Jane Boleyn

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Jane Boleyn, Viscountess Rochford , née Parker (also known as Jane Rochford or Lady Rochford ) (born around 1505 ; † February 13, 1542 in London ), was an English noblewoman at the court of King Henry VIII , where she stayed for five years served his wives, starting with Queen Catherine of Aragon . She married George Boleyn , the brother of Heinrich's second wife Anne Boleyn , and, as the queen's sister-in-law, became the queen's lady-in-waiting and confidante. It gained historical significance through its involvement in the trials that led to the deaths of George and Anne Boleyn. To date, it is unclear whether their statements contributed significantly to the conviction of the two. After the siblings were executed, Jane consecutively served the queens Jane Seymour , Anna von Kleve and Catherine Howard . Since she served as messenger to Catherine Howard in her relationship with the courtier Thomas Culpeper , she was placed under arrest when the affair came to light and beheaded together with her mistress in 1542.

Life

Origin and family

Jane's father Henry Parker, 10th Baron Morley by Albrecht Dürer

Jane was born around 1505 and may have been named after her aunt of the same name, Jane Parker. Her parents were Henry Parker, 10th Baron Morley of Morley Saint Botolph in Norfolk , and Alice St. John, daughter of Sir John St. John of Bletsoe. Lord Morley was a scholar and translator of Petrarch and Plutarch . His father, Sir William Parker, had King Richard III at the time . supported, which is why his successor, King Henry VII , did not fully trust the family. Henry Parker's mother was a second marriage to Sir Edward Howard, brother of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk and Elizabeth Boleyn . Like the Parkers, the Boleyns owned estates in Essex and Norfolk, so it is likely that the families made contacts early on.

Henry Parker himself grew up after the death of his father in the household of the queen mother Margaret Beaufort , who arranged his marriage to Alice St. John. Under King Henry VIII , he served as gentleman usher at court , a position where he did confidential business for the king and walked before him in ceremonies. Jane likely spent her childhood on her father's estate in Great Hallingbury, Essex. Their parents' marriage produced four other named children: Henry, Margaret, Elizabeth, and Francis. Jane's sister Margaret later married into the Shelton family, to whom the Boleyns were also related.

Youth and Marriage

When exactly Jane came to the court can no longer be determined with any certainty. In 1520, the name "Mistress Parker" appears on the list of ladies-in-waiting who accompanied Queen Catherine of Aragón to the Camp du Drap d'Or meeting , which is why it is believed that it was Jane. Clearly Jane is first mentioned in 1522 in a historical record when she along with Henry's sister Mary Tudor , the Countess Gertrude Courtenay and sisters Anne and Mary Boleyn at the masquerade attack on Chateau Vert in the London residence of Cardinal Wolsey took part. Jane represented the virtue of steadfastness .

The Lady Parker . Sketch by Hans Holbein , sometimes mistaken for Jane Parker.

Neither a portrait nor a contemporary description of Jane has come down to us, so that reliable statements about her appearance cannot be made. It is believed that she was quite attractive and a good dancer, otherwise she probably would not have gotten a role in an elaborate masquerade. A sketch by Hans Holbein the Younger labeled The Lady Parker is sometimes mistaken for Jane, but it could just as easily be her sister-in-law Grace Parker, the first wife of her brother Sir Henry Parker. However, a list of their possessions has survived, including sumptuous fabrics and clothing, as well as valuable crockery and jewelery.

Between 1525 and 1526, Jane married George Boleyn . It was a profitable marriage as the Boleyn family was in the king's favor due to Mary and Anne Boleyn's relationship with Henry VIII. The families were also already known to each other through the usual networks of the nobility. The marriage contract was drawn up on October 4, 1524. Among other things, it was regulated what financial resources Jane could fall back on, should she survive her husband. Fox points out that the amount of 100 English marks (about £ 66) a year was significantly less than the usual rate for a widow, according to which Jane would have allowed £ 130. Surviving George would have meant a drastic financial cut and severe restrictions for Jane. In addition, her future father-in-law Thomas Boleyn had already given his aging mother some land from which Jane would benefit as a widow. Jane could only have benefited from them after Margaret Boleyn's death. Since Margaret Boleyn was still alive when Jane was widowed, legal disputes would arise later.

