Johann Martin Boltzius

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Johann Martin Boltzius
Boltzius Monument in Ebenezer (formerly New Ebenezer), Georgia

Johann Martin Boltzius (also Bolzius ; * December 15, 1703 in Forst ; † November 19, 1765 in New Ebenezer , Georgia ) was a German theologian who served as Lutheran pastor of the Salzburg congregation in Ebenezer , Georgia, and later in from 1734 to 1765 New Ebenezer worked.

Training and starting your career

Boltzius was born as the son of the weaver Martin Boltzius and his wife Eva Rosina, b. Müller, born in simple circumstances. Through the influence of his uncle, the Lutheran pastor Johann Müller, he received an education in the sense of Pietism . The uncle also arranged a scholarship for Boltzius, which enabled him to study theology at the University of Halle (Saale) from 1727 after attending grammar school in Berlin . There he attended lectures by the Pietist professors Paul Anton and Joachim Justus Breithaupt . After graduating, he became in 1730 Vice Inspector at the Francke Foundations associated Latin School of the orphanage in Halle.

The life's work

Commissioned by Francke

In 1733, Professor Gotthilf August Francke , the head of the Francke Foundations, sought Samuel Urlsperger , two theologians, at the request of the senior and pastor at St. Anne's Church in Augsburg , who would bring a group of 78 Salzburg emigrants to the British colony of Georgia and should stay with the colonists as pastors and teachers . Francke offered Boltzius a pastorate. Israel Christian Gronau , who worked with Boltzius as a teacher at the Latin school of the orphanage in Halle, was to support him as another pastor. Both accepted and went to their congregation via Wernigerode , where they were examined and ordained by court preacher Samuel Lau at the end of 1733 .

The Salzburgers

In Rotterdam , Boltzius and Gronau met the people of Salzburg who had come from Augsburg and accompanied them via Dover to Charleston and Savannah .

Even during the Atlantic crossing on the Purrysburg , Boltzius had to assert the interests of the emigrants against the captain when he had insufficiently measured water and food rations distributed. The British commissioner Philipp Georg Friedrich von Reck , who should actually have taken care of their material needs, did not intervene. Boltzius' interference in Reck's area of ​​responsibility resulted in a permanently difficult relationship between the two. However, this did not prevent the pastor from working against all odds for the spiritual as well as the physical well-being of his protégés. Soon he could be sure of her trust and affection.

With foresight, he used the crossing to begin learning the English language.

Foundation of Ebenezer

General James Oglethorpe , the representative of the trustee for the construction of the colony of Georgia ( Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America ), rejected the settlers a near Savannah located piece of land. It was there that the people of Salzburg founded Ebenezer under Boltzius' direction in 1734. Boltzius, who was considered a good preacher , also developed an extraordinary talent for organization. Soon, in addition to his work as a senior clergyman, he was also the secular representative of Ebenezer.

He kept in touch with the trustees in London , General Oglethorpe and Thomas Causton , the warehouse manager in Savannah. Often times, the pastor had to go on the arduous journey to Savannah to talk to British officials, to provide Ebenezer with urgently needed goods or to sell agricultural produce.

Despite Boltzius' great commitment, the first few years were overshadowed by problems. A settlement with a church was built in a short time and the community experienced growth through the arrival of settlers in the following years. However, numerous colonists succumbed to the hardships or died of disease, and newborns rarely survived the first few months. The poor soil quality, floods and pests led to crop failures. Finally, in 1736, Boltzius turned to Oglethorpe with the request to move the settlement to a climatically more favorable location with good arable land. The governor was initially reluctant. Only when Boltzius threatened to dissolve the settlement and leave the colony with the parishioners did Oglethorpe consent.

