Gzhel
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Gzhel
Гжель
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Gzhel ( Russian Гжель ) is a village (selo) in Moscow Oblast in Russia with 964 inhabitants (2006). It is known for its painted ceramic products.
geography
The village is located about 50 kilometers southeast of the center of the Russian capital Moscow on the Gschelka, a small left tributary of the Moskva .
Gzhel belongs to the Ramenskoye district . Its administrative center, the city of Ramenskoye , is a good ten kilometers to the south-west.
After several changes as part of the reform of local self-government between 2002 and 2007, the village of Gzhel and 13 other, mostly seamlessly merging villages, belong to the rural community of Gzhelskoje selskoje posselenije with a total of 10,421 inhabitants (as of October 14, 2010). This also includes the nearby settlement of the same name Gzhel at the railway station with 345 inhabitants, the settlement of the Gschel brickworks (Possjolok Gschelskowo kirpitschnowo sawoda) with 1880 inhabitants and, as the largest district, Retschizy a few kilometers to the east with 3465 inhabitants, where the administration is also located ( all data 2006).
The Gzhelium (according to the English transcription ) is named after Gschel , a chronostratigraphic level of carbon . The 300 million year old layers of rock come to light in the vicinity of the place and were examined in detail palaeontologically here as early as the 19th century .
history
Gzhel was first mentioned in 1328 in the will of Moscow Prince Ivan Kalita , in which he bequeathed the surrounding area to his son Ivan Ivanovich . Later Gzhel was mentioned in spiritual documents of other princes and in the will of Ivan the Terrible from the years 1572 to 1578. After that, the village belonged to the Moscow grand dukes such as Dmitri Donskoy and Vasily I up to Ivan IV , which is recorded in different spellings in the corresponding documents. Since the income from the Gzhel region was particularly high, this area was passed on to the families of great Moscow princes and tsars and secured them considerable income.
Gschel was known early on for its occurrence of light clays , the mining of which began on a large scale in the middle of the 17th century. In 1663 Tsar Alexei Michailowitsch issued a ukase from Gzhel "to send clay suitable for the manufacture of pharmacist and alchemist's dishes".
Up to the middle of the 18th century, simple earthenware dishes, bricks, stove tiles and simple toy figures were mainly produced for the needs of nearby Moscow. During this time, the Russian polymath Mikhail Lomonossow said benevolently that “nowhere in the world” had he seen - “except perhaps used for porcelain production” - purer and whiter clay than “our Gscheler”.
From around 1800, after the discovery of new, suitable clay deposits in the villages of Minino and Wolodino, the manufacture of faience and porcelain began. In 1812 there were about two dozen villages in the surrounding area, called "Gscheler Busch" (Gschelski Kust) and belonging to the Ujesden Bogorodsk and Bronnizy , 25 factories, the most famous of which were those of Jermil Ivanov and the Laptews in Kusjajewo, and the first porcelain factory the Kulikov brothers. The dishes and the figures in the form of animals and figures from everyday life in Russia were initially painted in purple, yellow, blue and brown colors with plant motifs in a characteristic, folk style.
From the second half of the 1820s, only dark blue paint was used. The second quarter of the 19th century marks the high point of Gschel ceramic art in all its forms; During this time about half of Russia's ceramic production came from Gzhel. After that there was a decline, and by the end of the century all production was in the hands of the Kuznetsov family. After the October Revolution of 1917, the Kuznetsov factories were nationalized, but production was not revived on a large scale until the middle of the 20th century.
Culture and sights
In the village of Gzhel is the Dormition Church ( церковь Успения Пресвятой Богородицы / zerkow Uspenija Preswjatoi Bogorodizy ), which was built in 1859 in place of an older stone church from 1701 and a wooden church from the 17th century.
It is possible to visit the production facilities of Gscheler ceramics with associated factory museums.
Economy and Infrastructure
The most important branch of the economy is still the production of Gscheler ceramics . The largest manufacturers are Sin Rossii ("Blue Russia") in Troschkowo immediately east of the village of Gzhel and Objedinenije Gzhel ("Association of Gzhel") with a factory in the village of Turygino, eight kilometers to the east. There are also companies involved in building materials and construction as well as agriculture.
Gzhel is on the railway line opened on this section in 1899 Moscow - Murom - Kazan - Yekaterinburg . On the double-track, electrified line there is the Gzhel station of the same name at route km 57 (from Moscow Kazan station ) and the stopping point 55 km , to which there is a suburban train connection from Moscow (direction Kurovskoye - Shatura ).
The regional road R105 (Moscow-) Lyubertsy - Yegoryevsk - Kassimow runs through the village, which is crossed by the Moscow Small Ring (A107) a little west of the village .
literature
- Marija Averʹjanova: Kraj Ramenskij: očerki kraeveda . Ėnciklopedija rossijskich derevenʹ, Moscow 1995, ISBN 5-88367-003-2 , p. 518-534 (Russian).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Alphabetical list of the localities of the municipal rajons of Moscow Oblast ( Memento of July 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) on the official website Reform of local self-government in Moscow Oblast (Russian, ZIP / RTF )
- ↑ Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Tom 1. Čislennostʹ i razmeščenie naselenija (Results of the All-Russian Census 2010. Volume 1. Number and distribution of the population). Tables 5 , pp. 12-209; 11 , pp. 312–979 (download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
- ↑ Church ( Memento of the original from November 23, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at sobory.ru (Russian)
- ↑ Company website Sin Rossii (Russian)
- ↑ Company website Objedinenije Gschel (Russian)
