Hucho (genus)

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Hucho
Huchen (Hucho hucho)

Huchen ( Hucho hucho )

Systematics
Subclass : Real bony fish (Teleostei)
Overcohort : Clupeocephala
Cohort : Euteleosteomorpha
Order : Salmonid fish (Salmoniformes)
Family : Salmon fish (Salmonidae)
Genre : Hucho
Scientific name
Hucho
Günther , 1866

The representatives of the genus Hucho are large salmon fish , which colonize cold rivers and other freshwater habitats in Eurasia . They feed mainly piscivor and are at risk from overfishing and habitat loss .

features

The representatives of the genus Hucho have elongated, almost cylindrical bodies, which are covered with small scales. The body is covered with dark, circular, crescent-shaped or x-shaped spots. The head is broad and flattened. The mouth is large and the maxilla extends to the back of the eyes in fully grown specimens.

The teeth of the palatine bone and the plate of the ploughshare bone form a continuous, horseshoe-shaped row. The handle of the plowshare has no teeth. The basibranchial is toothless, with Parahucho perryi it has a few teeth.

The eye ring bones (Infraorbitalia) are thin, a feature that the genus shares with the genus Brachymystax , but not with other representatives of the Salmonidae. The ventral branch of the hyomandibular is significantly shortened compared to other representatives of the Salmonidae.

The adipose fin typical of salmon fish is large and on average measures more than half the base length of the anal fin at its base .

Fin formula : D II – VII / 8–14 AI – V / 7–11

Taxonomy

The taxon Hucho was first set up in 1866 by Albert Günther as a sub-genus. He suggested using this name to designate all members of the genus Salmo that had no teeth along the median line of the hyoid bone . Günther suspected that some of the species described by Peter Simon Pallas could fall into this group, but considered the dentition to be too imprecise to be able to give more precise information. In addition to the huchen ( Hucho hucho ), which he peculiarly led as Hucho germanorum , he only mentioned the brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ), under the name Hucho fontinalis , specifically as belonging to this group. The latter was no longer considered by later editors as belonging to the genus Hucho .

David Starr Jordan and John Otterbein Snyder used the taxon for the first time in 1902 as an independent genus. At the same time they put another species in the genus with Hucho blackistoni (= Hucho perryi = Parahucho perryi ). In 1907 Lew Semjonowitsch Berg also listed the Taimen, described by Pallas in 1773, in this group. Initially, Berg did not see a separate genus in Hucho , but rather a sub-genus of the char ( Salvelinus ) and in Taimen he suspected that it could be a subspecies of the Huchen . It was not until 1916 that Berg revised his assessment and also regarded Hucho as an independent genus.

In 1928 and 1934, Hucho ishikawae and Hucho bleekeri, two more species were placed in the genus Hucho .

In the second half of the 20th century, doubts were expressed that Hucho perryi is actually a member of the genus Hucho . Based on morphological and ecological features, the species was initially placed in its own subgenus Parahucho within the genus Hucho ( Hucho (Parahucho) perryi ). As early as the first half of the 1980s, some authors suggested separating the species from the genus Hucho and placing it in an independent genus Parahucho . The proposal initially met with rejection, but was fully justified by later molecular genetic studies.

Systematics

 Salmoninae  



 Oncorhynchus


   

 Salvelinus



   

 Parahucho


   

 Salmo




   

 Hucho


   

 Brachymystax




Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style
Systematic position of the genus Hucho within the Salmoninae according to Lecaudey et al., 2018.

The genus Hucho is as part of the subfamily of Salmoninae within the family of Salmonidae counted. The subfamily of the Salmoninae includes the genus Hucho and the genera Brachymystax , Oncorhynchus , Parahucho , Salmo and Salvelinus . The relationships between the individual genera within the Salmoninae have by no means been fully clarified. The adjacent cladogram shows the result of molecular genetic studies on 42 species of Salmoninae.

The cladogram identifies Hucho as a sister genus of Brachymystax . Both genera form a common clade that branches off at the base from the main group of Salmoninae. The genus Parahucho , on the other hand, is a sister taxon of the genus Salmo . It is deeply rooted within the main Salmoninae group and its status as an independent genus is confirmed.

Older analyzes based on purely morphological features had provided contradicting results and showed the genus Hucho either as a sister genus of Brachymystax or as a sister genus of Salvelinus . In these analyzes, Parahucho is also classified as belonging to the genus Hucho .