On the occasion of their wedding, Jane and George received the manor house of Grimston Manor in Norfolk from Henry VIII . Like the king, George himself was enthusiastic about games and sports and quickly made a career at court. He rose from royal page to royal chamberlain and from 1529 was often a diplomat in France on behalf of Henry VIII. These trips abroad resulted in the spouses being frequently separated, and it is not known whether the marriage was happy or unhappy. Modern depictions in particular often claim that the marriage was shattered by George's sexual orientation or Jane's pathological jealousy of his relationship with his sister. In fact, nothing has been reported historically about this. No children are attested, although George Boleyn is sometimes said to have an illegitimate son of the same name. From 1529 Jane led the title of Viscountess Rochford through the elevation of her husband to Viscount . Her increased status was reflected, among other things, in the gifts she made. As a member of the royal household, she gave the king four caps on New Year's Day 1532, two of which had gold buttons.

Sister-in-law of the queen

Jane's sister-in-law Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein

In October 1532 Jane traveled to France for the second time, this time in the entourage of Anne Boleyn, whom Heinrich wanted to introduce to the French King Francis I as the future Queen of England. The two monarchs met in Calais, and Jane participated in a masquerade that Anne performed in honor of the two kings. Only a few months later, in May 1533, Anne Boleyn was crowned queen. Jane attended the celebrations with her parents and later wrote a letter to her husband George, who was ambassador to France at the time, describing the details of the coronation. Among other things, her brother Henry Parker was beaten to the Knight of the Bath on the occasion of the celebrations . She herself was one of the six women who rode close behind Anne at Anne Boleyn's official entry into London, making Jane a more honorable position than Anne's sister Mary or her mother Elizabeth Boleyn .

As the queen's sister-in-law, Jane was often at court and benefited from Anne's influence. Among other things, she and George received the tutelage of twelve-year-old Edmund Sheffield, which meant that they administered his possessions and lands until he came of age. The guardianship of a wealthy heir was a lucrative income for many nobles and the ward could also be married to a child of the guardian. Jane also promoted the scholar William Foster, who later referred to her as his "extraordinary patroness ". Unlike her husband, however, Jane was never known as the patroness of the Reformation. A shirt with silver collar embroidery is listed as her New Year present to the king, and she herself received a tent and a saddle.

The relationship with her sister-in-law seems to have been friendly, because Jane is mentioned in the dispatches of the imperial ambassador Eustace Chapuys in 1534 . He said that Anne had asked Jane for help in removing a lady-in-waiting who had piqued the king's interest. As a result, according to Chapuys, Jane was banished from the court. It is unclear how long she stayed away from the court, but three months later Chapuys wrote that she had not yet returned. Anne also apparently confided to Jane details about her sex life with Heinrich, which Jane also told her husband. On the other hand, it is possible that Jane took part in a demonstration by Londoners in favor of the disinherited Princess Maria in the summer of 1535 and was arrested for a short time in the Tower of London . The reason for this assumption is a note on the demonstration on which the name “Rochesfort” is handwritten.

Case of the Boleyn family

The Boleyn family fell victim to a conspiracy in 1536 which led to a series of arrests. Queen Anne and her brother George were among those arrested. He and four other men were accused of adultery with his sister and thus of incest. Jane wrote to her husband imprisoned in the Tower that she would stand up for him with the king and in his response George thanked her for it. However, in the run-up to the process, all applicants were rejected, so that it was impossible to speak to Heinrich. Similar to the other ladies-in-waiting who were close to the Queen, Jane was also interviewed by Thomas Cromwell about the allegations made against her husband and the other arrested persons. On that occasion it came to light that Anne had made remarks to Jane about Heinrich's alleged impotence, which was used against George Boleyn in court.

