent honey yellow in the middle of the ceiling. This should appeal to the more traditionally minded jazz guitarist. Nevertheless, the overall sales figures remained rather disappointing. Of all Les Paul models, the schoolchildren's models Les Paul Junior and Les Paul Special sold the most, especially in 1958 and 1959, after they had been modified to double-cut models (with two cutaways).
In 1961 the Les Paul was replaced by the " Gibson SG " , which was called "Les Paul SG" until 1963, due to declining sales figures . Since Les Paul did not like the shape of the "SG" and his contract with Gibson expired in 1962, he withdrew. The name "Les Paul SG" was shortened to "SG" which for "Solid Guitar" ( massive guitar should) stand. In later interviews, Les Paul remembered that in addition to the unloved new form of "SG", the upcoming divorce from his wife and duo partner Mary Ford was also the reason for his withdrawal. Les Paul feared high payments to his wife and was not interested in a lucrative contract extension with Gibson. Higher income would have meant higher maintenance payments for Les Paul , which is why Les Paul withdrew almost completely from the music business at that time.
After the Les Paul became the cult guitar of the emerging blues rock in the 1960s, Gibson decided in 1967 to resume production. Since Les Paul was now divorced, he agreed to a renewal of the contract, the first guitars of the new edition appeared at the beginning of 1968. Since then, the Les Paul has been in various versions in the Gibson range without interruption.
construction
The body of the Les Paul is modeled on that of the acoustic guitar, but with a cutaway on the body. A key design feature of the Les Paul is a body that consists of a mahogany base and is fitted with a vaulted maple top . In the custom, the vaulted top was originally made of mahogany. The mahogany neck is glued into the body. The length of the guitar is 628 mm (24.75 ″).
With the Les Paul, two humbuckers usually provide the sound . Some models (Les Paul Custom, Les Paul Artisan) have a middle third humbucker. The pickups are managed by one tone and one volume control. The two humbuckers are switched via a three-stage switch that switches on either the neck, the bridge or both pickups. According to the usage of the 1950s, the switch is after the sound of the guitar that can be generated, i.e. H. "Treble" for the high-altitude bridge pickup, "Rhythm" for the darker neck pickup, labeled.
Different models of the Les Paul (Junior, 54 'Goldtop and partly Special) have one or two P90 single-coil pickups instead of the humbuckers . This delivers a more dynamic, brighter tone than the humbuckers, but still remains quite “fat” in tone and is therefore particularly popular with blues and rock 'n' roll musicians. This type is experiencing a renaissance in recent years.
Models
In its company history, Gibson has brought out an almost unmanageable variety of models, some of which differ greatly in terms of construction and equipment. The three categories Standard , Custom and Studio were often used.
default
The Les Paul Standard largely corresponds to the model year 1958. This means: solid mahogany body with maple top, mahogany neck with fretboard made of rosewood , two humbucking pickups with chrome covers , simple cream-colored skirt ( Binding ) from cabinet top and fretboard, pearloid -Griffbretteinlagen in Trapezoidal design and chrome-plated metal parts.
The standard was introduced in 1976 to meet the growing interest in models from the 1958–1961 phase. Gibson had previously offered similar models, but purists repeatedly criticized the sometimes unfortunate detailed solutions. Incorrect dimensions and dimensions, unusual color combinations, a multi-part "sandwich" construction of the body to save material and the generally poor processing quality initially put off the predecessor models.
Since 2008, the Standard has been supplied with so-called sound chambers , millings in the body that are intended to improve the tone and weight. Furthermore, the traditional electrical system was replaced by a circuit board, which is visible through the tinted Plexiglas cover. In addition, the neck profile has been changed.
Custom
The Custom largely corresponds to the standard , but is above all optically upgraded: Multiple beige / black striped edging of the top and bottom of the body and the headstock with holly inlay , gold-colored metal parts, fingerboard mostly made of ebony (in the current models from Richlite ) and fingerboard inlays block-shaped mother -of- pearl .
Since the Custom is the top model in regular production, equipment variants that can only be found on these guitars are offered again and again. These include a. a third humbucker , the equipment with a bigsby vibrato or the use of color combinations that cannot be found on other guitars. Some of the models do without the typical maple top and have a solid mahogany body beneath their opaque black finish.
