Jakob Wychgram

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jakob Wychgram (1908)

Jakob Wychgram (born September 1, 1858 in Emden , † November 14, 1927 in Freiburg im Breisgau ) was a German educator and state school officer.

Life

origin

Jakob Wychgram was a son of the Emden medical doctor Engelhard Wychgram (born August 3, 1830 in Neermoor ; † February 21, 1895 in Emden) and his wife Gesina Johanna, née Vietor (1839-1915), a daughter of the Emden pastor and church councilor Nicolaus Vietor (1808-1895). Nicolaus Wychgram was his younger brother.

career

Wychgram first attended a grammar school in Emden. He studied German and history in 1876/77 in Göttingen , 1877/78 in Leipzig and from 1878 to 1880 again in Göttingen. In 1879 he was with a dissertation on Albertino Mussato Dr. phil. PhD. At the beginning of 1881 he passed the state examination for the higher teaching post in Göttingen. In the same year he completed a short probationary period at the grammar school in Greifswald .

From 1881 Wychgram worked as a senior teacher at the municipal high school for girls in Leipzig. In 1890 he became director of this institution and the associated municipal teachers' college . At the suggestion of Privy Councilor Stephan Waetzoldt , the Minister of Education, Robert Bosse , appointed him to the Prussian civil service in 1900 in order to subject the institutions now under his control to a comprehensive reorganization.

In Berlin , Wychgram had doubled the teachers' seminar and adapted it both internally and externally to the conditions of the time. He had organized an eight-class practice school to be attached to the seminary. In addition to this position, he headed the Royal Prussian Augusta School for six years, from which almost 200 high school graduates had emerged by 1908 .

In addition to his official work, Wychgram also developed a writing activity in the literary-historical as well as in the educational field. On the latter, he published a report on the French school system. This was the result of a six-month study trip to which the Saxon Ministry of Culture had given him leave. In the Patriotic Society in Hamburg he gave lectures on the history of the German and French girls' schools. From 1895 to 1901 he edited the “German Journal for Foreign Education”, which he launched, and since 1902 he has been the editor of the central body of the same name for “ women's education ”. In the field of literary history, his great biography of Schiller, first published in 1895, made him famous. Furthermore, “The German Volkstum and German Poetry” and the biography of Charlotte von Schiller should be mentioned. He was on the board of the Lette Association , the General German School Association , the Society for School Hygiene, Care for School-Leavers, ...

After the Lübeck Senate put his " school councilor " Cold into retirement on November 1, 1907, he elected Wychgram on December 7 to be his highest school inspector. In 1919 he had the title of "High School Councilor" and from 1921 that of "State School Councilor". He retired on January 31, 1924. He then left Lübeck and became increasingly ill during the last years of his life. He died in mid-November 1927 in Freiburg im Breisgau.

Berlin

Wychgram campaigned for the higher school system for girls, which was not very well developed at the time and was hardly noticed by the public. He published on this at a young age and wrote many scientific and educational-political essays and monographs. In addition, he edited or edited important journals in this area. In addition, he founded series of publications for teaching German and French literature at higher girls' schools.

Wychgram was quickly recognized as having a thorough knowledge of girls' schools outside of Germany, especially France. He gained some knowledge about this through his own travels. Since he headed two prominent state schools for girls, he was able to influence the practical implementation of his proposals within limits. This gave his opinions a special meaning. Based on his practical work, he recognized that some of the demands that were initially controversial in specialist circles were useful. This included the employment of (senior) teachers at girls' schools, where he initially held back, but later gave them special support. He was in agreement with Helene Lange on this issue and, like her, called for women to be given access to universities and for girls to be reformed.

Wychgram mostly worked based on the view of women as housewives and mothers, whose social situation was changing. The whole of society should benefit from the fact that at least the upper classes of the population received better intellectual and ethical education. Especially during his time as director of the Augusta School in Kleinbeerenstraße 16-19 1901-1907, he wanted to avoid incorrect developments in the field of boys 'schools being carried out again in the girls' school system. His goal was to make the system more uniform and permeable. The responsible ministerial advisor of Prussia demanded that Wychgram should develop his facility into a prominent model institution. Thus practical preparatory work should be done for an overdue revision of the higher girls' school system in Prussia. The level should be raised through curricula and changes in the organization. Thus, the prerequisites for a three or four year high school should be created, which should end with the higher education entrance qualification. At the same time, teacher training should be reorganized.

In 1908 Prussia introduced new rules. The government did not accept all of Wychgram's suggestions, who probably saw this as an outlook for his further professional development. He had always seen the government as reserved; after the new regulation, he considered them to be increasingly unbearably restrictive during his work in school. Originally, he had received the promise to be able to decide on filling positions himself. Due to the fact that he lost this right, he left school in Berlin.

Lübeck

Wychgram's achievements at the higher girls' schools in Berlin were undoubtedly the reason for his new position in Lübeck, where his field of activity changed significantly. As a school board member, he initially had to oversee the girls’s secondary school, teacher training, and elementary and middle schools. He had acquired the knowledge necessary for this at the secondary school in Berlin, which he set up and directed. At the beginning of his time in Lübeck he was also supposed to take over the supervision of higher boys' schools.

In 1918 a long-debated revision of the Education Act, supported by Wychgram, came into force. Wychgram was thus given a larger area of ​​responsibility and a school inspector subordinate to him who looked after elementary and middle schools. These changes came about as part of the development from freely created, poorly coordinated urban civic schools to a systematically organized and managed school system in contemporary urban communities.