At this point, opinions differ about Jane's behavior and her involvement in the death of her husband and sister-in-law. It is often the view in traditional historical research that Jane was making accusations of incest against her husband at this point. According to this thesis, she had signed an agreement with Cromwell in exchange for her testimony to receive good treatment after George's death. George himself said in court: "On the basis of the testimony of one woman you are ready to believe this evil of me and on the basis of her allegations you will pass judgment on me." In addition, a contemporary wrote about "this person who is more out of envy and Jealousy then, out of love for the king, betrayed this cursed secret and the names of those who participated in the wicked deeds of the unchaste queen ”.

Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex

It is often assumed that in both cases the unnamed woman was Jane. Historian Eric Ives argues that Jane's family was traditionally close to the disinherited Princess Maria and that this could explain their behavior. Her possible participation in the demonstration of the London women in favor of the princess would also fit in with this. Jealousy of Anne and George's close relationship may also have been a motivation. Retha Warnicke put forward the thesis in 1989 that Jane's allegations against her husband were defamations made by her because of his alleged homosexuality . This theory was rejected by most experts, however, as there is evidence that George Boleyn had the reputation of a womanizer at court.

Julia Fox, on the other hand, argues that Jane had nothing to gain from such grave allegations against her husband. When he was convicted and executed as a traitor on May 17, 1536, the Crown confiscated his considerable estates and possessions, as has always been the case with traitors. Jane lost all possessions and lost both her high status at court and her previous wealth. In addition, the problem came into play that the lands that her father-in-law Thomas Boleyn had promised her as a widow's property were only available to Jane after the death of Boleyn's mother. Margaret Boleyn was still alive, however, so Jane could not make a claim. George's condemnation as a traitor made her practically penniless.

In addition to the material disadvantages that Jane suffered as a result of her husband's conviction, there are contemporary reports that other ladies-in-waiting also made incriminating statements. Lady Bridget Wingfield is said to have spoken of the Queen's infidelity on her deathbed and Elizabeth, Countess of Worcester , made the incest accusation. The Countess had held an honorary position in the funeral procession of Catherine of Aragón at the beginning of the year and later got into a dispute with her brother Anthony Browne, who accused her unbridled behavior. She replied that the queen was a lot worse and had sinned with both court musician Mark Smeaton and her brother.

Also, as Chapuys noted with astonishment, no witnesses were called during the proceedings, which was always the case when the accused denied his guilt. The nameless woman from whom the incriminating statements are supposed to come cannot be clearly identified as Jane. In each case, George and Anne Boleyn were found guilty by the jury, including: a. from her own uncle Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, and from Jane's father Lord Morley. Both were sentenced to death and executed by beheading on May 17 and 19, 1536 respectively.

Return to the court

Jane's dire financial situation after her husband's death suggests that no agreements had been made between her and Cromwell. In fact, shortly after George's execution, she had to seek Cromwell's help over a money dispute with her father-in-law. In a humble letter to the minister, Jane complained that despite the high sum of 2000 English marks that her father Thomas Boleyn had once paid, her father-in-law only wanted to give her 100 English marks as an annual annuity, "which is very difficult for me to get along with ". Jane was legally entitled to ten percent of her late husband's income. However, Thomas Boleyn had ignored the fact that Heinrich himself had increased George's income years ago with a generous gift of money, thereby topping up Jane's widow's allowance, which would have given her double the amount. Cromwell supported Jane's petition, but this is not indicative of a prior agreement as he also helped the widow of William Brereton, who was also executed. At his mediation and on the orders of the king, Boleyn reluctantly agreed to raise Jane's income to a hundred pounds.