Plan by New Ebenezer around 1736

Relocation of the settlement and establishment of New Ebenezer

The space closer to the Savannah River allotted to the colonists for the establishment of the new community proved suitable. New Ebenezer developed into a flourishing settlement, to which Boltzius also had his share. He arranged for the Jerusalem Church , a school and an orphanage to be built . Built based on the Halle model, the orphanage not only served as accommodation for the orphans and widows, but was also economically significant for the entire community through the employment of its residents, as it contributed to the provision of the community. In addition, Boltzius successfully brought his ideas into the development of agriculture. In addition to the introduction of cooperative cultivation of the fields, the first attempts as well as the successful expansion of silkworm breeding and the construction of water mills were due to his initiative.

Contacts to Europe

Boltzius' official duties included keeping a diary of the settlement, the contents of which were published in sequels by Samuel Urlsperger. He was also in lively correspondence with Francke in Halle, Urlsperger in Augsburg and the prominent Pietist Friedrich Michael Ziegenhagen in London. The history of the colonists is therefore very well documented.

Pietist utopia

Boltzius set out with the aim of creating an economically independent, socially and religiously self-determined model community with Ebenezer. This pietistic utopia could not be realized in a rapidly changing environment due to the economic and political circumstances. Boltzius had to muster great diplomatic skill in order to indicate to the patrons of the community in his official diary and correspondence deviations of reality from the pure doctrine without giving the impression that the implementation of the basic idea had failed. After all, the development of the community had to be supported by donations in kind and money, medicines and bookings.

Relationship to people of different faiths

In principle, Boltzius had no fear of contact with other religious communities. He even had a deep friendship with the Anglican preacher George Whitefield . He was open to Jewish residents of the colony as long as he hoped for their conversion . Initially, Boltzius also cherished the hope that he could convert the Indians who occasionally came to New Ebenzer to Christianity, but his efforts failed. After that, he would have liked to see a reduction in contact between parishioners and Indians.

The Herrnhut Brethren knew Boltzius from Germany. He therefore also knew about their missionary ideas. When Moravian missionaries settled in Savannah, he saw this as a threat to his own sphere of influence and feuded them permanently. He saw that they had a great influence on the preacher John Wesley while he was in Georgia. He feared that Francke and Urlsperger might assume that he and his community had also adopted ideas from the Moravians.

Rejection of slavery

In Georgia, advocates of slavery had increased since 1735. In 1739, Savannah residents explained to the colony's trustees that allowing black slaves to be kept was an economic necessity. Boltzius, who was a staunch opponent of slavery, immediately drafted a petition from the residents of Ebenezer, which was directed against slavery. As a result, he dealt in letters to the trustees with the economic, social, moral and security problems of keeping slaves and tried in this way to influence the decision of the trustees. He also informed Urlsperger in Augsburg, who also wrote to the trustees urging them not to allow slavery in the Georgia colony. In the following years, however, the advocates of slavery intimidated Boltzius so that he feared for his life in 1749 and gave up his opposition. However, his position was still shared by the majority of his parishioners. Boltzius continued to view African slaves as individuals with the right to humane treatment. In his opinion, this also included instruction in Christian doctrine.

Family and age

As early as 1735, Boltzius strengthened the bond with his community by marrying Gertraut Kreher, an emigrant from Salzburg. The marriage made him the brother-in-law of his friend and colleague Gronau. There were four children from his marriage, only one son and one daughter of whom reached adulthood. Boltzius sent his son Gotthilf Israel Boltzius to Halle (Saale) for training at the age of 14. He studied theology there, but did not return to New Ebenezer as a preacher, as he had hoped.

After Gronau's death in 1745, Boltzius began to distribute his duties. As he got older, he had to struggle more and more with health problems. Nevertheless, he remained in the service until his death. His numerous duties prevented him throughout his life from cultivating the area of ​​800 acres that he had received as a gift from the trustees in 1749 and 1750.

