Lübeck teacher seminar
The Lübeckische teacher seminar was an early 19th century in Lübeck by the non-profit Society for the transport activity based teacher training college .
history
prehistory
The thought of a separate school teacher seminar had already occurred when the school conditions in Lübeck and the demands of developing life diverged steadily .
All attempts at the beginning of the 19th century to raise the low level of popular education came from the Society for the Promotion of Charitable Activities . The suggestions made by the preacher Behn for the transformation of the so-called trivial schools first contained the idea of setting up a separate "schoolmaster seminar" in connection with the orphanage . Up to now, teachers have only been former servants or joiners , wig makers , cobblers , bakers and tailors . The commission founded by the company decided to set up a school for the poor as a model school instead of the seminar in the Behnschen sense . But this remained a project.
Two months after the defeat of Blücher , after the preacher Petersen made similar applications and the problem of their funding no longer existed, a committee established received the report submitted by Petersen. After the offer from Hanover to train some Lübeckers free of charge in the seminar there every year , it was proposed to found their own teacher training institute, initially as a temporary measure for 2 to 3 years. The draft curriculum included reading , writing , arithmetic , German language , religion , methodology, singing and melody, geography , natural history, natural history, world history, technology and conditional music. In addition to the free work, the seven teachers were obliged to give the lessons in their own apartments for the time being. The deliberation meeting of the society approved the proposals and thus basically founded the Lübeck teachers' seminar . His teaching staff consisted of the assessor, vd Hude, Münzenberger, Petersen, the candidate Lamprecht, as well as the teacher Ehlers (who replaced glasses after six months) and, on a fee basis, the choir prefect Frohn.
School teacher seminar
Lübeck French Period
A confirmed boy destined to become a teacher came into contact with a school owner during his five-year apprenticeship. Until 1811, even after his apprenticeship was over, he remained dependent on his teacher. Without the teacher's permission, he was not allowed to teach at any other institution or to give private lessons. Even if he had permission, he had to pay half of his fee to his spiritus rector . This employment relationship existed for the trained until he found a permanent position or left Lübeck.
It was the interest of the school owners to preserve this state of affairs, so they were opposed to the seminar activity for reasons of their own well-being.
In 1807, since 1806 Lübeck was under French rule , the city was a picture of the times in miniature. Although there was a standstill and paralyzing discouragement here, 1807 was to be the year of rebirth of the national idea , but through the establishment of the teachers' seminar, the outermost pivot of the Lübeck school system .
On April 6, 1807, its originally planned opening at Michaelis 1806 was thwarted by the political situation, the first two-year course began and consisted of the three pupils Haase, junior teacher and the Breymann secondary school, Westphal, junior teacher at the cathedral school and the former clerk Judge. The successes of the first seminar course received the highest official recognition for the first time in the decree of October 11, 1809.
The authorities, whose deliberations on the reorganization of the lower school system were progressing, asked the head of the seminar to submit a draft for the establishment of the schools through the Syndicus Curtius towards the end of the course . An organizational plan drawn up by Pastor vd Hude on behalf of the seminar board then had a decisive influence on the reorganization of the state school system that took place in 1810 .
German Confederation
With the servitude of the schoolmaster's assistants ending after the school regulations of 1817 , without a new legal regulation taking the place of the eliminated, apprentice training was recorded by the school owners that went beyond the need for teachers. The fact that this type of teacher training system was not at a high level and that it was far from having a positive effect on elementary schools was justified by the seminar leadership in a petition sent to the Senate in April 1846. From these explanations the application resulted that in future these positions should only be filled by seminarians. Since the state had done little to raise the elementary school system up to then, the proposal of the board of directors meant an unusual degree of initiative.