Jane's signature "Jane Rochford" on her letter to Cromwell

A little later Jane returned to court and received the office of Lady of the Bedchamber under Queen Jane Seymour , making her a personal servant to the Queen. When Princess Maria reconciled with her father that same year, Jane's family re-established contact with her. Jane's father Lord Morley visited the princess with his wife and Jane gave her a watch as a present later, presumably for the New Year. In return, Maria gave her 12 yards of black satin and exchanged presents with her regularly for the next several years. The Queen died shortly after the birth of her son Edward and Jane was given a prominent position in the funeral procession. She followed Princess Maria in a carriage, who had taken on the role of main sufferer, and when the train reached Windsor Castle , where the Queen was to find her final resting place, Jane carried Princess Maria's train.

Since her household was dissolved with the death of the queen, Jane spent the time leading up to the king's remarriage on business matters. After her mother-in-law died, her father-in-law set about sorting out his worldly affairs and offered Jane a new deal regarding her widow's pension. Jane had the deal confirmed on May 23, 1539 by parliamentary resolution, which was signed by Henry VIII and thus received the usufruct of a mansion in Swavesey and of lands in Cambridge and Norfolk , which increased her income significantly. When Heinrich married Anna von Kleve in January 1540, Jane got her old position back. Jane and other ladies-in-waiting spoke to the inexperienced queen. Anna and the King spent the nights together, and when the ladies made suggestive remarks in June about a future little Duke of York , Anna declared with certainty that she was not pregnant.

"By Our Lady," said Jane, "I believe your Grace is still a virgin." Anna replied, "How can I be a virgin if I sleep with the King every night?" "More must be done than that" replied Jane.

When her marriage to Anna von Kleve was annulled in July 1540, she testified that the marriage had not been consummated and thus helped Henry VIII to marry Anna's lady-in-waiting Catherine Howard that same month.

Confidante Catherine Howards

Jane became a confidante of Catherine, who was related by marriage to Anne and George Boleyn as a cousin. At an unspecified point in time in the spring of 1541, the young queen fell in love with the royal valet Thomas Culpeper. During the king's summer trip to the north, on which Catherine accompanied him, three secret meetings of the lovers took place in the cities of York , Lincoln and Pontefract with Jane's help . The trigger for these meetings was an incident in June in which Culpeper stole a ring from Jane's finger that was supposed to help against rheumatism. When Catherine found out, she sent Jane to Culpeper with another ring and a message, and in August Jane arranged the first meeting of the two. During the summer trip, Catherine and Culpeper also sent each other small gifts and messages promoted by Jane.

Catherine Howard by Hans Holbein

Although Catherine and Culpeper later swore their relationship was purely platonic, it was highly dangerous to assist the queen in a potential adultery. Jane's motivation for helping her is unclear, especially after witnessing Anne Boleyn's case. David Starkey thinks it is possible that Jane and Catherine incited each other and romanticized the secret meetings. Julia Fox advocates the thesis that Jane initially only carried small gifts and written messages, as it was the task of all ladies-in-waiting, without realizing that it would culminate in a romantic affair. Fox argues that when Jane was already hopelessly involved in Catherine's affair, Jane may have realized the danger too late. Had she reported to Heinrich, the amorous king would probably have believed his wife more easily and accused Jane of defamation. Perhaps the hope that Catherine could become pregnant also played a role. Putting a bastard on the king, however, was treason.

When the affair was brought to the king in November 1541, everyone involved was arrested. Jane was detained and interrogated in the Tower of London . Catherine's ladies-in-waiting had testified that they had conveyed messages between the Queen, Culpeper, and Jane and that they had been asked to remain silent. When asked what she knew about the affair, Jane confessed to the secret meetings and that she had helped Catherine look for Culpeper. At the same time, she weighed heavily on Catherine and Culpeper. She swore she did not know what the two "said or did" but believed that "Culpeper recognized the queen fleshly, when you consider everything as a whole". Catherine, for her part, protested that Culpeper had touched her hands at best and accused her lady-in-waiting of having put her up and encouraged the affair. Culpeper himself accused Jane of "making him love the Queen". Catherine's lady-in-waiting Margaret Morton also called Jane “the main reason for this madness”, although envy of Jane's position could have played a role here. In addition, Jane was burdened by the fact that she was mentioned by name as a contact person in a love letter from Catherines to Culpeper. Overall, the different statements contradicted each other, since all three were probably trying to get out of the affair safely.

