Academia Petrina
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The Academia Petrina was the oldest higher educational institution in the territory of today's Latvia . The Academia Petrina was set up by Duke Peter von Biron at the instigation of Friedrich Wilhelm von Raison in Mitau ( Latvian Jelgava ), the capital of the Duchy of Courland and Semgallia , and existed with an eventful history until 1944. Since 1991 it has been a high school again the tradition of Petrina continues in a technical secondary school in another part of town.
Surname
- 1775 Academia Petrina, donated as a grammar school academicum
- Illustrious high school since 1804
- Petrinum high school
- since 1837: official name Gouvernements-Gymnasium
- 1934 to 1940: Hercoga Pētera ģimnāzija (Herzog-Peter-Gymnasium)
- after 1945: Jelgavas 1st vidusskola (Jelgava secondary school No. 1)
- August 15, 1991: 1st grammar school
- 2012: Jelgavas Tehnoloģiju vidusskola (Jelgava Technical Secondary School)
history
prehistory
The establishment of the academy was based on an idea by Friedrich Wilhelm von Raison : “But the whole province owes him excellent thanks for the effective share he took in the foundation of the secondary school. It was actually he who moved Duke Peter to do the same; It was he who carried out the correspondence with Sulzern about the plan to be drawn up and about the appointment of the first teachers who wrote the books for the library and the instruments for the observatory; just as he continued to take part in the perfection of the institute until his death. "
The intention was to build a complete university in Mitau with all four faculties. This plan was rejected because of Courland's dependence on the Catholic-Polish supremacy. According to the law in force in Poland , a university could not be founded without the consent and confirmation of the Pope, and whether and when the approval of the papal curia for the establishment of a Protestant theological faculty was unclear. Therefore this intention was abandoned and it was decided to found an academic high school, which - half school, half university - was to enjoy all the rights of a university, with the exception of the privilege of conferring academic dignity.
From 1773 to 1775 Severin Jensen converted the ducal palace and the widow's palace of the Duchess of Courland and Semgallia and later Tsarina Anna Ivanovna into the Academia Petrina. The place had acquired a certain importance through their "court keeping".
From the foundation until 1795
The foundation took place on June 8, 1775, recorded on a 17-page document.
The Academia Petrina was run according to the curriculum of Johann Georg Sulzer as an academic high school in two stages. The students were initially taught in a first department in the basics of classical languages as well as in literature, mathematics, history and geography. This was followed by the second, scientific stage, which corresponded to the basic studies at a university.
In the Russian Empire until the First World War
From 1795 Mitau belonged to the Russian Empire as the capital of the Courland Governorate . The Academia Petrina should be expanded to a university. The Courland Knighthood had already received important commitments in Petersburg and Johann Heinrich Kant (1735–1800), pastor in Mitau, tried to persuade his brother Immanuel Kant from Königsberg to move to Mitau; but finally the Livonian knighthood was able to prevail in 1802 with Dorpat. Therefore the Kurlanders went to Dorpat only very hesitantly at first. In 1803 teaching districts were set up in Russia and the territory of the governorate was subordinated to the Dorpat teaching district (later the Riga teaching district). The Academia Petrina was incorporated into the Russian school system in 1806 and converted to the Kurland Governorate grammar school. The only university in the Baltic Sea Governments was to be the University of Dorpat . In the 19th century and until the First World War, the Mitau grammar school was the most important educational institution for Latvia and northern Lithuania ( Kovno governorate ). Since 1837 the official name was Gouvernements-Gymnasium . Until 1887 the language of instruction was German; in the course of Russification it was replaced by Russian.
From the First World War
During the First World War , the school was evacuated to Taganrog in the southern Russian Oblast of Rostov in 1915 . The commandant's office of the German occupying power settled in the building of the grammar school in Mitau . When the West Russian Liberation Army under Pavel Mikhailovich Bermondt-Awaloff withdrew , the building burned down. The rich library with 42,000 volumes also fell victim to the fire.
In independent Latvia from 1918 to 1940
In 1922 the restored Academia Petrina was reopened as a state high school in Latvia. In 1923 it was divided into a secondary school (later grammar school No. 2 , today Jelgava State grammar school ) and a humanistic grammar school , which remained in the historic building. In 1925 it celebrated its 150th anniversary with international participation. From 1934 to 1940 the school was called Hercoga Pētera ģimnāzija (Herzog-Peter-Gymnasium).