Due to the limited capacity of the Lübeck school system, however, its subsequent period was not necessarily to be seen as hopeful at the beginning. The activity of the seminar was suspended for a full seven years until the beginning of the eighth course. In addition to the schools in the rural communities, the Free State owned 24 elementary schools in 1836, including 3 boys 'secondary schools, 2 girls' secondary schools, 5 elementary schools for boys, 3 gate schools, 3 poor schools, 3 Schröder free schools, the orphanage, industrial and Jenische free schools. The Katharineum, the higher middle school, 6 private boys 'and 25 private girls' schools (the latter were reduced by 42 in 1816) completed the chaos of public education. The total need for permanent teachers, however, was only 36. Attempts were made to push back the dominance of the clergy in the seminar, as this had apparently led to the stagnation of the further development of the seminar in favor of the non-profit. The idea of nationalization emanating from the head of the institution was rejected at the deliberation meeting on April 21, 1846. Nevertheless, the declaration made there by the seminar board meant the almost complete abandonment of the position defended by Petersen. From then on, the seminar was an integral part of the organization of society and an institute dependent on it and its influence. In 1862 this gained influence was vigorously called for the reorganization of the seminary. In order to obtain information about the still existing uncertainties about the activities of the institution, the final announcement of its curriculum and the teaching objectives were categorically demanded.
When the 10th course ended at Easter 1848, the next course only started four years later because of the local political unrest, it ended in 1855 and after a further three-year break, the next course began in 1858.
On April 22, 1857, the seminary celebrated its 50th anniversary. The schools in the Lübeck countryside were anything but popular educational institutions. With too little funding, they were not at all eligible for seminarians. It was known that there were only professionals in the teaching positions in the rural area , that is to say, teachers who cobbled together or tailor in order not to starve. At the time of the 50th anniversary of the seminar, a tailor was teaching in Malkendorf , in another village an old woman led the primitive lessons or other village schoolmasters were forced to dance with the fiddle on Sunday .
The complete failure of the state administration in the school reform efforts is one of the most striking downsides in the history of seminars until the legislation of the 1860s. Each revision of the seminar Constitution remained under the pressure of circumstances without result . The activity of the institute became almost ineffective for the lower school system as long as the Katharineum and higher private schools accepted the majority of the seminarians. Since 1857 the education of the pupils was in the hands of such teachers (masters) who had already emerged from the seminar. Only with the law passed in 1863 on the Evangelical-Lutheran rural schools did the teaching conditions in the country improve. In 1864 the high school college was created, and in 1867 the law relating to education in the Lübeck Free State came into force.
German Empire
The council and citizens' resolution of April 27, 1874 created the profession of school council . This would also have to take over the direction of the seminar in the case of the conversion. Georg Hermann Schröder , the first school board member in Lübeck, was introduced to his office on January 18, 1875 . At the request of the head of the seminary, he joined it in 1877 and remained there until the seminary was nationalized. The highest official of the high school authority was appointed in 1876 by the high school board in a section for the revision of the high school law. Since this also dealt with teacher training, in 1877 she suggested to the seminar board to “ take care of better preparation of the preparers and more uniform leadership”. The same commission submitted to him in 1879 a "curriculum for the teaching of seminarians" and the draft of "regulations for the entrance examination and for the discharge examination to be held in the presence of a commissarius of the high school authorities" and asked for their consent. They had been drawn up by the school council based on the Prussian model. From 1880 on, the annual reports were no longer submitted to the non-profit organization, but to the high school authorities.
With the Education Act of 1885, the entire "teaching and education system " of the Free State was placed under the supervision and management of the high school authorities. According to Article 85 of the new law, the position of the seminary to the high school authority was determined and its leadership ceased to be independent . The 80-year-old temporary arrangement was over. The agreement reached with the Prussian government on August 17, 1888 stipulated that the certificates of discharge from the seminary were also recognized in Prussia . From June 30, 1897 - since April 1 of the year Lübeck had its own infantry regiment - the seminar was entitled to issue certificates for one year of voluntary military service .
In the German Empire, with the increasing need for teachers, a teacher shortage replaced the teacher surplus of the past decades. The reorganization of the Lübeck elementary school system begun by the school council required a capable and extensive teaching body. Since the "old seminar organization" was no longer able to cope with these requirements, the board of directors decided in 1891 to introduce the class system and to convene a new course every year.