Boltzius Award

The “ Boltzius Award ”, which has been presented to citizens of the southeastern United States by the German Consulate General in Atlanta since 2012, for special services in promoting the German language and culture , was named after Johann Martin Boltzius.

literature

  • Franklin Arnold: The Salzburg people in America. In: Yearbook of the Society for the History of Protestantism in Austria. Volume 25. Verlag Julius Klinkhardt, Vienna 1904, pp. 222-261. Digitized
  • C [arl] Fr [anklin] Arnold: The expulsion of the Salzburg Protestants and their acceptance by their fellow believers. A cultural and historical image of the time from the eighteenth century. Eugen Diederichs publishing house, Leipzig 1900. Digitized
  • Hildegard Binder-Johnson: The attitude of the Salzburg people in Georgia to slavery (1734-1750). In: Communications from the Society for Regional Studies in Salzburg. 78th year of the association 1938. Self-published by the Society for Salzburg Regional Studies, Salzburg 1938, pp. 183–196.
  • Codrina Cozma: John Martin Bolzius and the Early Christian Opposition to Slavery in Georgia. In: The Georgia Historical Quarterly. Volume 88, No. 4 (Winter 2004). Georgia Historical Society, Athens, pp. 457-476.
  • Gerhard Gottlieb Günther Göcking: Complete emigration story of those Lutherans who were expelled from the Ertz-Bißthum Saltzburg and who mostly went to Prussia, containing an exact description of both the Ertz-Bißthum Saltzburg and the Kingdom of Prussia and the history that belongs to it before and present times. In addition to accurate country charts. With a preface by Sr. Reverend Johann Lorentz Mosheim, Abbots von Marienthal and Michaelstein. With Königl. Prussian and Chur princes. Brandenburg most gracious privilege. [1. Part]. Christian Ulrich Wagner publisher, Frankfurt / Leipzig 1734. Digitized
  • Gerhard Gottlieb Günther Göcking: The perfect emigration story of those Lutherans who were expelled from the Ertz-Bissthum Saltzburg and who were largely accepted into the Kingdom of Prussia. Zweyter Part, containing an exact description of the Kingdom of Prussia and the history of past and present times that particularly belong here. In addition to an accurate country chart. With Königl. Prussian and Chur princes. Brandenb. most gracious privilege. Christian Ulrich Wagner publisher, Frankfurt / Leipzig 1737. Digitized
  • Dietmar Herz, John David Smith: "Into Danger but also Closer to God." The Salzburgers´ Voyage to Georgia. 1733-1734. In: The Georgia Historical Quarterly. Volume 80, No. 1 (Spring 1996). Georgia Historical Society, Athens 1996, pp. 1-26.
  • George Fenwick Jones: The Georgia Dutch. From the Rhine and Danube to the Savannah. 1733-1783. The University of Georgia Press, Athens / London 1992, ISBN 0-8203-1393-9 .
  • George Fenwick Jones: Urlsperger and Eben-Ezer. In: Reinhard Schwarz (ed.): Samuel Urlsperger (1685–1772). Augsburg Pietism between external effects and the internal world . Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-05-002824-6 , pp. 191–199
  • George Fenwick Jones: The Salzburg Saga. Religious Exiles and Other Germans Along the Savannah. University of Georgia Press, Athens 1984. ISBN 978-0-8203-0689-6 .
  • Russell C. Kleckley, Jürgen Gröschl (eds.): The Letters of Johann Martin Boltzius. Lutheran pastor in Ebenezer, Georgia. German Pietism in Colonial America. 1733-1765. Edwin Mellen Press Ltd., Lewiston / Queenston / Lampeter 2009. ISBN 978-0-7734-4759-2 .
  • James Van Horn Melton: Religion, Community, and Slavery on the Colonial Southern Frontier. Cambridge Studies on the American South. Cambridge University Press, New York 2015, ISBN 978-1-107-06328-0 .
  • Samuel Urlsperger (ed.): Detailed message from the Saltzburg emigrants who settled in America. In which, in addition to a historical preliminary report of the first and other transports of the same, the travel diary of the Royal British Commissarii and the two Saltzburg preachers, as well as a description of Georgia, also contain various letters pertaining to this. Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1735. Digitized
  • Samuel Urlsperger (Ed.): First continuation of the detailed message from those Saltzburg emigrants who have settled in America. In which the day registers of the two Saltzburg preachers at EbenEzer in Georgia from July 17th 1734 to 1735 ended, with some letters belonging to it included. Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1738. Digitized
  • Samuel Urlsperger (Ed.): Second continuation of the detailed message from those Saltzburg emigrants who have settled in America. What includes I. The day register of the two preachers at EbenEzer in Georgia from the year 1736. II. The Herr von Reck travel diary, when the same went to America in 1735 with the third transport of evangelical emigrants, along with two letters from Neu -England. III. The preacher in EbenEzer letters from 1735 and 1736. IV. Some letters from the Saltzburgers in EbenEzer from 1735, 1737, and 1738 . Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1739. Digitized