1940 to 1991
During the Soviet occupation in 1940 the school was renamed and 14 students and teachers were deported to Siberia . During the ensuing German occupation, the school was briefly restored until its destruction in 1944 made it impossible to operate the school.
After the end of the war during the renewed Soviet occupation, the school was housed in various buildings in the city area and was called Jelgavas 1st vidusskola (Jelgava Secondary School No. 1) .
In independent Latvia after 1991
On August 15, 1991 she was returned to high school status. In 2008/2009 there were 770 students at the school and a 78-person college. In 2012 the city council decided to convert the 1st grammar school to Jelgavas Tehnoloģiju vidusskola (Jelgava Technical Secondary School) . The current school building is at Meiju ceļš 9 .
building
Samuel Aaron and Juddell Hirsch carried out work on the building in 1801.
In 1919 the building burned down and was rebuilt in a simplified manner by 1923 (without the upper tower end). After renewed destruction in the Second World War, it was rebuilt in its original form and is now used as the Ģ.Eliass Jelgava History and Art Museum .
The tower of the building was set up as an observatory , where the teachers made astronomical observations, such as Magnus Georg Paucker . The astronomical instruments were lost in the fire in 1919.
people
Well-known graduates
| Surname | Life dates | Later activity |
|---|---|---|
| Aspazija | 1865-1943 | Latvian poet |
| Krišjānis barons | 1835-1923 | Latvian folklorist |
| Oskar Bidder | 1866-1919 | German-Baltic pastor, evangelical confessor |
| Carl Gotthard von Bistram | 1777-1841 | Kurland politician and lawyer |
| Paul from Bistram | 1861-1931 | Courland district marshal |
| Hans Bielenstein | 1863-1919 | German-Baltic pastor, evangelical martyr |
| Jānis Čakste | 1859-1927 | President of Latvia |
| Wilhelm von Fircks | 1870-1933 | German-Baltic politician, Saeima MP |
| Ernestas Galvanauskas | 1882-1967 | Prime Minister of Lithuania |
| Albert Kviesis | 1881-1944 | President of Latvia |
| Wincenty Lutosławski | 1863-1954 | Polish philosopher |
| Emil Mattiesen | 1875-1939 | German-Baltic musician, music teacher, composer and philosopher |
| Kārlis Mīlenbahs | 1853-1916 | Latvian philologist |
| Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė | 1861-1943 | Lithuanian author |
| Ulrich von Schlippenbach | 1774-1826 | German-Baltic poet |
| Mykolas Sleževičius | 1882-1939 | Prime Minister of Lithuania |
| Antanas Smetona | 1874-1944 | President of Lithuania |
| Christoph Strautmann | 1860-1919 | Latvian pastor, evangelical martyr |
| Ludwig Johannes Tschischko | 1858-1918 | Latvian pastor, evangelical martyr |
| Stanisław Wojciechowski | 1869-1953 | President of Poland |
| Eduard Alexander von der Brüggen | 1822-1896 | Courland Land Marshal |
Professors and teachers (selection)
| Surname | Life dates | vocation |
|---|---|---|
| Johann Heinrich Kant (brother of Immanuel Kant ) | 1735-1800 | 1774–1781, rector |
| Johann Melchior Beseke | 1746-1802 | Legal scholarship |
| Johann Benjamin Koppe | 1750-1791 | 1775, Greek language |
| Johann August von Starck | 1741-1816 | 1777-1781 |
| Wilhelm Gottlieb Friedrich Beitler | 1745-1811 | 1775-1811 mathematics |
| Johann Jacob Ferber | 1743-1790 | Physics and natural history |
| Johann Georg Eisen von Schwarzenberg | 1717-1779 | 1776-1777 |
| Heinrich Friedrich Hunter | 1747-1811 | 1775-1789 |
| Johann Nicolaus Tiling | 1739-1798 | 1775-1798 |
| Johann Gabriel Schwemschuch | 1733-1803 | 1775-1798 |
| Matthias Friedrich Watson | 1732-1805 | |
| Johann Gottlieb von Groschke | 1760-1828 | Natural history and chemistry |
| Johann Daniel of Braunschweig | 1786-1857 | 1817-1837 |
| Charles Toussaint | 1813-1877 | French |
| Magnus Georg Paucker | 1787-1855 | 1813–1855 mathematics and astronomy |
| Thank God David Hartmann | 1752-1775 | philosophy |
| August Lebrecht Bretschneider | 1771-1840 | music |
| Christian Heinrich Gottlieb Köchy | 1769-1828 | 1803–1805 law |
literature
- Johann Georg Sulzer : Draft of the facility for the Gymnasii Academici, newly founded by Sr. High Princely Highness the Duke of Curland in Mitau. 1773/1774.
