Custom house pit
| Custom house pit | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| General information about the mine | |||
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| other names | Harz-Lahn-Erzbergbau AG | ||
| Information about the mining company | |||
| Start of operation | (Predecessor: 1252) | ||
| End of operation | 1960 | ||
| Funded raw materials | |||
| Degradation of | Roteisenstein / Brauneisenstein | ||
| Degradation of | Brown iron stone | ||
| Geographical location | |||
| Coordinates | 50 ° 16 '53.5 " N , 8 ° 2' 5.3" E | ||
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| Location | Hahnstätten | ||
| local community | Customs House | ||
| District ( NUTS3 ) | Rhein-Lahn district | ||
| country | State of Rhineland-Palatinate | ||
| Country | Germany | ||
The Zollhaus Pit (also Grube Konsolidierte Zollhaus ) was one of the largest iron ore mines in the Taunus . It lay east of Katzenelnbogen and extended to the place Zollhaus in the Rhein-Lahn district . Forerunner mines existed before 1252, the Zollhaus mine was closed in 1960 - thus more than 700 years of mining can be documented. First of all, high-quality red iron stone was mined , later mainly brown iron stone . Marble , phosphorite and limestone were extracted as by-products on a smaller scale .
History of the predecessor pits 1252 to 1896
The first documented reference comes from the year 1252, there it is reported that iron from Kattenelbe (today's Katzenelnbogen) appeared on the Flemish customs roll in Flanders . The iron was of a particularly high quality, which justified trade over long distances.
Early mining concentrated on the area around the places directly east of Katzenelnbogen and Bonscheuer . Bonscheuer itself was founded as a mining settlement. The Bonscheuer mine there (also known as the Bohnscheuer mine) is one of the oldest in the region.
Two ironworks near Katzenelnbogen were mentioned early on, these were followed by forest smiths. The Walloon Johann Mariot the Elder began during the Thirty Years War in 1639 with the further expansion and expansion of the mining operations and iron smelting. He received authorization to mine and smelt iron ore from the Archbishop in Trier.
In 1730 Bergrat Wagner from the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel built a new ironworks in Katzenelnbogen. The huts were in operation until 1812.
The early iron ore mining mostly consisted of smaller, independently operated excavations in small shafts and in surface mining . It was not until around 1800, and then particularly fueled by the relief in the mutual customs of the Congress of Vienna of 1815, that there was free development and the mining industry strengthened with brisk activity.
On May 25, 1839, the fields of what would later become the Zollhaus mine were lent to the Ducal Nassau Domain Direction , which sold the business to Krupp in 1897.
After the ore was initially only transported by horse and cart over unpaved roads to the newly created loading bays on the Lahn , which has now been made navigable , and the road from Katzenelnbogen to Zollhaus was not completed until the end of the 1850s, the Aartalbahn between Zollhaus and Limburg began to be completed in 1870 the time of large-volume transports. However, the transport between the pits and the Zollhaus station was still carried out by cart.
In the 1860s, 5 tunnels of the later mine (consolidated) Zollhaus were among the 22 most important tunnels (main tunnels) in the Duchy of Nassau :
- Association studs Mudershausen: length 85 Lachter (1 Lachter = 2.0924 m), depth of the pit for 22 Lachter Martin (water solution and promotion) and 15 Lachter for the pit customs house (water solution)
- Stollen Grube Peter: Length 100 Lachter, depth 31,5 Lachter
- Upper tunnel Bonscheuer mine: length 121 lachers, depth 50 lachers
- Lower tunnel Bonscheuer mine: length 457 Lachter, depth of 25 Lachtern below the upper tunnel. Initially only for water solution, only from the 20th century for extraction. At that time, the lower tunnel was by far the longest tunnel in the Duchy of Nassau.