  • Samuel Urlsperger (Ed.): Third continuation of the detailed message from the Saltzburg emigrants who have settled in America. What includes I. The day register of the two preachers at EbenEzer in Georgia from I. Ian. 1737. until June 30th. 1737. II. The preacher in EbenEzer, as well as some letters from Saltzburg, from the year 1737. 1738. and 1739. III. A brief encouragement to a Christian and voluntary love tax from EbenEzer, & c . Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1740. Digitized
  • Samuel Urlsperger (ed.): Fourth continuation of the detailed message from the Saltzburg emigrants who have settled in America. Which includes: I. The day register of the two preachers at EbenEzer in Georgia from. I. Jul. 1737. except for the 31st Mart. 1739. II. Committed preacher, as well as some Saltzburg and other letters, from the year 1739. III. An extract from Georg Sanftleben's little travel diario, as the same at the end of the Ianuarii in 1739. I went back to Georgia with several colonists. IV. A list of all persons, some of whom lived in EbenEzer on May 19, 1739, and some of whom died in Anno 1734 until then. Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1740. Digitized
  • Samuel Urlsperger (Ed.): Fifth continuation of the detailed message from the Saltzburg emigrants who have settled in America. This includes: I. The daily register of the two preachers at Eben-Ezer in Georgia from April 1st, 1738 to the end of the same year. II. Committed preacher, as well as some Saltzburgers, and especially the Eben-Ezerischen Waysenkinder, also other letters, from the end of the year 1739. and from the beginning of the year 1740. III. A letter of acknowledgment from the Saltzburg colonists in Eben-Ezer to all their previous benefactors in and outside of Germany. The same exhortation letter to their compatriots, especially known and related to them, in and outside the empire. Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1740. Digitized
  • Samuel Urlsperger (ed.): Sixth continuation of the detailed message from the Saltzburg emigrants who have settled in America. This includes: I. The day register of the two preachers at Eben-Ezer in Georgia from 1739. II. Committed preacher, as well as other letters from 1740 . Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1741. Digitized
  • Samuel Urlsperger (Ed.): Seventh continuation of the detailed message from the Saltzburg emigrants who have settled in America. This includes: I. The daily register of the two Messrs. Preachers zu Eben-Ezer from the year 1740. II. The same, as well as other letters written there from the year 1740. and 1741. Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1741. Digitized
  • Samuel Urlsperger (ed.): Eighth continuation of the detailed reports from the Saltzburg emigrants who have settled in America. It contains: I. The register of days of the two preachers at Eben-Ezer, from the first six months of the 1741 year. II. The same, as well as other letters written from there from the year 1741. III. Reliable news of the condition of the Saltzburg emigrants established in Prussia and Litthauen, and the same letter to the Eben-Ezer community. Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1742. Digitized
  • Samuel Urlsperger (ed.): Ninth continuation of the detailed reports from the Saltzburg emigrants who have settled in America. What it contains are I. The daily register of the two gentlemen Preachers at Eben-Ezer, from Isten. Jul. to 12th November of the 1741th year. II. A day register from Mr. Commissarii Joh. Gottfried von Müllern. III. The same from Mr. Vigera, the first of whom led the 4th transport from Augspurg to London, but the other from there to EbenEzer under God's guidance. IV. Some letters written there from the year 1742. V. Reliable news from the one in Jul. 1742. The Spaniards invaded the Georgian province, and God's marvelous provision was made for it. Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1743. Digitized
  • Samuel Urlsperger (ed.): Tenth continuation of the detailed reports from the Saltzburg emigrants who have settled in America. What it contains: I. The rest of the day register of the two preachers in Eben-Ezer, from November 13th to December 31st. of the 1741th year. II. Some letters written from there for the year 1741. III. The daily register of the two preachers from Eben-Ezer, from January 1st to March 31st of the 1742th year, IV. Extracts of some letters from the preachers, as well as several members of the community at Eben-Ezer. Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1744. Digitized