Studio
The studio largely corresponds to the standard , but is mainly optically kept simpler. In contrast to the other models, the cream-colored edging of the body and fingerboard is missing, the "Gibson" logo is only printed on the headstock and the woods used usually only have an unspectacular grain . On some of the Studio models , the fingerboards only had point inlays instead of the usual trapezoidal inlays.
The studio was introduced in 1983 in order to be able to offer an inexpensive model. The naming alludes to the fact that in the recording studio , where there are no spectators other than the sound engineers, there is no need for optical trimmings. Compared to the Les Paul Standard, the bezel on the fingerboard and body is missing. However, this is exactly where many musicians see the attraction: The signature guitars by Gary Moore and Joe Perry ( Aerosmith ) were based on the studio . Due to its continued commercial success, the Studio is the only newly developed model line that has been in the program without interruption since its introduction.
Classic
The Classic is a modernized version of the Les Paul Standard, which is equipped with ceramic pickups (or P90 pickups) and a 60's slim-taper neck profile. These properties make it more suitable for genres in which higher distortion and faster playability of the neck are desired. Distinguishing features are the pickups without chrome cover, a pickguard with 1960 engraving and yellow inlays.
Traditional
The Traditional has been manufactured with the traditional features of the previous Les Paul Standard since 2008. It is equipped with the "Classic 57" pickups in comparison to the 490 (or 490R) a little less aggressively (with covers) and has a solid mahogany body. The Traditional was the first guitar from Gibson's series production that was treated with the computer- controlled PLEK process developed in Germany for dressing the frets.
Reissue
Because of the great demand, Gibson has been producing replicas of the very popular early models (especially those built in 1959) since the mid-80s, following a number of small-series models (1959 Kalamazoo, Heritage 80 Series). In 1993 the Gibson Custom Shop was founded, which among other things also produces the standard reissues (replicas of the models that were built from 1952 to 1960). These instruments have changed over and over again in detail over the years. The current models (2013) differ from the standard series by a solid mahogany body (without sound chambers), historically correct electronics (Bumblebee capacitors and CTS potentiometers), historically correctly placed Kluson-style machine heads, historically correct fretboard inlays, the ABR -1 bridge (in contrast to the Nashville-Tune-O-Matic ) and numerous other, sometimes minimal, differences ( truss rod cover position, color and thickness of the edging, glue used, length of the neck pin ...).
Since the beginning of production until today, the models have been repeatedly changed in their specifications in order to correspond more precisely to the original (neck profile, positioning of the mechanics, paintwork ...). In 2003, fingerboards made of historically correct Rio rosewood were installed on some guitars , which had to be discontinued in the subsequent models, as Rio rosewood ( Dalbergia nigra ) is under species protection. The 'True Historic' series represents the culmination of this development.
Custom Shop
In terms of price at the upper end of the Gibson Les Paul models are the models from the “Custom Shop”, high-quality handcrafted custom-made products and small series from Gibson's traditional workshop. Custom Shop is not a continuous model series , but a collective term for the various special models. These include a. the Reissue models (replicas of various guitars from Gibson's history) and guitars of the Signature series (guitars that are tailor-made for a specific artist or guitars that are 1: 1 copies of well-known artists and are sold in small editions) .
The Custom Shop currently offers several series of reissues, which can essentially be grouped into the following three categories:
VOS - Vintage Original Spec
The instruments in this series have a pre-recorded, slightly used look.
Murphy Aged
"Aged" stands for artificial aging and "Murphy" for Tom Murphy, a Gibson employee and a pioneer in artificial aging for guitars.
Collectors Choice
These are exact replicas of famous vintage guitars (e.g. Goldie, Sandy, The Beast, Rosie ...). The Collectors Choice (CC for short) is considered the highest and most expensive series from Gibson
Other models
In the history of Gibson, various other models of the Les Paul were produced, some of which are only known to collectors and experts because of their short life. Model series that found at least a certain distribution are:
Junior
In order to be represented in the lower price segment, various instruments with the name Junior have appeared on the market since 1954 . These guitars have a thinner mahogany body without a maple top and simple fingerboards with point inlays. There is only a single P-90 pickup on the bridge. Furthermore, most models lack the binding around the body and fingerboard. From 1958 the single cut Les Paul Junior was replaced by the double cut Les Paul Junior. The Junior model is used by Billie Joe Armstrong , among others .