Wychgram abolished existing free / poor schools (such as the Jenisch'sche Free School ) and thus united the organization of elementary and middle schools. In addition, he defined the catchment areas of schools and generally increased the frequency of classes. The measures were taken from the point of view of possible rationalization. In the area of ​​higher schools, private educational institutions were increasingly nationalized and the individual school types were more clearly coordinated in their profiles. These measures made the school system clearer. In particular, the elementary and secondary schools worked completely separately from each other and should be harmonized. Thus, they should open up further and enable talented students to advance. However, this could only be implemented during the last year of the First World War . General events that followed the November Revolution quickly gave rise to new developments in this area.

Even though Wychgram in Lübeck was mostly occupied with other branches of the school system, he continued to devote himself to girls' education. Today's Ernestinenschule received a college in addition to the lyceum, where the school leaving examination could be taken. Almost at the same time, on Wychgram's initiative, own schools for the training of female teachers (1918/19) and the teachers' seminar (1925) were abolished because they had become obsolete and superfluous. For large parts of the population, especially for girls who had completed school, it was much more important that the school council established general further training / compulsory vocational schooling. His successor as head of the school inspectorate of the Lübeck state was Sebald Schwarz in 1925 .

As Wychgram end of January 1924 retired from the service, he had the Free Ash and Reimannsche private school nationalized , the continuation school and vocational school for unskilled created, set up an educational establishment at the Ernestine School, by breaking down the pre-school classes in the secondary schools, the establishment of unity schools initiated, The trade school and the women's trade school were redesigned, school chambers set up and a more free administration of the schools prepared according to his proposals for legislation .

Soon after his arrival in Lübeck, Wychram recognized the shortcomings of the public speaking system. With the help of domestic and foreign experts, he set up a regulated, high-level lecture system in the high school authorities. The university weeks , technical university weeks and the lecture system of the Nordic weeks were mainly due to Wychgram.

Outside the state , Wychgram was a member of the Reich School Conference and examination commissioner of the Reich government for German schools abroad .

family

In spring 1881 Wychgram married Agnes Auguste Johanna Margareta Becker in Radekow (born May 17, 1858 in Radekow ; † January 2, 1950 in Berlin ). The couple had a son and a daughter.

Honors

literature

  • Wychgram. In: Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon. Volume 20, Leipzig 1909, p. 803. zeno.org
  • Achim Leschinsky : Wychgram, Jakob. In: Biographical Lexicon for Schleswig-Holstein and Lübeck. Volume 8, Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster 1987, pp. 389-392.
also in: Martin Tielke (Hrsg.): Biographisches Lexikon für Ostfriesland. Volume 1, Ostfriesische Landschaftliche Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Aurich 1993, ISBN 3-925365-75-3 , pp. 368–371. ostfriesenelandschaft.de

Web links

Commons : Jakob Wychgram  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Cemetery Emden-New Church (municipality of Emden, district of Emden)
  2. ^ Albertino Mussato: a contribution to the Italian history of the fourteenth century. Veit, Leipzig 1880.
  3. ↑ Achim Leschinsky: Wychgram, Jakob. In: Biographical Lexicon for Schleswig-Holstein and Lübeck. Volume 8, Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster 1987, p. 389.
  4. ^ School board professor Dr. Wychgram. In: Vaterstädtische Blätter , year 1908, No. 2, edition of January 12, 1908, p. 5.
  5. ↑ Achim Leschinsky: Wychgram, Jakob. In: Biographical Lexicon for Schleswig-Holstein and Lübeck. Volume 8, Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster 1987, p. 389.
  6. ↑ Achim Leschinsky: Wychgram, Jakob. In: Biographical Lexicon for Schleswig-Holstein and Lübeck. Volume 8, Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster 1987, p. 389.
  7. ↑ Achim Leschinsky: Wychgram, Jakob. In: Biographical Lexicon for Schleswig-Holstein and Lübeck. Volume 8, Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster 1987, p. 389.
  8. ↑ Achim Leschinsky: Wychgram, Jakob. In: Biographical Lexicon for Schleswig-Holstein and Lübeck. Volume 8, Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster 1987, pp. 389-390.
  9. ↑ Achim Leschinsky: Wychgram, Jakob. In: Biographical Lexicon for Schleswig-Holstein and Lübeck. Volume 8, Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster 1987, p. 390.
  10. ↑ Achim Leschinsky: Wychgram, Jakob. In: Biographical Lexicon for Schleswig-Holstein and Lübeck. Volume 8, Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster 1987, p. 390.
  11. ↑ Achim Leschinsky: Wychgram, Jakob. In: Biographical Lexicon for Schleswig-Holstein and Lübeck. Volume 8, Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster 1987, p. 390.
  12. ↑ Achim Leschinsky: Wychgram, Jakob. In: Biographical Lexicon for Schleswig-Holstein and Lübeck. Volume 8, Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster 1987, pp. 390-391.
  13. ↑ Achim Leschinsky: Wychgram, Jakob. In: Biographical Lexicon for Schleswig-Holstein and Lübeck. Volume 8, Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster 1987, p. 391.
  14. ↑ State School Board Prof. Dr. Jakob Wychgram. In: From Lübeck's towers . Volume 37, No. 4, March 8, 1924, p. 16.
  15. ↑ Achim Leschinsky: Wychgram, Jakob. In: Biographical Lexicon for Schleswig-Holstein and Lübeck. Volume 8, Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster 1987, p. 389.
  16. ↑ Monthly Issues of the Comenius Society 12 (1903), p. IV
personal data
SURNAME Wychgram, Jakob
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German pedagogue and state school board
DATE OF BIRTH September 1, 1858
PLACE OF BIRTH Emden
DATE OF DEATH November 14, 1927
Place of death Freiburg in Breisgau