  • Samuel Urlsperger (ed.): Eleventh continuation of the detailed reports from the Saltzburg emigrants who have settled in America. Wherein I. The rest of the day register of the EbenEzerischen gentlemen preachers of the year. 1742. II. A small travel journal from Mr. Past. Bolzius to and from Charles Town included. Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1745. Digitized
  • Samuel Urlsperger (ed.): Twelfth continuation of the detailed reports from the Saltzburg emigrants who have settled in America. In which the register of days of the EbenEzerischen gentlemen preachers from the beginning of the year 1743 up to the end of the same is contained. Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1746. Digitized
  • Samuel Urlsperger (ed.): The thirteen continuation of the detailed reports of the Saltzburg emigrants who have settled in America, First part: In which the letters of Messrs. Preachers Bolzius and Lemke, especially the first of the years 1744, 1745 and 1746 and among these there is a thorough objection to Mr. Bolzius of the harmfulness of introducing black slaves into a colony. Along with a country chart of Georgia and a plan by Neu-Eben-Ezer. Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1747. Digitized
  • Samuel Urlsperger (Ed.): The thirteen-thirteen continuation of their detailed reports from the Salzburg emigrants who have settled in America, part two: Wherein contained: I. The daily register of Mr. Prediger, Boltzius, to EbenEzer, from January 17th to now June of the 1747th year. II. Some letters written from there from the years 1746, 1747 and 1748. III. Description of the annual thanksgiving festival celebrated in EbenEzer, 10th Merz, 1744. IIII. Copies of the respective vocations and instructions given by the Preachers in EbenEzer, Bolzius and Gronau . Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1749. Digitized
  • Samuel Urlsperger (ed.): The fourteenth continuation of the detailed reports from the Salzburg emigrants who have settled in America. What it contains: I. The daily register of Mr. Prediger, Bolzius, to EbenEzer from the other half of the year 1747. and the Jenner, Merz, and April of the year 1748. II. Some letters written there from the end of the year 1748. and the first months of 1749. III. Extracts of some letters from London in 1749. IIII. Sample of some of the realms of nature in August 1748. Remarks made at the special request of Mr. Bolzius. Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1749. Digitized
  • Samuel Urlsperger (ed.): The fifteenth continuation of the detailed reports from the Salzburg emigrants who have settled in America. What it contains: I. The daily register of Mr. Prediger, Bolzius, to EbenEzer, concerning the months, May, Julius, August, September and December of the year 1748. II. Further sample of some from the kingdom of nature in the month of September 1748. on special Requested comments. III. Drey letters written there from 1749. Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1749. Digitized
  • Samuel Urlsperger (ed.): The sixteenth continuation of the detailed reports from the Salzburg emigrants who have settled in America. What includes: I. A written encouragement speech to the Ebenezerische Gemeine, according to the editor, instead of an otherwise usual preface, wanted to let go. II. The daily register of the preacher Bolzius zu Ebenezer, concerning the sixth first months of the year 1749. III. Some letters and extracts from the two preachers there, from the years 1749 and 1750. IIII. A list of the gifts of love received for Ebenezer from May 1749 to the end of September 1750. Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1750. Digitized
  • Samuel Urlsperger (Ed.): The seventeenth continuation of the detailed reports from the Salzburg emigrants who have settled in America. What it contains: I. A reminder for the old and the new world, especially in Ebenezer, of the great emigration from Salzburg that took place 20 years ago. II. The daily register of the preacher Bolzius, at Ebenezer, from July 1749 to August 1750. III. Some letters written from Ebenezer in the years 1750 and 1751. Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1752. Digitized
  • Samuel Urlsperger (Ed.): The eighteenth continuation of the detailed reports from the Salzburg emigrants who have settled in America. What it contains: I. The daily register of Mr. Bolzius, preacher at Ebenezer, from Sept. 1750. up to Mart. incl. 1751. II Certain questions put to Mr. Bolzius from Europe and his answers given by Carolina and Georgia. III. A duplicated appendix, consisting of 1.) in a wedding speech on Pf. 119, 56, and 2.) in a short message from the Gospel. Poor house in Augsburg and a double jubilee in it for future Pentecost. Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1752. Digitized

