Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau

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Guyton-Morveau

Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau , also Guyton-Morveau (born January 4, 1737 in Dijon , † January 2, 1816 in Paris ) was a French chemist and politician.

Life

Louis Bernard Guyton was the son of the lawyer Antoine Guyton (1703-1768) and his wife Marguerite Desaulle.

Guyton attended a Jesuit college ( Collège jésuite ) in Dijon , the Collège des Godrans à Dijon . In 1763 he published a poem in which he attacked the Jesuits, Le Rat iconoclaste, ou le Jésuite croqué, poëme héroï-comique en vers et en 6 chants .

Before the revolution, the qualified lawyer, avocat général was a member of the city of Dijon and worked on the Encyclopédie méthodique . He worked from 1755 to 1782 as a lawyer and local politician, after a meeting with Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon , de Morveau was inspired for the natural sciences. He was interested in the industrial applicability of chemistry and developed carbon chemistry (carbon chemistry) with and developed one of the first chemical naming systems. He was also employed by a mining company.

During the Revolution he became a member of the Côte-d'Or department from October 1791 in the French National Assembly , of which he was briefly president. He voted for the king's death . He had previously been appointed to the General Defense Committee on January 4th . He also founded the École polytechnique and the École de Mars and worked in the Comité de salut public for the modernization of the sciences. In 1798 he was elected to the Council of Five Hundred .

First attempt at a controlled balloon, by Guyton de Morveau

Louis Bernard Guyton was director of the École Polytechnique from 1797 to 1798 and 1800 to 1804. In 1799 he became administrator of the Monnaie de Paris . In 1783 he became a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ( Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien ). On April 3, 1788 he was accepted as a member ( Fellow ) in the Royal Society . In 1801 he was elected a corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences .

Services

In 1782 he developed a system of chemical nomenclature . B. the names of the various chemical substances little or no indication of the composition of the substances.

Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique. Paris (1787) by Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau, Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier , Claude-Louis Berthollet , de Fourcroy

Guyton de Morveau contributed to the modification of the Wedgwood scale , a temperature scale for higher temperatures, as they occur, for example, in the manufacture of porcelain .

In 1783 he found that platinum could be obtained by a simple process; he showed that platinum could be melted with less heat if the metal grains were mixed with ground arsenic and potassium carbonate or potash.

He also dealt with questions of applied chemistry; So he introduced the use of coke to smelt cast iron in France (1771), organized the production of saltpeter in Dijon (1778-1780). In 1773, he recommended chlorine fumigation, fumigatio chlori, to remove the smell of decay from the church of Saint Médarde de Dijon . He released the chlorine gas from table salt (NaCl) and sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ).

Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau opened a chemical laboratory in a previous hotel in Dijon. It was opposite the residence of Jean-Baptiste Courtois (1748–1807?), The father of the chemist Bernard Courtois . From 1775, Jean-Baptiste Courtois worked as a demonstrator and later as an assistant for Morveau's chemistry academy.

De Morveau also dealt with the phlogiston theory, so in the Digressions académiques ou essays sur quelques sujets de Physique de Chymie. (1762).

In 1782 he developed a titrimetric method for his saltpeter factory to determine the content of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO) in the mother liquor . This mother liquor was treated with an alkali metal carbonate (see also alkali metals ) was added until the as indicators serving turmeric and Fernambuk tincture impregnated paper strip, pH dependent, changing their color. The consumption was then determined by weighing . In a second sample , he determined the hydrochloric acid content of the solution as a precipitation titration (see also precipitation reaction ) with lead nitrate solution alone (see lead (II) chloride ). He was able to calculate the content of nitric acid in the mother liquor from the difference between the two weighing titrations. For the volumetric determination of the carbon dioxide content (CO 2 ) in the water through a controlled addition of lime water and turbidity change he developed an early form of the burette ; he called the device gaso-mètre . It consisted of a cylindrical glass tube and a measuring strip of paper attached to the back of the glass tube.

Balloon rides

G. de Morveau was commissioned by the Académie de Dijon with the construction of a "sailing balloon", during its construction he tried to steer the balloon using sails and a vertical rudder. The balloon was 29 meters in diameter and filled with hydrogen gas .

On Sunday, April 25, 1784, he took off on his first flight with Claude Bertrand (also Abbé Bertrand) (1755–1792). With the same balloon, M. Guyton-Morveau made a second ascent on Saturday June 12th, 1784, this time accompanied by Charles André Hector Grossart de Virly (1754-1805), President of the Court of Auditors from Dijon, présidente la chambre des comptes of 1780 , the ascent in the gas balloon . In 1794 he was involved in the newly founded Ballon Corps, compagnie d'aérostiers of the French Revolutionary Army, he himself drove in a balloon during the Battle of Fleurus on June 26, 1794 and assisted in several other battles.