Types and distribution

Taimen ( Hucho taimen )

In the genus Hucho four species are distinguished, each with its own distribution area.

Way of life

The representatives of the genus Hucho live exclusively in fresh water and limit their migrations to this habitat ( potamodrom ), while Parahucho perryi can undertake extensive migrations in brackish water areas and fully marine waters (optional anadromous ). All species of the genus are iteroparous and reproduce several times in the course of their life.

Little is known about the mating behavior of Hucho bleekeri and Hucho ishikawae . In the case of Huchen and Taimen, the females create a shallow pit in the gravelly creek bed by powerful tail strokes, in which they deposit their eggs where they are fertilized by the males. After spawning, the females rest for a few minutes before they cover the spawning pit with further strong tail strokes with sediment. This behavior (only the female digs; resting phase after oviposition) can otherwise only be observed in representatives of the genus Brachymystax . With the genera Salmo , Parahucho and Oncorhynchus , the spawning pit is closed without a resting phase, immediately after oviposition and fertilization, and with the genus Salvelinus , the female executes meandering movements over the spawning pit before closing it. In the case of the genus Oncorhynchus , the male also takes part in the digging.

literature

  • J. Holcík, K. Hensel, J. Nieslanik, L. Skácel: The Eurasian Huchen, Hucho hucho: Largest Salmon of the World. Dr. W. Junk Publishers & VEDA, Dordrecht / Boston / Lancaster & Bratislava 1988 ( online ).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d J. Holcík, K. Hensel, J. Nieslanik, L. Skácel: The Eurasian Huchen, Hucho hucho: Largest Salmon of the World. Dr. W. Junk Publishers & VEDA, Dordrecht / Boston / Lancaster & Bratislava 1988, pp. 2-3.
  2. ↑ a b c Ch. PJ Sanford: Salmonoid Fish Osteology and Phylogeny: Teleostei: Salmonoidei. In: Theses Zoologicae. Volume 33, Koeltz Scientific Books, 2000, ISBN 3-904144-21-9 , 264 pages ( digitized version ).
  3. Jump up ↑ A. Günther: Catalog of the Physostomi, containing the families Salmonidæ, Percopsidæ, Galaxidæ, Mormyridæ, Gymnarchidæ, Esocidæ, Umbridæ, Scombresocidæ, Cyprinodontidæ, in the collection of the British Museum. In: Catalog of the fishes in the British Museum. Volume 6, 1866, pp. 140 & 152 ( digitized version ).
  4. ^ D. St. Jordan, JO Snyder: A Review of the Salmonoid Fishes of Japan. In: Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Volume XXIV, No. 1265, 1902, pp. 567-593 ( digitized version ).
  5. ↑ L. Berg: Preliminary remarks on the European-Asian salmonines, in particular the genus Thymallus. In: Ezhegodnik, Zoologicheskago Muzeya Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk (Annuaire du Musée Zoologique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg). Volume 12, 1907, pp. 500-514 ( digitized version ).
  6. ^ NV Parin, SA Evseenko, ED Vasil'eva: Fishes of Russian Seas - Annotated Catalog. KMK Scientific Press, 2014, p. 130 ( digitized version ).
  7. ↑ T. Mori: On the fresh water fishes from the Yalu River, Korea, with descriptions of new species. In: Journal of the Chosen Natural History Society. Volume 6, 1928, pp. 54-70.
  8. ↑ S. Kimura: Description of the fishes collected from the Yangtze-kiang, China, by the late Dr. K. Kishinouye and his party in 1927-1929. In: Journal of the Shanghai Scientific Institute. Volume 1, Number 2, 1934, pp. 11-247.
  9. ↑ VD Vladykov, CD Gruchy: Comments on the nomenclature of some subgenera of Salmonidae. In: Journal of Fisheries Research Board Canada. Volume 29, 1972, pp. 1631-1632.
  10. ↑ EM tether, MK Glubokovsky, NV Pokozy: Karyotype of the sakhalin trout Hucho perryi. In: Biologiya Morya. Volume 8, 1982, pp. 59-60.