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Fritz Jundtke (Ed.): Matriculation Book of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. In: Works from the University and State Library of Saxony-Anhalt in Halle ad Saale . tape 1 (1690-1730) . Verlag Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, Halle (Saale) 1960, p. 42 .
  2. ↑ James Van Horn Melton: Religion, Community, and Slavery on the Colonial Southern Frontier. Cambridge Studies on the American South. Cambridge University Press, New York 2015, ISBN 978-1-107-06328-0 , pp. 123 .
  3. ^ Gerhard Florey: History of the Salzburg emigrants and their emigration 1731/32. tape 2 . Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachf., Vienna, Cologne, Graz 1977, ISBN 3-205-08188-9 , p. 184-185 .
  4. ↑ George Fenwick Jones: Urlsperger and Eben-Ezer . In: Samuel Urlsperger (1685-1772). Augsburg Pietism between external effects and the internal world . Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-05-002824-6 , pp. 191-199 (193) .
  5. ↑ James Van Horn Melton: Religion, Community, and Slavery on the Colonial Southern Frontier. Cambridge Studies on the American South . Cambridge University Press, New York 2015, ISBN 978-1-107-06328-0 , pp. 129-132 .
  6. ↑ Joann Trodahl: The Story of Salzburg and is Legacy in Rincon, Georgia, 38. In: Kennesaw State University. Dissertations, Thesies and Capstone Project. 2014, accessed June 19, 2016 .
  7. ^ Gerhard Florey: History of the Salzburg emigrants and their emigration 1731/32 . tape 2 . Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachf., Vienna, Cologne, Graz 1977, ISBN 3-205-08188-9 , p. 188 .
  8. ↑ Carol Ebel: Johann Martin Boltzius (1703-1765). In: New Georgia Encyclopedia. History & Archeology. September 3, 2015, accessed June 19, 2016 .
  9. ↑ George Fenwick Jones: The Georgia Dutch. From the Rhine and Danube to the Savannah. 1733-1783 . The University of Georgia Press, Athens / London 1992, ISBN 0-8203-1393-9 , pp. 118 .
  10. ↑ Joann Trodahl: The Story of Salzburg and is Legacy in Rincon, Georgia, 80. In: Kennesaw State University. Dissertations, Thesies and Capstone Project. 2014, accessed June 19, 2016 .
  11. ↑ George Fenwick Jones: Urlsperger and Eben-Ezer . In: Samuel Urlsperger (1685-1772). Augsburg Pietism between external effects and the internal world . Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-05-002824-6 , pp. 191-199 (195) .
  12. ↑ Ashley E. Morehead: The Salzburgers' "City on a Hill". The Failure of a Pietist Vision in Ebenezer, Georgia. 1734-1774. Pp. 2-7. (PDF) In: College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida. Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2005, accessed on June 22, 2016 .
  13. ^ Daniel L. Brunner: Halle Pietists in England. Anthony William Boehm and the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Works on the History of Pietism No. 29 . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1993, ISBN 3-525-55813-9 , pp. 174-175 .
  14. ↑ James Van Horn Melton: Religion, Community, and Slavery on the Colonial Southern Frontier. Cambridge Studies on the American South . Cambridge University Press, New York 2015, ISBN 978-1-107-06328-0 , pp. 145-146 .
  15. ↑ George Fenwick Jones: The Georgia Dutch. From the Rhine and Danube to the Savannah. 1733-1783 . The University of Georgia Press, Athens / London 1992, ISBN 0-8203-1393-9 , pp. 258-260 .
