Huailai

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Location of Huailai in Zhangjiakou

Huailai ( Chinese  怀 来 县 , Pinyin Huáilái Xiàn ) is a district in the prefecture-level city of Zhangjiakou in the Chinese province of Hebei . It has an area of ​​1801 km² and has a population of 367,000 (as of June 2019). The district borders the Beijing district of Yanqing to the east , and its main town is Shacheng Town(沙 城镇). Huailai is China's most famous wine-growing region. The white and (predominantly) red grapes grown there on a total area of ​​6667 hectares are pressed by 38 companies, the largest of which is China Great Wall Wine GmbH (中国 长城 葡萄酒 有限公司), a subsidiary of COFCO based in Shacheng, founded in 1983 . China's first bottle of white wine, first sparkling wine and first brandy were produced in Huailai according to international standards.

The post office in the historical core of the village Jimingyi (Jimingyi Gucheng 鸡鸣 驿 古城) of the community Jimingyi from the time of the Ming Dynasty has been on the list of monuments of the People's Republic of China (5-211) since 2001 . In addition, the Beijing Research Institute for Space-Related Mechanical and Electrical Engineering in Huailai County operates the “Multipurpose Test Site for Landings on Foreign Celestial Bodies” (地 外 天体 着陆 综合 试验场), the largest such facility in Asia.

history

During the spring and autumn annals (770–476 BC) and also during the Warring States period (475–222 BC), today's Huailai belonged to the Shanggu (上 谷 郡) headquarters of the Yan state . After King Ying Zheng of Qin Yan in 222 BC. Annexed, he kept the command post at Shanggu and made it after the unification of the empire in 221 BC. To one of the 36 command posts in the country ; Juyang County (沮 阳县) was established on the site of today's Huailai. During the time of the North and South Dynasties , Juyang belonged to the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534), then to the Northern Qi Dynasty (550-577). Under the Northern Qi, the name of the circle was changed to "Huairong" (怀 戎 县), which means "to welcome the northern barbarians ", an allusion to the Turkish origins of the Tabgach rulers in Qi.

In the Sui Dynasty (581–618), the Huairong district was detached from the Shanggu command center and the Zhuo command center (涿郡), now Beijing , was added. After General Li Yuan had overthrown the Sui Dynasty in 618, he dissolved the old command posts and replaced them with prefectures that were subordinate to a total of 15 military districts. The Huairong County now belonged to the Gui Prefecture (妫 des) of the Hebei Military District (河北 道), which included all of Manchuria and is therefore not to be confused with today's Hebei Province. From the beginning of the 10th century, the district belonged to the area of ​​influence of the Kitan . When Yelü Abaoji rearranged the administrative structures when the empire was founded in 916, he renamed the circle to “Huailai”, meaning “to welcome and submit to rule”, as he found the expression “Rong” or “Northern barbarians” to be derogatory. In 1125 the Liao dynasty of the Kitan was overthrown by the Jurchen who founded the Jin dynasty . At the beginning, the old name of the district was retained. In 1195, in the 6th year of the reign of Emperor Wanyan Jing, it was renamed Guichuan (妫 川 县) after the Guishui (妫 水河), an arm of the Yongding He river . In the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) the name was then changed back to Huailai, which the county has kept to this day.

Guanting reservoir

The original city of Huailai was built in 685-688 on the orders of Empress Wu Zetian under the name Qingyijuncheng (清 夷 军 城) as the seat of government of Gui Prefecture. However, from October 1951 the Guanting Reservoir (官厅 水库) was built there to supply Beijing with water. When the artificial lake was completed and filled on May 13, 1954, the old city sank under the floods; the county seat was moved to Shacheng. At the end of the 1980s, the discharge of untreated, DDT -containing sewage from the Shacheng pesticide factory (沙城 农药 厂) and environmental damage on the upper reaches of the Yongding He increased the pollution of the reservoir lake. At the same time, the amount of water discharged into the lake decreased due to irrigation projects on the upper reaches of the Yongding He, which led to a further increase in the concentration of pollutants. In 1997, Beijing residents noticed a strange taste of the tap water. The lake was immediately removed from Beijing's water supply and served only as flood protection, electricity generation and irrigation purposes for ten years (100,000 hectares of arable land are irrigated with water from the Guanting reservoir). After the pesticide factory and 255 other companies were closed in 2006, the reservoir has been contributing to the capital's drinking water supply since August 20, 2007.

