Josef Marlin

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Josef Marlin (born August 27, 1824 in Mühlbach , † May 30 or 31, 1849 in Pressburg ) was a Transylvanian writer and journalist in the Vormärz . He also wrote under the pseudonym Josi .

Life

Childhood and school days

Josef Marlin grew up as the son of a magistrate and later finance advisor in Mühlbach. After initially receiving private tuition, he attended the Protestant grammar school in Sibiu from 1841 and began his first attempts at writing at this time. He described the longing for his hometown as the "first creator of poetry". After the end of school there was a waiting period of more than a year because material reasons and disputes with Marlin's father regarding the choice of study stood in the way of a final decision. He used this to write several stories and to draft the drama "Sachs von Harteneck, the royal judge of Herrmannstadt". In the end, however, a decision was made - the young Marlin should go to Vienna to study theology .

Education

A defining period in life began for Marlin when he arrived in Vienna on August 21, 1845 . He was in the capital of the multinational state of the Habsburgs and at a focal point of current affairs. The impressions and experiences he gathered there moved the young man - he confessed in a letter to his father that a "storm of new ideas [...] rushed through [s] his head" since he was there . He dealt extensively with Transylvanian history and reported that he "for a time was in danger of sinking into the narrow limits of patriotism for the Saxon region". In the end, however, he also dealt with that of the other peoples - in the spirit of the people's spring - "The interest that I take in my own nation kindles me for the peculiar national development of every people". He deepened his knowledge of Romanian and made some translations of Romanian literature. The dispute with this may also have resulted in the plan to publish a magazine that was supposed to fight for the emancipation of the entire European Southeast 1 - but it was not realized. Marlin was already writing a lot at this point, but he noted in his memoirs: "Strict sifting through the poems and destruction of countless works". Problems arose not only through his self-criticism, but also the implementation turned out to be difficult: "A lot of novel writing, thought at the time that publishers were the cheapest commodity, were cooled down a lot at Haas, Braumüller, Hirschfeld and decided to approach the editors". In January 1846 he got in touch with the magazines “Der Collector” and “Austrian Papers for Literature and Art, History, Geography, Statistics and Natural History”, pursued his Transylvanian studies and worked on various works. After Marlin got into more and more debts and got into disputes with his father, he broke off his studies and took a tutor position in Pest in December 1846.

Being a writer and having financial problems

In January 1847 he wrote the drama "Klara von Vyssegrad", which was to be performed at the German theater in Budapest . But the theater burned down the night before the premiere - and with it the manuscript . While Marlin continued to be highly productive, his financial troubles continued:

“Now wrote a sketchbook and the dissonances of the first act on the eternal Jew. I wanted to become a new Diogenes, but on the whole I was jolly and often got together with happy countrymen. Sold my books, dined tight, often froze, wrote anyway and smoked porterico for 4 kr. Carried my writing in Hsts [meaning Gustav Heckenast ] bookstore. Hoped for a piece of money from parents and from the writing instrument. "

His acquaintance with the publisher of the Pester Zeitung, Gustav Heckenast, helped him out of this misery . From then on, Marlin wrote articles for the paper. Through this activity, Marlin was in close contact with the editor-in-chief Eduard Glatz and got to know the writer Karl Wilhelm Ritter von Martini. In 1847, his “Political Crusades in Saxony Land” appeared in his Transylvanian homeland and triggered mixed reactions. In that year he also finished work on “Attila” and “Sulamith”. In January 1848 he began work on "Horra" and wrote Transylvanian novels - but: "Always little money".

Political views and activity

The "Political Crusades in Saxony Land", which Marlin published under the pseudonym Josi, clearly show his attachment to the ideas of the Vormärz . He confessed that he had "written the state parliament couriers in a young patriotic, liberal frenzy," as the collection of poems was originally to be called.

Although Gustav Heckenast had offered him 2000 guilders for his "Horra", Marlin plunged into political activity at the beginning of the March Revolution in 1848 . He joined the Hungarian National Guard and published a “Political Program for the Transylvanian Saxons” in the Pest newspaper. In it he urged his compatriots: “Let your hearts beat up for the great, divine freedom of all nations. [...] Put your people on the line, don't jeopardize the honor of your German name any longer! " He went on to say: "Do not complain about the conditions of the Union for long, but extend your hand openly and honestly to the Hungarian, because in unity we will be strong and in freedom we will be brave". Based on the 12 Pest Points, he saw the following reforms in Transylvania as necessary:

  • Union with Hungarians, freedom, equality, fraternity
  • Legal guarantee for the national and political association of the Saxons as well as for the inviolability of our area
  • The Wallachian-speaking residents of the Sachsenland must be emancipated politically and denominationally and are admitted to all offices, dignities and trades.
  • Abolition of the tithe, taxation of all church goods, salary of the clergy according to age group
  • Thorough reform or, depending on the circumstances, dissolution of all guilds
  • Publicity and orality, billing by our officials; Purge of the magistrates. Light should fall on the sins of our bureaucracy, to which we, next to our teachers, owe all the misery of the nation
  • Reform, free design, freedom of teaching and learning of the law faculty in Sibiu
  • School reforms