- Karl Dannenberg : On the history and statistics of the high school in Mitau: Festschrift for the secular celebration of the high school on June 17, 1875. Mitau: Steffenhagen 1875 ( digitized version ).
- William Meyer: The founding history of the Academia Petrina in Mitau. A contribution to the history of the Enlightenment period in Courland. In: Meeting reports of the Courland Society for Literature and Art 1935/36. Riga, Häcker 1937, pp. 35–168 (With 20 illustrations and 4 plates, originally Königsberg, Phil. Diss., 1921) ( digitized version ).
- Richard von Kymmel: The Academia Petrina , in Yearbook of Baltic Germanism , Vol. LVIII, 2011, pp. 42–50.
Web links
- Website of the museum in the historical academy building
- Website of today's high school Jelgavas Tehnoloģiju vidusskola
Individual evidence
- ^ Education, the Baltic States and the EU by Bryan T. Peck, page 89
- ↑ http://d-nb.info/gnd/5218444-4
- ^ Baltic Historical Commission (ed.): Entry on Cruse, Karl Wilhelm. In: BBLD - Baltic Biographical Lexicon digital
- ↑ 'Universities in Eastern Central Europe: Between Church, State and Nation', p. 43 https://books.google.com/books?isbn=3486845462
- ↑ http://d-nb.info/gnd/10108948-X
- ↑ General Lexicon of Writers and Scholars of the Provinces of Livonia, Esthland and Courland , edited by Johann Friedrich von Recke , Karl Eduard Napiersky , Third Volume, LR, Mitau 1831, pp. 461–463 [1]
- ↑ http://docplayer.org/44610177-Sitzungsberichte-jahresberichte-1935-1936-der-kurzemer-kurlaendischen-gesellschaft-fuer-literatur-und-kunst.html
- ↑ Karl-Otto Schlau : Mitau in the 19th Century: Life and Work of Mayor Franz von Zuccalmaglio (1800-1873) . Harro von Hirschheydt, Wedemark-Elze 1995, ISBN 3-7777-0006-1 , p. 109
- ^ Jochen Könnecke: Latvia . DuMont travel publisher. P. 212
- ↑ Foundation of the academischen Gymnasii from June 8, 1775 , given at the Mitau Castle, In: Curland under the dukes , by Carl Wilhelm Cruse , second volume, Mitau 1837, pp. 222-238 [2]
- ^ William Meyer: The founding history of the Academia Petrina in Mitau. A contribution to the history of the Enlightenment period in Courland , in: session reports of the Kurzemer ( Courland ) Society for Literature and Art and annual reports of the Kurzemer (Courland) Provincial Museum in Jelgava (Mitau) , Vol. 1935/36 (1937), p. 35 -168.
- ↑ Brigita Cīrule, Ābrams Feldhūns: Lettland. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 15/1, Metzler, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-476-01485-1 , Sp. 122–126, here Sp. 123 f ..
- ↑ Creators of Independent States: Latvia, Lithuania and Jelgava Gymnasium , Deep Baltic, June 1, 2017, accessed December 26, 2017
- ^ David H. Stam: International dictionary of library histories. Volume 1, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 2001 ISBN 9781579582449 , p. 395
- ↑ Chronicle , accessed December 29, 2017
- ↑ Arturs Veisbergs (Red.): Hercoga Pētera ģimnāzija - Academia Petrina, 1775-1975. Rakstu krājums . Ziemel̦blāzma, Västerås 1974.
- ↑ JTV: Kontakti , accessed on December 29, 2017
- ^ Jewish masters Samuel Aaron and Juddell Hirsch restored the roof of the famous Mitau Academy (Academia Petrina) in 1801 [3] with reference to Paul Campe: Lexicon Liv- and Kurländischer Baumeister, Bauwerker und Baugestalter from 1400-1850 , Stockholm 1951, vol 1, pp. 375-376.
- ↑ See this postcard
- ↑ Jahrbuch des Baltic Deutschtums 24 (1976), p. 54
- ↑ So z. B. after Studia polonijne 23 (2003), p. 189; Biographies of Wojciechowski (example) and Wojciechowski's diaries , however, speak of high school attendance and graduation in Kalisz ( today's Asnyk Lyceum ) in 1888.
Coordinates: 56 ° 38 ′ 59.6 " N , 23 ° 43 ′ 43.8" E