Works (selection)

  • Digressions académique ou essays sur quelques sujets de Physique de Chymie & d'Hist. Nat. Dijon, (1762)
  • La vie privée d'un prince célèbre ou Détails des loisirs du prince Henri de Prusse dans sa retraite de Rheinsberg. Veropolis, (1784)
  • Le Rat iconoclaste, ou le Jésuite croqué, poëme héroï-comique en vers et en 6 chants. (1763)
  • Éloge du président Jeannin, discours lu aux séances publiques de l'Académie des sciences, arts et belles-lettres de Dijon, des 12 août 1764 et 15 decembre 1765. (1766)
  • Elemens de chymie. Dijon, (1777-1778)
  • Observation de la crystallization de fer. De l'Imprimerie Royale, (1780)
  • Défense de la volatilité du phlogistique, ou Lettre de l'auteur des Digressions. (1772) (online)
  • Guyton de Morveau, LB; Chaussier, FB: Description de l'aérostate l'Académie de Dijon: contenant le détail des procédés, la théorie des opérations, les dessins des machines & les procès-verbaux d'expérieces. Académie de Dijon, Chez Causse, (1784) (Online)

literature

  • Guyton de Morveau . In: Supplement to the forth, fifth, and sixth editions of the Encyclopaedia Britannica . 1824, pp. 608-612 (online) .
  • [Anonymous]: Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau (1737-1816) . In: Nature . Volume 139, January 2, 1937, pp. 18-19, doi: 10.1038 / 139018b0 .
  • Augustus Bozzi Granville : An Account of the life and writings of Baron Guyton De Morveau, FRS Member of the Institute of France . In: The Quarterly Journal of Science and the Arts . Volume 3, John Murray, London 1817, pp. 249-296 (online) .
  • U. Klein, W. Lefèvre: Materials in eighteenth-century science . MIT-Press, Cambridge 2007.
  • William Arthur Smeaton : LB Guyton de Morveau (1737-1816): A Bibliographical Study , Ambix, Vol. 6, 1957, pp. 18-34.
  • WA Smeaton: Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau, FRS (1737-1816) and His Relations with British Scientists . In: Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London . Volume 22, Number 1/2, 1967, pp. 113-130 (JSTOR) .
  • WA Smeaton: Guyton De Morveau, Louis Bernard . In: Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography . Volume 5, Charles Scribner's Sons, Detroit 2008, pp. 600-604 (online) .

Web links

Wikisource: Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Genealogy of the family (accessed November 15, 2011)
  2. ↑ Guyton de Morveau, Baron Louis Bernard (1737-1816) in A Dictionary of Scientists. January 1999. Reference Entry. Subjects: biography (science, technology, and engineering). 196 words. (1737-1816) French chemist. ISBN 978-0-19-956146-9 .
  3. ^ Entry on Guyton de Morveau, Louis Bernard (1737–1816) in the Archives of the Royal Society , London
  4. ↑ Holger Krahnke: The members of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen 1751-2001 (= Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Philological-Historical Class. Volume 3, Vol. 246 = Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Mathematical-Physical Class. Episode 3, vol. 50). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2001, ISBN 3-525-82516-1 , p. 99.
  5. ↑ Guyton de Morveau, LB; Lavoisier, AL; Berthollet, CL; Fourcroy, de AF: Méthode de nomenclature chimique. ( Memento of March 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Paris (1787).
  6. ↑ Ludwig Darmstaedter : Natural scientist and inventor. Biographical miniatures. Bielefeld 1926, p. 223 (PDF; 2.8 MB)
  7. ↑ Extensive biography with illustrations in English by James L. Marshall et al. (2009) ( Memento from February 25, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  8. ↑ Jaime Wisnak: Phlogiston: The rise and fall of a theory. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology. Vol. 11, September 2004, p. 734; 738; 742; (PDF; 87 kB)
  9. ↑ Gerhardt Jander, Karl-Friedrich year: Measure analysis theory and practice of titrations with chemical and physical indications. 17th edition, de Gruyter, 2009, ISBN 978-3-11-019447-0 , p. 308.
  10. ↑ Lewis Pyenson, Jean-François Gauvin (Ed.): The art of teaching physics: the eighteenth-century demonstration apparatus of Jean Antoine Nollet . Septentrion, 2002, ISBN 2-89448-320-1 , p. 105.
  11. ↑ moro.imss.fi.it: Charles André Hector Grossart de Virly ( Memento from July 12, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
  12. ^ Andrew Kippis: The New Annual Register, or General Repository of History, Politics, and Literature, for the Year 1784. London GGJ & J.Robinson (1786), p. 166
  13. ↑ Gerard Hartmann: Les apports scientifiques du XVIIIe siècle. (PDF; 3.9 MB)
personal data
SURNAME Guyton de Morveau, Louis Bernard
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Guyton-Morveau, Louis Bernard
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French chemist and politician
DATE OF BIRTH January 4, 1737
PLACE OF BIRTH Dijon
DATE OF DEATH January 2, 1816
Place of death Paris