Special
The Special came onto the market in 1955 as a model between the Standard and Junior . It corresponds to the Junior in terms of body and finish , but has a second P-90 pickup on the neck.
Smartwood
With the “Smartwood” range, Gibson tries to offer “Les Pauls” made from ecologically harmless woods. In order to underline the environmentally friendly image, the guitars dispense with optical decorations, similar to the studio .
Personal and recording
In order to do justice to the diverse ideas of the musician and inventor Les Paul, the models Les Paul Personal and Les Paul Recording appeared . These guitars were built from 1969 to at least 1972 and differed greatly from the conventional models, particularly in terms of electronics: In cooperation with Les Paul, special pickups were designed with which the instruments could be connected directly to the mixer or tape recorder . The guitars also had advanced circuit options to produce a variety of sounds. As the instruments only functioned to a limited extent with conventional guitar equipment, they remained commercial failures. Regardless of this, Les Paul played a staff at his concerts until his death .
Deluxe
The Les Paul Deluxe was produced from 1969 to 1984 . Their so-called pancake body consisted of two layers of mahogany with a layer of maple in between and had a maple top. The sides and the back of the Deluxe were painted transparent, like the standard, it was provided with a body border. As with the Gibson Firebird , mini humbuckers from the production of the recently acquired company Epiphone were used as pickups . In the late 1970s Gibson began adding maple necks to the Deluxe, while the Pete Townshend signature model had a maple neck.
Double cut
With the Les Paul Doublecut (also Les Paul DC ) Gibson tried to compete with the guitars made by Paul Reed Smith and Hamer . The equipment of the Double Cut corresponds to the other models, but has a body with two almost symmetrical cutaways and thus resembles the Gibson ES-335 . So far, these guitars have only proven to be moderately successful.
Robot Guitar
With the Robot Guitar in Les Paul form, Gibson was the first company to bring guitars to the market in series that were equipped with the automatic tuning electronics from the German company Tronical . The main feature is the built-in processor for automatically tuning the strings. A limited number of items has been sold in selected stores since December 7, 2007, the general sales start was at the beginning of 2008. The Robot Guitar was also available in other forms (SG, Flying V, Explorer and the new Firebird X with improved technology). As part of a return to the brand essence, Gibson will dispense with guitars with this technology in 2019.
BFG
In 2007 Gibson developed the BFG model , which is available in three finishes: gold, red and black. The guitar impresses with a very "raw" finish, which should appeal to a young target group from the hard and heavy area from the start. No painting, rough surface, 3D milling. Details such as truss rod cover, pickup frames and fingerboard inlays have been omitted on this guitar. The look is reminiscent of a heavily used guitar. The design and construction of this guitar was always controversial, in 2018 there was a modified new edition.
HD.6X-Pro Digital Les Paul
The Digital Les Paul is a special edition of a Les Paul, which is equipped with 6-way pickups and a digital mixer. In this way, the strings can be faded in and out individually and the sound can be varied.
The Gibson Les Paul in music
The Les Paul has become famous for its warm, full sound , especially in the versions with humbucker pickups . For this reason, it is still preferred to this day in those styles in which this sound is required.
At the beginning of production in 1952, “Les Pauls” were particularly popular with blues and jazz musicians . In addition to the namesake Les Paul himself, u. a. John Lee Hooker a "gold top" one.
With the rise of the British blues rock wave in the 1960s, the Les Paul became a cult guitar. Especially Eric Clapton's guitar work on the John Mayall album Blues Breakers and Clapton's other bands ( Yardbirds , Cream ) made the Les Paul famous. Jimmy Page preferred to use Les Paul guitars when performing live with Led Zeppelin . Pete Townshend from The Who played both the Les Paul and the successor "SG". George Harrison of the Beatles used a Les Paul during the recording of the band in 1968 and 1969. This guitar, a subsequently red-painted "Goldtop", is - played by Eric Clapton - including on the classic While My Guitar Gently Weeps to Listen. Paul McCartney owns a rare left-handed Les Paul from 1960, which he still regularly uses at live concerts to this day. In the US, guitarists such as Michael Bloomfield , Neil Young , Robby Krieger , Pat Travers and Duane Allman began to rediscover the Les Paul . Because of this subsequent boom, Gibson decided to include the Les Paul again in its range.