execution

According to Chapuys' Imperial Ambassador, after three days, Jane went "insane" and suffered a nervous breakdown. Heinrich, unwilling to spare her this time, sent his own doctors to see her because madmen could not be executed and he wanted to make sure that she was sane enough to be convicted. She was therefore temporarily released from the Tower and placed under house arrest with the Russell family. There was no trial. Instead, Heinrich had "the matchmaker Lady Jane Rochford" sentenced to death by means of an Act of Attainder for covering up high treason. The same parliamentary decision also condemned Catherine Howard and Thomas Culpeper. On February 9, 1542, Jane was brought back to the Tower, one day before Catherine.

Plaque inside the Tower of London

On February 13th the sentence was carried out. Catherine was executed first, with Jane following her a little later. Legend has it that Jane said on the scaffold: “God allowed me to endure this shameful fate as I contributed to the death of my husband. I falsely accused him of loving his sister, Queen Anne Boleyn, in an incestuous fashion. For this I deserved death. ”In modern historical research, however, it is considered certain that these last words are an invention. Instead, Jane's last words were a sheep speech typical of the Tudor period, in which she described herself as a sinner against God and the King and thus deserved death. Viewers should follow her example and change their lives for the better and pray for the good of the king. Then she recommended her soul to God.

Her head was separated from her body in one fell swoop. The merchant Ottwell Johnson, who saw the execution, wrote of Jane's death: “I saw the Queen and Lady Rochford suffer their fate in the Tower. May their souls be with God, for they died a Christian, godly death ”. Their bodies were both buried in the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula within the Tower, where Anne and George Boleyn were also buried.

Afterlife

Polyxena's death in Giovanni Boccaccio's De claris mulieribus

With Jane being executed as a traitor, her friends and relatives were forced to officially distance themselves from her. In the months after her death, her father Lord Morley translated Giovanni Boccaccio's work De claris mulieribus , which deals with 104 historical or legendary female figures, and gave it to the king on New Year's Day 1543. While the work demanded severe penalties for loose women and thus apparently sanctioned Jane's fate, Clear deviations from the original can be seen in Morley's translation. Morley added a completely separate sentence when describing Polyxena's sacrificial death by the Greek Pyrrhus: “Oh, it was against all good order that such a lovely maiden should perish at the hand of Pyrrhus to atone for the offense of another woman ". He also changed Polyxena's way of death. In his translation, she offered her killer not her throat, but her neck. So perhaps this translation was Lord Morley's subtle way of paying his last respects to his daughter.

It was under Queen Elizabeth's reign that it was first claimed that Jane had defamed Anne and George. John Foxe mentions her in a side note to his Acts and Monuments in the 1576 edition, where it is said that she allegedly forged letters sending Anne and George to their deaths. However, there is no historical evidence for the existence of these letters. There is only one slip of paper that George got during his trial, but it was clearly not from Jane. George Wyatt, grandson of Anne Boleyn's admirer Thomas Wyatt , wrote a propagandistic version of Anne Boleyn's life at the end of Elisabeth's reign, in which he described Jane as a "malicious wife, accuser of her own husband". However, since his descriptions of the trial contain some errors and he was not a contemporary of Jane, his work must be treated with caution.

Later authors took up this view and had a lasting negative impact on Jane's reputation. In 1660, Peter Heylin's Affairs of Church and State in England appeared During the Life and Reign of Queen Mary , stating that Anne was convicted solely on the basis of Mark Smeaton's confession and Jane's defamation. This is where the claim emerges for the first time that Jane was jealous of the siblings "as is the sinful whim of many sisters-in-law". The English bishop and historian Gilbert Burnet added in his History of the Reformation of the Church of England of 1679 that Jane “relayed many stories to the king, some about him, to convince him that there was a confidentiality between the queen and gave her brother ”and calls her“ a woman without any kind of virtue ”, whose execution would be“ God's righteousness ”. Even today, Burnet is still often used as a source.