Administrative structure

At the community level, Huailai is composed of 11 large communities and 6 communities . These are:

Greater community Beixinbu (北辛堡镇)
Greater community Cunrui (存瑞镇)
Greater community Dahuangzhuang (大黄庄镇)
Greater community Donghuayuan (东花园镇)
Greater community guanting (官厅镇)
Greater community Sang Yuan (桑园镇)
Greater community Shacheng (沙城镇), seat of the county government
Large municipality of Tumu (土木 镇)
Greater community Xibali (西八里镇)
Greater community Xiaonanxinbu (小南辛堡镇)
Greater community Xinbao'an (新保安镇)
Community Dongbali (东八里乡)
Community Jimingyi (鸡鸣驿乡)
Langshan Township (狼 山乡)
Community Ruiyunguan (瑞云观乡)
Community Sunzhuangzi (孙庄子乡)
Congregation of the Hui Chinese Wangjialou (王家楼回族乡)

Transport links

Shacheng Railway Station

Shacheng is a railway junction, where the Beijing – Baotou railway and the Datong – Qinhuangdao railway intersect . In addition, the Beijing suburban line S2 has one connection per day to Shacheng, which takes 2 hours 10 minutes for the 95 km from Beijing-Huangtudian station . The Beijing – Lhasa (G6) and Beijing-Ürümqi (G7) and 110 national roads (G110) to Yinchuan also pass through Huailai County . In the large municipalities of Donghuayuan, Beixinbao, Tumu and Shacheng as well as the municipalities of Dongbali and Jimingyi there is one motorway exit each, whereby the four-day triple intersection of G6, G7, and G110 in Tumu is the largest motorway interchange in northern China.

In preparation for the 2022 Winter Olympics , where competitions will be held in the metropolitan area of ​​Beijing, in Yanqing and Zhangjiakou , a rapid transit railway was built from Beijing North Railway Station to Zhangjiakou from March 2016, which stops in Huailai County in Donghuayuan and in Shacheng. On June 12, 2019, the last piece of track was laid at the entrance of the Qinghuayuan Tunnel in the Haidian district , in September 2019 the test operation began on the 147 km long route, and on December 30, 2019 at 8:30 am, the G2505 ran first scheduled train departing from Beijing North. The train drives autonomously and at up to 350 km / h. Although the train can only reach its maximum speed between Badaling and shortly before Huailai and is usually only 250 km / h fast, the new connection shortens the regular travel time between Zhangjiakou and Beijing Qinghe , the penultimate station on the route, of 3 hours 7 minutes to 47 minutes (in the urban area the train is sometimes only traveling at 80 km / h). This is an important step in the unification of Beijing , Tianjin and Hebei to form the Jing-Jin-Ji metropolitan area , where commuters will live outside the city centers, similar to the bacon belts of German cities. The Beijing-Zhangjiakou line is also part of the People's Republic of China's new rapid transit network, which is currently being expanded to Lanzhou . For example, this will shorten the drive from Hohhot , Inner Mongolia , to Beijing from 9 hours 15 minutes to 2 hours 9 minutes in the near future .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ 怀 来 概况. In: huailai.gov.cn. June 11, 2019, accessed November 19, 2019 (Chinese).
  2. ↑ 中国 火星 探测 任务 首次 公开 亮相 计划 明年 择 机 实施. In: baijiahao.baidu.com. November 14, 2019, accessed November 21, 2019 (Chinese).
  3. ↑ 中国 首次 火星 探测 任务 着陆 器 悬停 避 障 试验 现场 视频. In: clep.org.cn. November 14, 2019, accessed November 21, 2019 (Chinese). Video of a landing test for the 2020 Chinese Mars mission .
  4. ^ Charles O. Hucker: A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. Stanford University Press , Stanford 1985, pp. 178 and 487f.
  5. ↑ 谭 其 骧 （主编） ：简明 中国 历史 地图集.中国 地图 出版社 ， 北京 1996 （第二 次 印刷）, map 39–40.
  6. ↑ 人文 历史. In: huailai.gov.cn. August 20, 2019, Retrieved November 19, 2019 (Chinese).
  7. ↑ 李晓 建: 5 月 13 日 ： 首座 大型 山谷 水库 - 官厅 水库 建成. In: gov.cn. May 13, 2006, Retrieved November 20, 2019 (Chinese).
  8. ↑ 杨超: 1954 年 5 月 13 日 官厅 水库 建成. In: news.ifeng.com. May 13, 2013, Retrieved November 20, 2019 (Chinese).
  9. ↑ 汪海伦: 史上 今日 ： 1954 年 5 月 13 日 永定河 官厅 水库 竣工. In: kepuchina.cn. May 13, 2016, Retrieved November 20, 2019 (Chinese).
  10. ↑ 彭 波: 官厅 水库 “复活” 背后 ： 仅 作为 应急 备用 水源. In: news.ifeng.com. November 20, 2012, accessed November 20, 2019 (Chinese).
  11. ↑ 行政 区划. In: huailai.gov.cn. August 20, 2019, Retrieved November 19, 2019 (Chinese).
  12. ↑ 土木 镇 土木 村 简介 工. In: huailai.gov.cn. September 16, 2014, accessed November 20, 2019 (Chinese).
  13. ↑ 京 张 高 铁 轨道 贯通 将于 年底 通车. In: atimescn.com. June 13, 2019, accessed November 20, 2019 (Chinese).
  14. ↑ 唐 斓: 时速 350 公里！ 京 张 高 铁 正式 开通 运营. In: xinhuanet.com. December 30, 2019, accessed January 1, 2020 (Chinese).

Coordinates: 40 ° 25 '  N , 115 ° 27'  E