In the 1970s the Les Paul was used particularly in the field of rock music. Well-known names include a. Steve Hackett from Genesis , Marc Bolan , Jimmy Page from Led Zeppelin , Carlos Santana , Peter Frampton , Gary Moore , Peter Green , Paul Kossoff from Free , Ace Frehley from KISS and Billy Gibbons from ZZ Top . Jeff Beck can be seen on the cover of his Blow By Blow album with the black Les Paul he used for the recordings.
The song "Money for Nothing" by Dire Straits is often cited as an example of the dense, warm tone that the Les Paul produces . Mark Knopfler , guitarist for Dire Straits, is known for not using a pick . According to his own statements, he therefore plays a Les Paul on pieces that are supposed to sound “rocky” and therefore actually require the pick to be hit .
In the 80s, the Les Paul was initially less popular, it is the heyday of the 'super strats' with humbuckers and more stable tremolo, especially popular with bands of the “hair metal” genre. Guitarist Slash ( Guns n 'Roses ) made a (second) comeback for Les Paul . The album Appetite For Destruction (1987) marked the style-defining return to the characteristic rock sound of the classic combination of Les Paul guitar and Marshall amp.
In the 1990s, the powerful sound of the guitar was discovered by hard rock - and heavy metal - as well as punk rock guitarists. Examples are Mike Ness ( Social Distortion ), Björn Gelotte from In Flames , Slash from Guns N 'Roses , Zakk Wylde (including the Ozzy-Osbourne Band), Kirk Hammett and James Hetfield from Metallica , to Paul Landers from Rammstein . The experimental guitarist Buckethead also switched from custom-made products from the Jackson brand to the Les Paul.
Models from other manufacturers
In addition to Gibson itself, Epiphone, part of the Gibson Group, has been offering various Les Paul guitars since 1988 . The range of models extends from inexpensive entry -level instruments with plywood bodies, screwed necks and simplified electronics to high-quality copies from the Japanese "Elitist" series, the wood and equipment of which correspond to the Gibson instruments.
In order to satisfy the collectors, who are particularly well represented in Asia, Gibson made exact copies of historical Les Paul models in Japan . These guitars were offered under the name Orville (name of the company's founder Orville H. Gibson ) and only rarely found their way to Europe.
Due to the popularity of the Les Paul , copies are also offered by various other manufacturers. Since Gibson has always attached great importance to its copyrights , there are now a number of lawsuits with which Gibson tries to prevent exact copies. On the one hand, the lawsuits against the Japanese manufacturer Ibanez in the 1970s and the legal dispute with the guitar maker Paul Reed Smith, which was temporarily settled in 2005, have become famous . In order to avoid allegations of plagiarism through too exact copies of the Les Paul , various manufacturers devised slight variations in the design of the instruments. The guitars of the high-quality brands Tokai and Burny were the furthest : The company name Tokai and the model name Love Rock were written on the headstock in such a way that the words Gibson and Les Paul can be read from a distance . Burny initially even used the letters Burny and Les Paul in this way and then changed them to Burny Super Grade . Japanese manufacturers also offered copies under the brand names Greco, Edwards and Fresher .
Many manufacturers now offer models that are strongly based on the Les Paul. These usually differ from the original in the shape of the headstock, often the rounding of the body top, the shape of the neck, the fingerboard inlays, the number and arrangement of the controls or the types of wood used are different. Examples are the Cort Classic Rock, Chapman ML2, ESP Eclipse, FGN Neo Classic, Harley Benton SC, Ibanez ART, Jackson Monarkh, Maybach Lester, Prestige Heritage, PRS SC594, Schecter Solo.
