Ilyushin Il-86
| Ilyushin Il-86 | |
|---|---|
 Ilyushin Il-86 of Armavia |
|
| Type: | Four-engined wide-body aircraft |
| Design country: | |
| Manufacturer: | |
| First flight: |
22nd December 1976 |
| Commissioning: |
1980 |
| Production time: |
1976 to 1997 |
| Number of pieces: |
106 |
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The Ilyushin Il-86 ( Russian Ильюшин Ил-86 , NATO code name : Camber ) was the first wide-body aircraft developed in what was then the USSR . The development of the Il-86 was presented in 1971, and the first machines began regular service on September 24, 1979.
history
Very little is known about the development as little information has been published in the Soviet Union . The launch of the Il-86 program was announced in 1971 at the Paris Air Show . The development took a long time and after the first flight of the first prototype on December 22, 1976, it took until September 24, 1979 before the first machines were put into regular service.
Actually, the machine was supposed to have an engine arrangement similar to the Il-62 , but the resulting poor handling and the high weight of the airframe caused the engineers to refrain from doing this. The Il-86 was also the first commercial aircraft in the Soviet Union with jet engines under the wings. The engines used are the Kuznetsov NK-86, specially developed for this type of aircraft , which are a further development of the Kuznetsov NK-8 .
The first prototype was presented to the public in 1976. The first flight of the prototype with the registration number CCCP-86000 took place on December 22, 1976 with the test pilots E. Kuznetsov and G. Wolochow, the flight engineer I. Jakimez, the navigator W. Schetkin and the on-board electrician A. Stepanov. The first aircraft intended for air traffic took off on October 24, 1977; previously an Il-86 had been shown for the first time at the Paris Air Show in June of that year. Civil traffic began in December 1980. The Polish PZL -Mielec plant was involved in development and production . This is where the wing flaps, the tail unit, the engine mounts and the tail fin come from. Production ended in 1994 after more than 100 machines were completed.
Only the then Soviet Aeroflot used the aircraft. At times the Il-86, which was actually not intended for long-haul flights, was also used for connections to Cuba, the USA and Canada, with a stopover, which at that time was only feasible due to a lack of competition. This changed abruptly when Aeroflot and Pan Am agreed to fly this route non-stop on the Boeing 747 in 1988. With the order of some Airbus A310s by Interflug and shortly afterwards by Aeroflot, any hope of being able to export this model ended. An order for three aircraft by China Xinjiang Airlines in 1993 was all the more astonishing .
Due to the noise they make , the Il-86 have been banned from flying in most western countries since the early 2000s, which is why they are only used in the CIS countries by airlines there. In the meantime there have been several plans to replace the four Kuznetsov NK-86 engines with much quieter and more efficient turbofans of the latest designs.
However, such approaches did not get beyond the planning phase. In the wake of the global economic crisis from 2008, such plans became obsolete - worldwide decreases in passenger numbers and a drastic rise in kerosene prices generally led to the shutdown of many four-engine aircraft, even current western models - even production of the modern Airbus A340 was discontinued during this phase. For the Il-86 this was the end. The last civil operator was Atlant-Soyuz Airlines , which had to cease operations in 2011.
Only the Russian Air Force continues to use some machines in the communications sector as the Ilyushin Il-80 .
The most comparable and similarly old Airbus A300 in terms of range and capacity was in a certain way a role model for the designers who gave the aircraft the nickname “Aerobus”. The A300, which was equipped with only two (larger) engines, was taken out of service as a passenger aircraft around the same time. All other wide-body aircraft of this type have a range more than twice as long, including the successor Ilyushin Il-96 .
variants
- The Il-86 is the basic variant. One plane was specially converted for the state airline Rossija as a presidential plane
- The Il-80 / Il-86 / Il-87 are three aircraft that have been converted into flying command posts in the event of a nuclear war. Also known as Il-86WKP (for Воздушный командный пункт, Wosduschny komandny dot).
- The Il-86D was a test aircraft for the development of the Ilyushin Il-96
particularities
The Il-86 has three passenger doors with extendable stairs on the lower deck. The passenger cabin on the main deck can be reached from the lower deck via wide stairs. This means that passenger handling is also possible without the use of passenger boarding bridges or gangways .
Incidents
So far there have been two fatal incidents with the Il-86:
- On March 8, 1994, a Boeing 737-24RC operated by the Indian Sahara Airlines (VT-SIA) carried out test flights at Indira Gandhi International Airport . Five touch-and-go approaches took place without any special incidents, on the sixth the aircraft suddenly leaned sharply to the right and crashed onto the apron of the international terminal. The burning debris of the machine slid against an Ilyushin Il-86 of Aeroflot (RA-86119) , which then also caught fire. In the accident, all four crew members of the Boeing, four other people in the Ilyushin and one other person died on the tarmac (see also the flight accident at Delhi Airport in 1994 ) .
- On July 28, 2002, a crewed Il-86 of the Pulkovo Aviation Enterprise (RA-86060) crashed shortly after taking off from Moscow-Sheremetyevo Airport . Of the 16 occupants, 14 were killed (see also Pulkovo Airlines flight 9560 ) .
Technical specifications
| Parameter | Data |
|---|---|
| crew | 5 |
| Passenger capacity | 234 in three classes, max. 350 |
| length | 59.94 m |
| span | 48.06 m |
| height | 15.81 m |
| Wing area | 320.00 m² |
| Max. Takeoff mass ( MTOW ) | 206,000 kg |
| Engines | 4 Kuznetsov NK-86 with 127.5 kN each |
| Cruising speed | 900 km / h |
| Top speed | 950 km / h |
| Range | 5000 km |
| First flight | 22nd December 1976 |
| First commercial flight | December 24, 1979 |
| Number of copies | 103, of which approx. 4 are still in service |
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Flieger Revue 4/77, section “Aircraft Construction”, p. 141
- ^ Ulrich Langer: Luftfahrtdaten 1977 . In: Flieger-Jahrbuch 1979 . Transpress, Berlin 1978, p. 166 .
- ↑ Ilyushin-86 is being modernized according to EU standards. (No longer available online.) Russlandonline.ru, June 8, 2006, archived from the original on September 27, 2007 ; accessed on October 2, 2019 .
- ↑ according to World Air Forces 2013 ( memento of December 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) at flightglobal.com, accessed on January 27, 2013
- ↑ Larger article on this in: Aero 12/2008, page 32 ff.
- ↑ Accident report Boeing 737-200 VT-SIA , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on February 23, 2019.
- ^ Accident report IL-86 RA-86060 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on July 31, 2019.
- ↑ Ilushin Il-86 production list. (No longer available online.) Russianplanes.net, archived from the original on August 14, 2010 ; accessed on May 1, 2012 .