Marlin closed his appeal with the words: “The God of freedom and love help us to accomplish all of this. Marlin, National Guard ”. Marlin received a public “response to the political program to the Transylvanian Saxons” from a position he had not expected - he received criticism from his father. He did not want to blame him for his ideals, but in his program he unpardonably branded his "nation and its civil servants, teachers and clergy, and just as you found the right to use this language in the freedom of the press, I feel as a father I am entitled and obliged to reprimand you publicly and to warn you to use the sharp weapon carefully and not to be unjust ”. He continued: “Look! Everywhere in Europe the peoples are in great excitement; but in our Sachsenland, where the Wallachians living between us are to be so cruelly tyrannized, there is deep peace, and the people have only one wish: God protect our order of things! ”. Marlin replied to the “strange criticism” in the Pester Zeitung of May 10, 1848. In it he warned: “Any political flirtation between the Saxons and Germany is - I freely say it - treason! Does this need motivation, you Saxons, who have lived in Hungarian soil for 700 years? ". Soon, however, Marlin, disappointed with the course of the revolution, moved away from his previous positions and declared the cause: "It is the misfortune of the Magyar nationality that they have no moderation towards their sisterly nationalities". In May 1848 he expressed himself almost resignedly to the situation in Transylvania as follows: “This is how things stand in Transylvania, hatred of nations looms everywhere, but Wallachians and Saxons seem to want to pursue the same tendency, and at this moment no union is to be thought of. The fate of Austria is still dark. World history will decide. Woe to us if she should shout: “Too late!” Over Transylvania's valleys. The political atmosphere is muggy. I don't know whether we can expect thunderstorms from the west or the east ”. When Lajos Kossuth occupied Budapest with the Hungarian National Guard in October 1848 , Marlin fled from there. He went back to Vienna and “received from Gustav Heckenast the call to the second editor position for the Pester Zeitung […]; but soon he received from Cotta the request to provide the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung with reports on the course of the Magyar Revolution, which had degenerated into the bloodiest war, ”as his father stated in a résumé for Josef Marlin.

death

Marlin traveled to Pressburg ( Bratislava ) in mid-May 1849 for his reports on the revolutionary events for the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung . In his first article from the city he wrote: "A detour from Vienna to Pressburg is boldness in the eyes of the fearful, leaving Pressburg out of fear of the Magyars". However, it was not the Hungarians who fatalized Marlin, but a cholera epidemic that was rampant in the city . Josef Marlin succumbed to her on May 30 or 31, 1849, after his last article had appeared in the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung on May 28. In a necrology, his father tells of the “loving parents” in response to the news of his death: “For a long time they dreamed of the possibility that the death rumor was untrue, that they would find their beloved son again in the imperial city. The dream has disappeared - they only found his grave and tears of hers and the two grieving sisters no longer wake the deceased ”.

The writer Marlin

Early lyrics and influences

Marlin wrote from an early age. He devoured the novels by Walter Scott as well as plays by August Wilhelm Iffland , Johann Friedrich Jünger and August von Kotzebue . He read Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and based his youthful memories on his poetry and truth . At the Hermannstädter Gymnasium he received a classical education, so that Horace and Virgil are also among his influences. Likewise Shakespeare , whose works he saw staged in the Sibiu theater. Marlin explained that when he was a child, poetry was "the only, the most comforting, always favorable friend". His poems "were mostly rural descriptions modeled on Virgil" If he did not destroy the lyrical attempts himself, they appeared in his Political Crusades. Some of these can also be found in the “Songbook of the Transylvanian Germans”, to which Marlin contributed eight poems and which were collected by JF Geltch. The following applies in particular to the “Political Crusades”: “All in all, Marlin's poetry conveys the image of a poet whose affiliation with the forty-eight literature can no more be doubted than his affiliation with the specific Transylvanian-German literary development of that time. At the same time, Marlin's broader political horizons and his individually stronger artistic creativity lifts him out of the ranks of his Transylvanian contemporaries ”.