- Gronauereck mine tunnel: length 109 lagoons, depth: 21.5 lagoons
Formation of the Zollhaus pit
On April 1, 1897, bought Krupp 'sche mining administration in Weilburg following mining concessions in the area of the future pit Consolidated customs house:
- Benjamin
- Mountain joy
- Bonscheuer
- Felsberg
- Gronauereck
- Hammerberg
- Iltisberg
- Schlossberg 2
- Castle hedge
- Schluhs
- Sulfur Mountain
- Deep trenches
- Sweet peas
- Customs House
The mining was intensified and existing tunnels and routes expanded. At the end of the 19th century, the shipment of iron ore to the ironworks in the Ruhr area and the Siegerland rose sharply.
The construction of the central Barbarastollen north-west of Mudershausen began in 1900, after a year of construction and a tunnel length of around 300 m, work was suspended for 4 years until 1905.
It was not until 1901 that a direct rail connection to the Rhine port in Sankt Goarshausen or the Aartalbahn in Zollhaus was made possible with the completion of the corresponding section of the Nassauische Kleinbahn . A few years later, the ore material ropeway between the Barbarastollen and Zollhaus station went into operation (running from approx. 1907 to 1937).
On December 6, 1905, 19 mine fields - including the 14 above-mentioned with a total size of 2658 hectares - were united under the common name of the Zollhaus mine . The fields stretched from Mudershausen to Katzenelnbogen.
More pit fields were added until 1912:
- Evening star
- Bolus
- Iron chews
- Piece of spruce
- Fritzeborn
- Burned
- Resin spoon
- Iltisberg
- May flower lay
- May flower lay tip
- Michael
- Nordenstein
- Peter
- Philip
- Pluto
- Rindsberg
- Taberg
- Wine cabinet
These 32 pit fields in total formed the “Consolidated Customs House” mine.
Due to its location, the Bonscheuer mine could not be connected to the small railway, which is why ore was transported from 1913 on a specially built 750 m long mine railway. The transport ran from the tunnel mouth of the deep tunnel used as a conveyor tunnel to the train station in Rückershausen . After the end of the Zollhaus mine, this mine train was dismantled and the associated 75 m long small train tunnel below Rückershausen was filled in in the 1960s.
Period of operation of the Zollhaus mine
The mine fields remained in the possession of Krupp from 1904 to 1924. On average, 102 miners were employed, although the fluctuations were large - the maximum number was reached in 1907 with 136 miners, the lowest employment was in 1912 with 42 miners.
During this period about 99,000 tons of red iron stone and 223,000 tons of brown iron stone were mined.
Period from 1924 to 1934
In 1924 the ownership changed - the Sieg-Lahn-Bergbaugesellschaft company (a subsidiary of Krupp'sche Bergverwaltung) in Weilburg took over the property.
The world economic crisis in the 1920s significantly reduced mining, with an average of only eleven miners per year, the maximum in 1924 being 44 miners.
In January 1925 the Bonscheuer department was closed, by then another 12,600 tons of the valuable Roteisenstein had been mined. In the following two years the piles of Bonscheuer and Gronauereck were selected and 4,900 tons and 17,500 tons of Roteisenstein were dispatched.
In the years 1929 to 1934 only 12 to 17 miners were employed who were busy with maintenance work in the respective operating departments and did not undertake any ore extraction.
Period 1935 to 1945
In the period from 1935 to 1945 the property remained with the Sieg-Lahn-Bergbaugesellschaft. From 1935 onwards, mining went up again. The red iron stone was no longer mined, only the brown iron stone. In these ten years an average of 97 miners and five employees were employed - the maximum employment was reached in 1943 with 135 people.
During this time, 244 1,500 tons of brown iron stone were mined, an annual average of 24,500 tons, the maximum production in 1943/44 was 44,000 tons per year.
Period from 1945 to closure in late 1960
The owner was from 1945 until 1952 the Siegerländer Bergwerks AG, the mining administration was in Betzdorf , as a result of the fact that the Zollhaus mine was now in the French occupation zone .
On October 1, 1952, the Zollhaus mine returned to the Weilburg mining administration and became part of the Harz-Lahn-Erzbergbau AG .