  11. ↑ RM Viktorovsky, AN Makoedov, AA Shevchishin: The chromosomal sets of Brachymystax lenok and Hucho taimen and the divergence of the salmonid genera. In: Tsitologiya. Volume 27, 1985, pp. 703-709.
  12. ↑ J. Holčík, K. Hensel, J. Nieslanik, L. Skácel: The Eurasian salmon, Hucho hucho: Largest Salmon of the World. Dr. W. Junk Publishers & VEDA, Dordrecht / Boston / Lancaster & Bratislava 1988, p. 8.
  13. ↑ SV Shed'ko, LK Ginatulina, IZ Parpura, AV Ermolenko: Evolutionary and taxonomic relationships among Far-Eastern salmonid fishes inferred from mitochondrial DNA divergence. In: Journal of Fish Biology. Volume 49, 1996, pp. 815-829 ( digitized version ).
  14. ↑ a b c d L. A. Lecaudey, UK Schliewen, AG Osinov, EB Taylor, L. Bernatchez, St. J. Weiss: Inferring phylogenetic structure, hybridization and divergence times within Salmoninae (Teleostei: Salmonidae) using RAD-sequencing. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 124, 2018, pp. 82-99 ( digitized version ).
  15. ↑ RF Stearley, GR Smith: Phylogeny of the Pacific Trouts and Salmons (Oncorhynchus) and Genera of the Family Salmonidae. In: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. Vol. 122, number 1, 1993, pp. 1-33 ( digitized version ).
  16. ↑ Hucho on Fishbase.org (accessed November 20, 2018)
  17. ↑ K. Wang, S. Zhang, D. Wang, M. Xin, J. Wu, Q. Sun, H. Du, Ch. Wang, J. Huang, Q. Wei: Development of 27 novel cross-species microsatellite markers for the endangered Hucho bleekeri using next-generation sequencing technology. In: Conservation Genetics Resources. Volume 7, 2015, pp. 263-267, doi : 10.1007 / s12686-014-0353-y ( digitized version ).
  18. ↑ A. Witkowski, A. Bajić, T. Treer, A. Hegediš, S. Marić, N. Šprem, M. Piria, A. Kapusta: Past and present of and perspectives for the Danube huchen, Hucho hucho (L.) , in the Danube basin. In: Archives of Polish Fisheries. Volume 21, 2013, pp. 129-142, doi : 10.2478 / aopf-2013-0010 ( digitized version ).
  19. ↑ J. Holčík, K. Hensel, J. Nieslanik, L. Skácel: The Eurasian salmon, Hucho hucho: Largest Salmon of the World. Dr. W. Junk Publishers & VEDA, Dordrecht / Boston / Lancaster & Bratislava 1988, p. 5.
  20. ↑ PS Rand: Current global status of taimen and the need to implement aggressive conservation measures to avoid population and species-level extinction. In: Archives of Polish Fisheries. Volume 21, 2013, pp. 119–128, doi : 10.2478 / aopf-2013-0009 ( digitized version ).
  21. ↑ K. Suzuki, T. Yoshitomi, Y. Kawaguchi, M. Ichimura, K. Edo, T. Otake: Migration history of Sakhalin taimen Hucho perryi captured in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, northern Japan, using otolith Sr: Ca ratios. In: Fisheries Science. Volume 77, Number 3, 2011, pp. 313-320 ( doi: 10.1007 / s12562-011-0335-x ).
  22. ↑ K. Honda, N. Takahashi, K. Yamamoto, H. Kagiwada, Y. Tsuda, Y. Mitani, K. Miyashita: First documentation of detailed behaviors of endangered adult Sakhalin taimen Parahucho perryi in the Bekanbeushi River system, eastern Hokkaido, Japan, using bio-logging and acoustic telemetry concurrently. In: Ichthyological Research. Volume 64, number 3, 2017, pp. 357-364, doi : 10.1007 / s10228-016-0570-3 ( digitized version ).
  23. ^ DJ Gilroy, OP Jensen, BC Allen, S. Chandra, B. Ganzorig, Z. Hogan, JT Maxted, MJ Vander Zanden: Home range and seasonal movement of taimen, Hucho taimen, in Mongolia. In: Ecology of Freshwater Fish. Volume 19, 2010, pp. 545-554 ( digitized version ).
  24. ↑ M. Esteve, G. Unfer, K. Pinter, I. Doadrio: Spawning behavior of Danube huchen from three Austrian rivers. In: Archives of Polish Fisheries. Volume 21, 2013, pp. 169–177, doi : 10.2478 / aopf-2013-0014 ( digitized version ).