Josef Stefan
Josef Stefan (Slovenian Jožef Štefan ; born March 24, 1835 in St. Peter near Ebenthal , since 1938 the 10th district of Klagenfurt ; † January 7, 1893 in Vienna ) was an Austrian mathematician and physicist with a Slovene mother tongue from Carinthia.
Life
Slovenian youth
From 1845 to 1853 he attended what is now the European School in Klagenfurt . His mathematical talent was already evident in the lower grammar school levels. When Slovene became a compulsory subject in 1849 as a result of the March Revolution of 1848 on the basis of the October Constitution , the famous Anton Janežič taught him . Stefan was interested in Slovenian and poetry. Together with friends he founded a Slovenian literary circle in which the members borrowed books from Slovenian and Slavic authors from one another. In the year France Prešeren died , they themselves began to write Slovenian poems, including Josef (Jože) Stefan, and published them in the school magazine Slavija . He was interested in the Serbo-Croatian language and, in addition to teaching, studied Latin, Greek and other Slavic languages (Russian, Czech), mathematics and physics.
Professional background
Josef Stefan studied in Vienna from 1853 and completed his habilitation there in 1858 in mathematical physics . In 1859 he took over a teaching position at a secondary school in Vienna. In 1863 he was appointed professor of physics at the University of Vienna and the sick director of the Physics Institute Andreas von Ettingshausen as deputy director, and in 1866 successor and director of the physics institute. From 1875 to 1885 he was secretary of the mathematical and natural science class of the Academy of Sciences in Vienna, in 1883 president of the international scientific commission of the electrical exhibition and in 1885 president of the international voice tone conference , which set the normal tone "a" at 435 Hertz. In 1876/77 he was rector of the University of Vienna. Since 1878 he was a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences . In 1892 he was elected a foreign member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences .
He dealt with the propagation of sound, polarization, interference and birefringence of light, the diffusion and heat conduction of gases, the dependence of heat radiation on temperature as well as electrodynamic phenomena and induction.
meaning
Stefan's most famous achievement is the establishment of the radiation law named after him and Boltzmann, the Stefan-Boltzmann law , which describes the relationship between the emitted energy and the temperature of a purely thermally radiating body. When checking all available radiation measurements of highly heated bodies, he found that the amount of energy emitted is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the radiator. Soon afterwards, his oldest student Ludwig Boltzmann was able to give a theoretical justification for this empirically found law. The Stefan-Boltzmann constant is named after both . Stefan was the first to use it to determine the temperature of the sun.
He was the first to receive the Lieben Prize in 1865 .
Fonts
- 1871: About the equilibrium and the movement, especially the diffusion of gas mixtures In: Session reports of the Imperial Academy of Sciences Vienna, 2nd department a, 1871, 63, pp. 63–124
- 1873: Attempts on evaporation , In: Session reports / Academy of Sciences in Vienna, Philosophical-Historical Class, 68, pp. 385-423
- 1879: About the diffusion of liquids , In: session reports / Academy of Sciences in Vienna, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, 78, pp. 957–975
- 1886: About the relationship between the theories of capillarity and evaporation , In: session reports / Academy of Sciences in Vienna, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, 94, pp. 4-14
- 1889: About evaporation and dissolution as processes of diffusion , In: session reports / Academy of Sciences in Vienna, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, 98, pp. 1418–1442
- 1890: About the theory of ice formation ( Memento from September 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), 1890, monthly books of mathematics and physics , Volume 1, pp. 1–5
Appreciation
The Austrian Association for Electrical Engineering has been awarding the Golden Stefan Medal of Honor in honor of the physicist since 1958, the year of the 75th anniversary of the association . It was awarded 27 times by 2009.
Gottfried Biegelmeier and Heinz Zemanek received this award, for example .
The most important Slovenian institute for basic research, the institute "Jožef Stefan" , is named after him . The Stefan Piedmont Glacier in Antarctica also bears his name.
literature
- Constantin von Wurzbach : Stefan, Joseph . In: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich . 37th part. Kaiserlich-Königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1878, pp. 284–286 ( digitized version ).
- G. Jäger: Stefan, Josef . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 54, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1908, pp. 448-451.
- D. Angetter - M. Martischnig - WW Swoboda: Stefan Josef. In: Austrian Biographical Lexicon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Volume 13, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 2007–2010, ISBN 978-3-7001-6963-5 , p. 132.
- Reinhold Jannach, Josef Strauss: Stefan, Josef. In: Encyclopedia of Slovenian Cultural History in Carinthia / Koroška, from the beginnings to 1942. Vienna, Böhlau Verlag 2016, vol. 3., pp. 1293–1295.
Web links
- John J. O'Connor, Edmund F. Robertson : Josef Stefan. In: MacTutor History of Mathematics archive .
- Inštitut Jožef Stefan (Institute Joseph Stefan) (Slovenian)
- A poem by Jožef Štefans (Slovenian)
- Two poems by Jožef Štefans (Slovenian)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Untitled. Google Maps , accessed March 14, 2010 .
- ↑ Holger Krahnke: The members of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen 1751-2001 (= Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Philological-Historical Class. Volume 3, Vol. 246 = Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Mathematical-Physical Class. Episode 3, vol. 50). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2001, ISBN 3-525-82516-1 , p. 232.
- ↑ OVE General Assembly honors deserving members Press front of OVE on May 27, 2014
personal data | |
---|---|
SURNAME | Stefan, Josef |
ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Stefan, Jožef |
BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Austrian mathematician and physicist |
DATE OF BIRTH | March 24, 1835 |
PLACE OF BIRTH | St. Peter (Klagenfurt am Wörthersee) |
DATE OF DEATH | January 7, 1893 |
Place of death | Vienna |