In this 14-year period there were an average of 68 miners and 3 employees, the highest workforce was in 1947/48 with 105 miners.
A total of 252,000 tons of brown iron stone were mined during this period, about 213,000 tons were shipped. Roteisenstein was no longer funded. In addition, 12,500 tons of lime were shipped, which were extracted from the bulk lime surrounding the Brauneisenstein.
In the last few years of operation, finding high-quality ores became increasingly difficult, the original iron content of 42 to 45% in the 1940s - with a manganese content of 8.1%, it was reduced, so in 1958/59 only ores with an iron content of 35.9% found.
The extraction was no longer profitable, in particular due to the increasing pressure of cheaper ore from abroad. It was therefore decided to discontinue funding at the end of 1960. On the night of October 27th to 28th, 1960, the Taberg weather shaft was damaged by intense rainfall, repairs were no longer undertaken and mining operations were completely stopped on October 28th, 1960.
As soon as the pit was closed, the demolition and robbery work in the tunnels and routes began, which was completed in January 1961. By the end of 1961, all the outbuildings, the processing and large parts of the loading were demolished. Only the transformer house, the tunnel openings, the concrete wall of the loading ramp and the benzene chamber have been preserved.
Phosphorite mining
Phosphorite was also mined on a small scale , with a high phosphoric acid content of 40%.
A phosphorite pit east of Allendorf ( Lage ) was mentioned for the first time in the 1870s, but mining was stopped again due to clogging water. In the years 1917 to 1921 it was dismantled again. The name was Deutsche Phosphatgewinnungsgesellschaft mbH based in Limburg.
Marble mining
In the area of Landgraben, Tief Gräben and 300 m west of the brickworks, marble has also been mined since at least the 17th century. For example, the altar of the Union Church in Idstein, created in 1676, was equipped with this marble, as was the pulpit created in 1673. The extraction of marble ended at the beginning of the 20th century.
Limestone mining
In addition to numerous open-cast mining facilities for the extraction of limestone (e.g. Dachskaute), limestone was also mined underground from 1947 to 1950. For this purpose, a 135 m long inclined shaft was sunk up to the northern cross passage of the Barbarastollen (position approx. Position ). The limestone was finally loaded onto a truck via a loading ramp (near Lage ) that is still preserved today and transported away.
Mine buildings and operating facilities
Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap
Almost all operating departments of the Zollhaus mine were operated via the 3156 m long Barbarastollen, which began in 1900 and began northwest of Mudershausen (mouth hole at 240 m above sea level near Lage ) and stretched west to Katzenelnbogen- Allendorf (westernmost end at approx. 100 m Depth at location ). With all cross passages and stretches, a total length of over 11 km was achieved. There were several weather shafts, such as location of the intact air shaft B and position a superficial verstürzter. A central shaft for ventilation and driving was the Taberg shaft ( location ), which was connected to the northern cross passage 3 of the Barbarastollen.
Only the Bonscheuer mine operations department was not connected to the Barbarastollen, it was operated via the upper adit (today built over with the Aarbergen Lage waterworks ) and the deep adit (mouth hole near Lage ). In addition, there was a weather and driving shaft in the actual mining area near Lage , as well as a second shaft 50 m southwest near Lage .
Nowadays only a few traces of the mine are left above ground; in addition to the tunnel mouth holes, the former transformer house ( Lage ), the loading ramp for the ores to the Nassau Kleinbahn or the material cableway to Zollhaus ( Lage ) and the main drainage tunnel Rösche II of the Barbarastollen ( Lage ). The entrance to the Nebelhöhle ( Lage ), the deepest and longest cave in Rhineland-Palatinate, is located right next to the 80 m deep weather shaft B of the Barbarastollen . There is a breakthrough between the fog cave and the weather shaft so that the Barbarastollen can be driven over it.