After the reorganization of the Georg Hermann Schröder school board in 1903, the Michaelis seminar was converted from a state-recognized non-profit institute into a state institution with its own seminar practice school. In October it moved into its first own school teacher seminar building . It was a high, richly structured plastered building , in the rear part of the former Fehling's property next to the garden of the house of the non-profit, bordering the middle school property after Glockengießerstraße , with the representative front over Langs Torweg to Langen Lohberg . Above the main door, the inscription " Know thyself " warned those seeking education to examine their own "I". This saying once adorned the Temple of Apollo in Delphi . Teaching on a voluntary basis over nine decades gave way to an academically trained director who was employed as a full-time employee with a permanent staff.
The now reorganized institute initially consisted of three ascending classes with one-year teaching duration. From Easter 1907, the seminar design was extended to the six-class system in which the preparatory institute was integrated, analogous to the Saxon seminar facility. At that time, the teaching staff included the director, an academically trained senior teacher, 3 seminar teachers, a drawing teacher, 3 teachers and assistants in the required number.
Since external circumstances caused the historic day of the seminar opening to pass without major celebrations, the teachers associated with the institution in town and country were assembled on October 11th and 12th, 1907. The elders of them were from the 12th and 13th seminary courses.
The new school constitution formed the basis for the final expansion of teacher training. The new syllabus of 1909 divided them into two sharply defined sections. The scientific training lasted 4¾ years and the pedagogical training 1¼ years. The Lübeck seminar was the first among the German teacher training institutions to achieve a complete separation of general from specialist training . Its curriculum has become the model for a number of teacher education laws in other countries. Director Möbusz pursued the goal of raising the general education of the seminarians so far that their final exams at the end of the course were equivalent to the final exams at the higher boys' schools . High school graduates could now learn the profession of elementary school teacher, as they were allowed to enter the pedagogical course without an entrance exam. Increasing use was made of this possibility and after the war the classes were temporarily only made up of high school graduates. The Lübeck teacher training system stood immediately before the position taken by the "new Prussian teacher training" in 1928. Since the dissolution of the teacher training institute, female students have also been accepted into the seminar. This is how coeducation found its entrance. The substructure of the seminar could have been converted into a secondary school and the superstructure into a teachers' academy.
Since there were efforts to introduce Esperanto as a future school subject , the future teachers of the seminar were also trained in teaching the auxiliary language, which goes back to Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof . With it as a basis, the other languages would be easier to learn. After only four weeks it is possible to communicate in it and after only one year you have mastered it completely. It appeared as the solution to the world language problem and, in addition to the four main languages of the time, had been used as the congress language at the World Peace Congress since 1907 .
When the VI. The German Esperanto Congress was held in Lübeck in 1911, on the evening of June 6th an organ concert was held in the Marienkirche under the direction of Karl Lichtwark with the participation of the seminar's choir.
World war
The war ended the further development of the seminar.
In the wake of the general enthusiasm for the war , the Lübeck newspapers described, among other things, how this found its echo in Lübeck schools . In the teacher seminar there were 49 seminarians of the upper classes, that was about a third of the total, who “rushed to the flags”. But was reported saddened that by the volunteers of the first excavation only 22 men in the local regiment under came and the other "be put off until later, had" for the time being.
When the seminarians entered the army as volunteers , the upper classes emptied almost completely for a short time. The operation of the subclass was disrupted by frequent emergency inspections, substitutions and ancillary work.
The last annual report written by Director Möbusz was published in 1916.
At the end of the war, the returning war seminarists were quickly and adequately led to the conclusion of their professional training. Several special courses have been set up for this purpose.
Weimar Republic
At the same time as the establishment of the special courses, negotiations began to dismantle the seminar. The Weimar Constitution stipulated that all teachers had to have an academic education. As in Prussia, the school teacher seminar in Lübeck was closed at Easter 1925.
At the time the 118-year-old seminar was closed, over 70% of the Lübeck teaching staff had graduated from this seminar.