The contemporary author Edward Hall and the historian William Camden, however, report on Anne Boleyn's case, but do not accuse Jane. An eyewitness to the events, Anthony Anthony, who was employed as the tower overseer, wrote a diary of his experiences during the Anne Boleyn fall. Although it was lost in the course of the 17th century, its statements appear in references and notes from other authors. This is how Anthony described Anne's trial, but nowhere did he mention Jane as guilty of her death. Julia Fox therefore argues that it was a political decision to make Jane the scapegoat in the case of Anne Boleyn. When Anne's daughter Elisabeth ascended the throne, the memory of the reviled queen had to be washed clean without discrediting Elisabeth's father Heinrich, who was considered England's liberator from the Catholic Church, as a murderer. Since Jane had been executed as a traitor anyway and her Catholic nephew went into exile under Elizabeth, she was possibly the ideal scapegoat.

Depiction in novels and films

Jane is often portrayed very negatively in novels and film adaptations. In Brandy Purdy's historical novel The Boleyn Wife - sometimes also sold under the title Vengeance is Mine - Jane Boleyn is a neglected wife who accuses her husband of incest in revenge and later betrays Catherine Howard. Philippa Gregory's novels The Queen 's Sister and The Queen's Legacy make Jane a deceitful voyeur who spies on Anne and George as well as lovers and then betrays them out of self-interest.

In the television series The Tudors , Joanne King played the role of Jane Boleyn. Her marriage to George is unhappy as he abuses her and cheats with court musician Mark Smeaton. Her sister-in-law Anne Boleyn does not come to her aid either, whereupon Jane tells an unbelieving Cromwell the lie about the incest between Anne and George. The compassionate Jane Seymour gives her a position as lady-in-waiting and Jane is loyal to her. When Catherine Howard becomes queen, Jane has an affair with Thomas Culpeper and arranges meetings between him and Catherine so as not to lose him as a lover. She ends up on the scaffold with Catherine Howard.

In the film The Queen's Sister , which is based on Philippa Gregory's novel of the same name, Jane, played by Juno Temple , is portrayed a little more sympathetically. So she tries to help the inexperienced Mary Boleyn when she comes to the court and has every reason to believe that Anne and George are committing incest, since Anne, in desperation over another miscarriage, tries to seduce her brother. The stunned Jane brings this news to Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, without knowing that George will ultimately reject Anne.

literature

  • Julia Fox: Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford , New York: Ballantine Books 2007. ISBN 978-0-345-48541-0
  • Julia Fox: Jane Boleyn: The Infamous Lady Rochford , London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2007. ISBN 978-0-297-85081-6
  • Retha M. Warnicke: The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn: Family Politics at the Court of Henry VIII. , Cambridge University Press 1989. ISBN 0-521-40677-3 Preview of the book.
  • David Starkey: Six Wives. The Queens of Henry VIII. New York: HarperCollins Perennial 2004. ISBN 978-0-06-000550-4