literature
- Tony Bacon: The Great Gibson Les Paul Chronicle . PPVMEDIEN 2015, ISBN 978-3-95512-113-6
- Tony Bacon: 50 Years of the Gibson Les Paul . Hal Leonhard 2002, ISBN 0-87930-289-5
- Tony Bacon, Paul Day: The Gibson Les Paul Book. Cologne 1994, ISBN 3-931082-00-8
- Tony Bacon, Dave Hunter: Totally Guitar - The definitive guide . London 2004, ISBN 3-86150-732-3
- Tony Bacon: Guitars - All models and manufacturers. London / Vienna 1991, ISBN 3-552-05073-6
- George Gruhn, Walter Carter: Electric Guitars & Basses - The History of Electric Guitars and Basses. PPV, Bergkirchen 1999, ISBN 3-932275-04-7
- Yasuhiko Iwanade: The Beauty Of The Burst . Hal Leonhard 1999, ISBN 0-7935-7374-2
- Guitar & bass. Gibson special edition. Various authors. Musik Media, Ulm 2002. ISSN 0934-7674
- Guitar & bass. Special edition electric guitars. Various authors. Musik Media, Ulm 2004. ISSN 0934-7674
- Nikki Kamila: Paula's dad - Les Paul turns 90. In: Guitar and Bass. Musik Media, Ulm 2005,9, pp. 80-84. ISSN 0934-7674
Web links
- Official website of Gibson (English)
- Official Website of Epiphone (English)
- YouTube: Les Paul Recordings of Les Paul with his guitar in the 1950s
Individual evidence
- ↑ Tony Bacon: Guitars - All Models and Manufacturers . London 1991 p. 82.
- ↑ Tony Bacon, Paul Day: The Gibson Les Paul Book . P. 8.
- ^ Guitars - all models and manufacturers , Tony Bacon, London 1991 pp. 58 + 59.
- ↑ Guitar & Bass. Special edition electric guitars , p. 130.
- ↑ Tom Wheeler: American Guitars, revised and updated edition . HarperCollins, New York 1992, ISBN 0-06-273154-8 , pp. 156 .
- ↑ Tom Wheeler: American Guitars, revised and updated edition . HarperCollins, New York 1992, ISBN 0-06-273154-8 , pp. 156 .
- ↑ Tom Wheeler: American Guitars, revised and updated edition . HarperCollins, New York 1992, ISBN 0-06-273154-8 , pp. 140-141 .
- ↑ Tony Bacon, Paul Day: The Gibson Les Paul Book . P. 16.
- ^ Patent specification of the guitar
- ^ Patent specification for the tailpiece
- ↑ Model from 1952 ( memento from September 9, 2017)
- ↑ Guitar & Bass. Gibson Special , p. 14.
- ↑ Vintage Guitars Info
- ↑ Tom Wheeler: American Guitars, revised and updated edition . HarperCollins, New York 1992, ISBN 0-06-273154-8 , pp. 142 .
- ^ The history of the Gibson Les Paul. In: Guitar Wiki. GuitarMasterclass.net, July 19, 2009, accessed September 8, 2017 .
- ↑ Tony Bacon ( inter alia): Electric Guitars . Thunder Bay Press, San Diego, California 2000, ISBN 1-57145-281-8 , pp. 122 .
- ↑ gibson.com: Les Paul Junior Doublecut
- ^ Walter Carter: Gibson guitars, 100 Years Of An American Icon . 1st edition. General Publishing, Los Angeles 1994, ISBN 1-881649-39-3 , pp. 196 .
- ↑ Tony Bacon, Paul Day: The Gibson Les Paul Book . P. 28 + 29.
- ↑ Browse the 2015 Model Year. gibson.com
- ^ Hannes Fricke: Myth guitar: history, interpreters, great hours. Reclam, Stuttgart 2013, ISBN 978-3-15-020279-1 , p. 110.
- ↑ Tony Bacon, Paul Day: The Gibson Les Paul Book . P. 46 + 47.
- ^ Robot Guitar. gibson.com
- ↑ Gibson proudly presents the Robot Guitar
- ↑ Michael Astley-Brown: Gibson unveils back-to-basics 2019 electric guitar range. musicradar, accessed on June 6, 2019 .
- ^ New edition of the Gibson Les Paul BFG. Guitar & Bass, January 31, 2018, accessed June 6, 2019 (German).
- ↑ Andy Babiuk: Beatles Gear. All the Fab Four's Instruments, from Stage to Studio. Backbeat Books, 2001. pp. 224-229.
- ↑ Tony Bacon, Dave Hunter: Totally Guitar , London 2004, p. 409.