Finances
On January 7, 1806, the preacher Petersen (the elder) appeared before the Society with a more precise program than the preacher Behn had before, also rejected the use of palliative means and instead called for the establishment of a Lübeck teachers' seminar. The unclearly outlined reform of the elementary schools, which should lead to the creation of a school college, was discussed. The financing of the project caused difficulties that were difficult to overcome, the non-profit organization was waiting and the project was in danger of falling into oblivion. On March 10, 1806, however, a benefactor known to only two people until his death, the merchant and brewery owner Joachim Heinrich Spiller, appeared in Petersen's apartment and gave him, under absolute discretion, 2,000 Mk. And, with a generous provision of capital, set this up for implementation the seminar project came to an unexpected end. On March 25, the non-profit organization appointed a committee to examine Petersen's proposals.
The financial situation of the institution stabilized. As a result of further donations from Spiller, the share capital reached a total of 10,000 marks in 1809 , through a legacy from the widow Fargau in January 1810 to 12,000 marks and increased to 28,300 marks until its nationalization in 1903 . The capital fell to the state.
The lessons were free of charge and the teaching materials were supplied free of charge until 1834. Because almost only volunteer teachers worked in it until the institute was nationalized , the seminar became a monument to "Lübeck's common spirit and Hanseatic perseverance ".
From 1891 the institute received a state subsidy of 1,800 marks.
The class operation made significantly higher demands on the finances of the institute than before. The amount available from the state support of 1,800 Mk., The annual support from the non-profit organization of 1,000 Mk., The interest paid by the company on the Andreas Schutz's and Gaillard's legacy and the income from the Seinar were in proportion to the No longer covering expenses . So, since the New Year of 1891, the prison management had to charge a school fee .
Seminar participants
The number of students participating in the seminar was normalized to a maximum of six when the seminar was founded. Furthermore, pupils of the institution were to be preferred later when filling teaching positions.
With the course, which ended in 1837 with 16 pupils, the first uninterrupted upward movement of the seminar, which outwardly had outgrown the basic organization, ended.
With the economic boom in Lübeck during the German Empire , the frequency of the institute also increased. The number of participants had doubled and increased from the beginning of the 15th course at Easter 1871 to the 20th course, which opened in 1890.
160 pupils took part in the seminar's classes at the seminar's secular celebration. Their group is made up of 89 locals , 19 Mecklenburgers , 28 Oldenburgers, 23 Prussians and one hamburger .
Preparation institute
Already in the first courses of the seminar it was seen that a thorough preliminary training of the admitted pupils was necessary for the successful passing of the seminar. Numerous attempts have been made to fill the gap in teacher training, but none, even those grown up in the teaching profession, have been successful.
It was only when school councilor Schröder set up a preparatory institute under his direction in 1887 at his own risk that this proved to be a beneficial addition to the seminar design. The teaching staff was of primary teachers and teachers of local schools constituted . The institute administered from 1887 to 1891 the main teacher Hempel and was then subordinate to the main teachers Gottschalk and Bödecker. Until 1898 it was the custom to transfer the preparands to individual schools for assistance in return for a fee. The annually growing difficulties from the financing of the institute preparing the seminar led to its dissolution and nationalization. On February 24, 1898, the high school authorities accepted the corresponding proposals from the school council, and the council and citizenship also approved the nationalization of the preparandeum on March 27, 1898.
The institution was attached to the 2nd boys' middle school and was thus under the management of Bödeker. The discharge exams entitle them to enter the seminar. After an agreement with Prussia, this authorization was extended to Prussian seminars in 1900 . On the basis of an agreement with the Eutin government, Oldenburgers were also accepted into the institution from 1902 .
At the same time, the institute was reorganized in line with the Prussian “reorganization for seminars and preparatory institutions”. Henceforth, the entrance examination took place on the basis of the curriculum of the eight-class elementary schools in Lübeck. In order to create an organic connection between the seminar and the preparatory institute , the school was removed, the business was taken over by seminar teacher Pechmann and the former Grothsche school , Beckergrube 53, was used as a classroom from 1903 .