  16. ↑ James van Horn Melton: Religion, Community, and Slavery on the Colonial Southern Frontier. Cambridge Studies on the American South . Cambridge University Press, New York 2015, ISBN 978-1-107-06328-0 , pp. 123 .
  17. ↑ Geordan Hammond: John Wesley in America. Restoring Primitive Christianity . Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870160-6 , pp. 102-103 .
  18. ↑ George Fenwick Jones: The Georgia Dutch. From the Rhine and Danube to the Savannah. 1733-1783 . The University of Georgia Press, Athens / London 1992, ISBN 0-8203-1393-9 , pp. 127 .
  19. ↑ James Van Horn Melton: Religion, Community, and Slavery on the Colonial Southern Frontier. Cambridge Studies on the American South . Cambridge University Press, New York 2015, ISBN 978-1-107-06328-0 , pp. 210 .
  20. ↑ Samuel Urlsperger (ed.): The thirteen continuation of the detailed reports of the Saltzburg emigrants who have settled in America, First part: In which the letters of Messrs. Preachers Bolzius and Lemke, especially the first of the years 1744, 1745 and 1746. and among these is a thorough objection to Mr. Bolzius of the harmfulness of introducing Moorish slaves into a colony. Along with a country chart of Georgia and a plan by Neu-Eben-Ezer . Verlag Waisenhaus, Halle 1747, p. 30-46 .
  21. ↑ George Fenwick Jones: The Georgia Dutch. From the Rhine and Danube to the Savannah. 1733-1783. The University of Georgia Press, Athens / London 1992, ISBN 0-8203-1393-9 , pp. 266-268 .
  22. ↑ James Van Horn Melton: Religion, Community, and Slavery on the Colonial Southern Frontier. Cambridge Studies on the American South . Cambridge University Press, New York 2015, ISBN 978-1-107-06328-0 , pp. 248 .
  23. ↑ George Fenwick Jones: The Georgia Dutch. From the Rhine and Danube to the Savannah. 1733-1783 . The University of Georgia Press, Athens / London 1992, ISBN 0-8203-1393-9 , pp. 125 .
  24. ↑ letter of 26.05.1766 by Johann August and Samuel Urlsperger to Frederick Michael Ziegenhagen about details of the search for candidates for the preacher office in Ebenezer. In: Database on the individual manuscripts in the historical archive departments. Francke Foundations in Halle (Saale). Study Center August Hermann Francke - Archive, 2010, accessed on June 19, 2016 .
  25. ↑ Joann Trodahl: The Story of Salzburg and is Legacy in Rincon, Georgia, page 84. In: Kennesaw State University. Dissertations, Thesies and Capstone Project. 2014, accessed June 19, 2016 .
  26. ↑ George Fenwick Jones: The Georgia Dutch. From the Rhine and Danube to the Savannah. 1733-1783 . The University of Georgia Press, Athens / London 1992, ISBN 0-8203-1393-9 , pp. 145 .
  27. ^ Boltzius Award. (No longer available online.) In: German Missions in the United States. Consulates General, Atlanta. News Archive. 2012, archived from the original on June 19, 2016 ; accessed on June 19, 2016 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.germany.info
personal data
SURNAME Boltzius, Johann Martin
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Bolzius, Johann Martin
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German Lutheran pastor in Georgia
DATE OF BIRTH December 15, 1703
PLACE OF BIRTH Forest
DATE OF DEATH November 19, 1765
Place of death New Ebenezer , Georgia