The 80 m west of the Ziegelhütte and approx. 90 m long tunnel near Lage does not belong to the Zollhaus mine, nor does the buildings of the single settlement Ziegelhütte.
The strongly structured formation of the landscape surface in the area around the Barbarastollen and west of the Ziegelhütte is predominantly not due to mining, but rather the result of natural erosion processes - it is deeply incised runnels .
See also
literature
- Rainer Hübinger: Chronicle of the Zollhaus mine. 2 volumes (2001, 2003), publisher: Verbandgemeinde Katzenelbogen.
- Karsten Porezag: Iron ore mining in Hesse. Wetzlar 1986, pp. 264-267.
- Rudolf Scheid, Manfred Keiling, Joachim Schmidt: The iron ore mining and the iron ore mining in the area Katzenellenbogen and Mudershausen. In: Mining in the Rhein-Lahn district. Rhein-Lahn district administration, Bad Ems 1994, DNB 946015120 , p. 53ff.
swell
- ^ Carl Friedrich Mosch: On the history of mining in Germany . tape 1 . Liegnitz 1829, p. 279 .
- ↑ Johann Mariot . In: German biography . ( deutsche-biographie.de ).
- ^ Rainer Huebinger: Chronicle of the Zollhaus mine . tape 1 . Verbandgemeinde Katzenelnbogen, Katzenelnbogen 2001.
- ^ Rolf Georg, Rainer House, Karsten Porezag: Iron ore mining in Hesse . 1986, ISBN 3-925619-01-1 , pp. 264 .
- ^ F. Odernheimer (Herzoglich Nassauischer Oberbergrath): The mining and metallurgy in the Duchy of Nassau . tape 1 . Wiesbaden 1865, p. 319 ff . ( digital-sammlungen.de - or 1867).
- ^ F. Odernheimer (Herzoglich Nassauischer Oberbergrath): The mining and metallurgy in the Duchy of Nassau . tape 1 . Wiesbaden 1865, p. 266 f . ( digital-sammlungen.de - or 1867).
- ^ Mudershausen community - cable car. August 2017. Retrieved December 25, 2018 .
- ^ Rainer Huebinger: Chronicle of the Zollhaus mine . tape 2 . Verbandgemeinde Katzenelnbogen, Katzenelnbogen 2003, p. 76 ff .
- ^ Rainer Huebinger: Chronicle of the Zollhaus mine . tape 1 . Verbandgemeinde Katzenelnbogen, Katzenelnbogen 2001, p. 15-16 .
- ^ Rainer Huebinger: Chronicle of the Zollhaus mine . tape 1 . Verbandgemeinde Katzenelnbogen, Katzenelnbogen 2001, p. 16-19 .
- ^ Rainer Huebinger: Chronicle of the Zollhaus mine . tape 1 . Verbandgemeinde Katzenelnbogen, Katzenelnbogen 2001, p. 38-50 .
- ↑ topographic map (measuring table sheets); Sheet 5714, 1876, description: Kettenbach. - record 1868. - 1: 25000. 1876 ( deutschefotothek.de ).
- ^ Rainer Huebinger: Chronicle of the Zollhaus mine . tape 1 . Verbandgemeinde Katzenelnbogen, Katzenelnbogen 2001, p. 77-80 .
- ^ Rainer Huebinger: Chronicle of the Zollhaus mine . tape 2 . Verbandgemeinde Katzenelnbogen, Katzenelnbogen 2003, p. 65 ff .
- ^ Mudershausen community - limestone mining. December 2017, accessed December 25, 2018 .
- ↑ The caves in the Rhein-Lahn district. February 7, 2012, accessed November 24, 2018 .
- ^ Christian Stolz: Historical rifts in the water catchment area of the Aar between Wiesbaden and Limburg . Dissertation in the Geosciences Department of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 2005 ( uni-mainz.de [PDF; accessed on November 28, 2018]).
Web links
- Selected images of the Barbarastollen (images 5 to 14, as well as fog cave images 1 to 4): Bushcraft portal