Directors
| Surname | date | image |
|---|---|---|
| Johann Friedrich Petersen | 1807 to 1845 |
|
| Hermann Friedrich Behn | 1845 to 1846 |
|
| Johann Carl Lindenberg | 1846 to 1885 |
|
| August Sartori | 1885 to 1894 | |
| Paul Hoffmann | 1895 to 1903 |
|
| Albin Möbusz | 1903 to 1925 |
|
literature
- Images from the city's school system. IV. In: Von Lübeck Towers , Volume 15, No. 5, Edition of February 4, 1905, pp. 35-39.
- For the secular celebration of the Lübeck teachers' seminar. In: From Lübeck's towers. 17th year, No. 40, edition of October 5, 1907, pp. 313-318.
- For the secular celebration of the Lübeck teachers' seminar. In: From Lübeck's towers. 17th volume, No. 41, edition of October 12, 1907, pp. 321–326.
- For the secular celebration of the Lübeck teachers' seminar. In: From Lübeck's towers. 17th year, no. 42, edition of October 19, 1907, pp. 329–330.
- The new building for the school teacher seminar in Lübeck. In: Vaterstädtische Blätter , year 1903, No. 41, issue of October 11, 1903, pp. 321–327.
- For the 100th anniversary of the Lübeck Teachers' Seminar. In: Father-city sheets. Year 1907, No. 41, issue of October 6, 1907, pp. 362–163.
- For the 100th anniversary of the Lübeck Teachers' Seminar. In: Father-city sheets. Year 1907, No. 42, edition of October 13, 1907, pp. 365–168.
- For the 100th anniversary of the Lübeck Teachers' Seminar. In: Father-city sheets. Year 1907, No. 43, edition of October 20, 1907, pp. 369–171.
- For the centenary of the Lübeck teacher training institute. In: Lübeckische Blätter . Volume 49, number 40, edition of October 6, 1907, pp. 520-522.
- For the centenary of the Lübeck teacher training institute. In: Lübeckische Blätter. 49th volume, number 41, edition of October 13, 1907, pp. 535-537.
- For the centenary of the Lübeck teacher training institute. In: Lübeckische Blätter. Volume 49, number 42, edition of October 20, 1907, pp. 548-550.
- 25 years director in the school service in Lübeck. by August Bahrs, In: Lübeckische Blätter. 70th volume, number 41, edition of October 14, 1928, pp. 684–686.
Web links
Remarks
- ↑ Article 85: "The school teacher seminar founded by the Society for the Promotion of Charitable Activities will take the place of a public teacher seminar until further notice."
- ↑ The former middle school is now called Emanuel-Geibel School ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. a comprehensive school .
- ↑ 25 years as a director in the Lübeck school service of August Bahrs, In: Lübeckische Blätter. Volume 70, number 41, edition of October 14, 1928, p. 685.
- ↑ VI. German Esperanto Congress. (Bundestag of the German Esperanto Federation) Day 2 In: Lübeckische advertisements , 160th year, Morgen-Blatt, No. 281, edition of June 7, 1911.
- ^ War volunteers from the teachers' seminar. In: Vaterstädtische Blätter , year 1913/14, No. 48, edition of September 6, 1914, p. 198.
- ↑ The appointed committee consisted of: vd Hude , Petersen, Behn, Münzenberger , Stolterfoth (shot on November 6, 1806 on Breitestrasse), Ehlers (teacher at the newly founded Ernestinenschule) and the assessor Ludwig Suhl .
- ^ To the secular celebration of the Lübeck teacher seminar. In: Von Lübeck's Towers , Volume 17, No. 40, Issue of October 5, 1907, p. 314.
- ↑ Compared to the source from February 1905, the number of seminarians doubled again. The crowd at that time consisted of 80 pupils: 38 Lübeckers, 12 Mecklenburgers, 18 Oldenburgers and 12 Prussians.
- ^ Main teacher H. Bödeker has died. In: From Lübeck's towers . No. 8, February 23, 1907 edition.