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Julia Fox: Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford . Kindle Edition, Ballantine Books 2007, Chapter 1: Childhood
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Catharine Davies: Boleyn, Jane, Viscountess Rochford (d. 1542) . In: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press 2004, Online Edition January 2008 , accessed February 5, 2013
  3. ↑ Julia Fox: Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford . Kindle Edition, Ballantine Books 2007, Chapter 2: All That Glisters
  4. ↑ Julia Fox: Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford . Kindle Edition, Ballantine Books 2007, Chapter 3: Château Vert
  5. ^ KT Parker: The Drawings of Hans Holbein at Windsor . London: Phaidon 1945, p. 56
  6. ↑ Julia Fox: Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford . Kindle Edition, Ballantine Books 2007, Chapter 5: For Better, for Worse
  7. ^ A b Julia Fox: Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford . Kindle Edition, Ballantine Books 2007, Chapter 4: A Suitable Match
  8. ^ A b c Sarah's History - Lady Rochford: History's Baddie, or Just Jane? ( Memento of the original from March 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / sarahshistoryblog.wordpress.com
  9. ↑ Julia Fox: Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford . Kindle Edition, Ballantine Books 2007, Chapter 11: Almost There
  10. ↑ Julia Fox: Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford . Kindle Edition, Ballantine Books 2007, Chapter 12: Soaring with the Falcon
  11. ↑ Julia Fox: Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford . Kindle Edition, Ballantine Books 2007, Chapter 14: Long May We Reign
  12. ↑ Julia Fox: Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford . Kindle Edition, Ballantine Books 2007, Chapter 16: The Boleyns Rampant
  13. ↑ a b Jane Boleyn, the Tudor Scapegoat ( Memento from March 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  14. ↑ Eric Ives: The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn. 'The Most Happy'. Blackwell Publishing, Malden 2004, p. 293
  15. ↑ Julia Fox: Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford . Kindle Edition, Ballantine Books 2007, Chapter 19: The Final Flourish
  16. ↑ a b c d Eric Ives: The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn. 'The Most Happy'. Blackwell Publishing, Malden 2004, p. 332
  17. ↑ Julia Fox: Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford . Kindle Edition, Ballantine Books 2007, Chapter 21: The Edge of Precipice
  18. ^ A b c Eric Ives: The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn. 'The Most Happy'. Blackwell Publishing, Malden 2004, p. 331
  19. ^ A b c Julia Fox: Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford . Kindle Edition, Ballantine Books 2007, Chapter 23: Taking Stock
  20. ↑ Eric Ives: The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn. 'The Most Happy'. Blackwell Publishing, Malden 2004, p. 329
  21. ↑ Julia Fox: Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford . Kindle Edition, Ballantine Books 2007, Chapter 20: The Wheel Turns
  22. ↑ Eric Ives: The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn. 'The Most Happy'. Blackwell Publishing, Malden 2004, p. 334
  23. ^ Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 10: January-June 1536 : Jane, widow of Lord Rochford, to [Cromwell]. Accessed March 10, 2013
  24. ↑ Julia Fox: Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford . Kindle Edition, Ballantine Books 2007, Chapter 24: A New Beginning
  25. ↑ Julia Fox: Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford . Kindle Edition, Ballantine Books 2007, Chapter 27: A Woman of Property
  26. ↑ David Starkey: Six Wives. The Queens of Henry VIII. 2004 HarperCollins Perennial, p. 633
  27. ↑ David Starkey: Six Wives. The Queens of Henry VIII. 2004 HarperCollins Perennial, p. 676
  28. ↑ David Starkey: Six Wives. The Queens of Henry VIII. 2004 HarperCollins Perennial, p. 680
  29. ↑ David Starkey: Six Wives. The Queens of Henry VIII. 2004 HarperCollins Perennial, p. 674
  30. ↑ Julia Fox: Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford . Kindle Edition, Ballantine Books 2007, Chapter 30: In the Maidens' Chamber
  31. ^ A b c Julia Fox: Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford . Kindle Edition, Ballantine Books 2007, Chapter 31: "That Bawd, the Lady Jane Rochford"
  32. ^ A b c Julia Fox: Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford . Kindle Edition, Ballantine Books 2007, Chapter 32: Royal Justice
  33. ↑ David Starkey: Six Wives. The Queens of Henry VIII. 2004 HarperCollins Perennial, p. 684
  34. ^ A b c d Julia Fox: Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford . Kindle Edition, Ballantine Books 2007, Epilog: History finds a Scapegoat
personal data
SURNAME Boleyn, Jane
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Parker, Jane
BRIEF DESCRIPTION English nobles at the court of Henry VIII.
DATE OF BIRTH around 1505
DATE OF DEATH February 13, 1542
Place of death London , England