Dramas

After his first attempts at writing poetry, Marlin soon devoted himself to dramatic works. Melodramas in particular seemed to suit him. He himself confessed: "The convenience of these pieces of combining the lyrical with the dramatic appealed to me, since I already had some practice, at least with the lyrical". He began to work on some dramatic subjects, but always seemed to lose motivation and devoted himself to other topics. With regard to a work he had started on Manfred of Sicily , he explained, for example: "The verses were in the first act to thousands, but in the second act I lost my pleasure in the extensive work". Marlin also worked on a drama about Iphigenia , the legend of Ahasuerus , the Eternal Jew, as well as a material from his home in Transylvania, the Decebalus. But even with this one he had to realize that the design was "by no means more appropriate to his strength". This turned out to be more promising in the tragedy “Klara von Vyssegrad”, which was to be performed on the Pest German stage - but a fire prevented the production and at the same time destroyed the manuscript . The drama "Sachs von Harteneck, the royal judge of Sibiu" was written between December 1844 and May 1846 - although it was sent to the printer Johann Gött from Kronstadt in the summer of 1846 , it was forgotten and remained unpublished during Marlin's lifetime. It was not rediscovered until 1956 and published two years later.

prose

Marlin also devoted himself to the genre of prose , but with the same result that his work in drama experienced. Marlin worked on a lot, but his sharp self-criticism led him to discard and destroy many designs because they fell short of his own standards. For example, he had worked on a humorous novel that was "blamed for the state of humanity beyond death" and at the same time was intended to mock "the nineteenth century in all its depravity, vanity, profit-seeking and selfishness". But Marlin destroyed all fragments . Three novels, however, were published : Sulamith (1848), a two-volume description from the history of ancient Israel, the three-volume Attila (1847), an epic sequence of scenes from the time of the Great Migration , and the fragmentary work Horra. Images of war and peace from the life of the Romanians or Wallachians in Transylvania . It was dedicated to the uprising under Horea, Cloşca and Crişan. This novel was published with changes and an ending in 1896 under the title "A struggle for freedom in Transylvania" under the name of Karl Bleibtreu . He had toured Transylvania in the 1880s and had been asked by relatives of Marlin to publish the novel anonymously or under his name. Marlin wrote to his father about the novel: “The time period is the Diet of 1791, where the Wallachian bishops submitted a supplicary on the equality of the Wallachians with the other nations, and where the Hungarians were given the right to buy into Saxon soil, thus the Saxon The constitution lost a cornerstone by being open to mixing with foreign elements. The ground I step on here is dangerous, I feel how annoying it is to stand between these parties, but the great tendency of the work is to spread the idea of ​​national development, but republican and cosmopolitan union. " Sulamith describes" the freedom struggle of a subjugated people ”, while in Attila the topic of power is decisive. "Through Marlin's descriptions, the characteristics of a tyrannical rule become objective." Marlin also created a variety of narratives such as The Lonely House , Baba Noak , The Man with the Face, and The Mountains of Sugag . Some of his stories were published posthumously in the anthology Jenseits der Wälder. Transylvanian tales (1850) published.

Political journalism

"Josef Marlin's picture, conveyed in terms of literary history, shows him consistently as a political poet or at least as an author whose work is clearly determined by the social and political issues of his time." Although Marlin submitted articles in various magazines while he was still a student in Vienna, these mainly dealt with cultural and literary-historical issues in Saxony. His first essay was on the origin and literature of the Rumuns or Wallachians . From a political point of view, his work for the Pester Zeitung, in which he published the Transylvanian Letters , and the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung were more important . His political stance is usually based on his articles in the Pester Zeitung in 1848, “probably because it manifested itself most aggressively here and, through its reception in Transylvania, gave contemporaries the memorable but little differentiated image of a revolutionary, if not radical author would have". While Marlin in his Political Crusades "gives room to hope that a strong, reform-capable Austria can still solve the questions of the time", with the beginning of the March Revolution in 1848 he sided with "the Hungarian revolutionaries, assuming that this path would be guaranteed also the realization of the legitimate social and political long-term goals of the other nationalities from this part of Europe ”. But that the development of his fatherland is of particular concern to him is shown by his above-mentioned political program for the Transylvanian Saxons , which appeared in the Pester Zeitung. However, it must also be emphasized that in this program he called for the emancipation of the Romanian population of Transylvania. Disappointed by the course of the revolution in Hungary, in which Marlin saw “his wide-ranging democratic ideals betrayed”, there was a change in Marlin's attitude, which was manifested in his articles for the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung. He began reporting in Budapest , then traveled to Vienna , and from May 12, 1849 , Marlin reported from Pressburg ( Bratislava ). His turning away from Hungary and turning to Austria can be seen, for example, in the following statement by Marlin on May 8, 1849: “One hopes in vain that Magyarism will declare tribal equality after independence has been won. The Magyar Empire would have to deny itself and become a smaller, weaker Austria on the basis of equality, for which we would not have to give up our great, strong Austria. Magyarism must therefore egoistically cling to its peculiar political justification, and Austria takes action against this infringing, undemocratic egoism. In this we find the justification for this unfortunate war ”.

Reception and criticism

With the appearance of the Political Crusades , which were published under the pseudonym Josi, it was clear that they would generate a wide echo of all stripes. They caused a sensation "because of their content, their political seriousness and their skillful form, especially since no one [knew] who was hiding behind the pseudonym". One of the reviews stated that “it is always our pleasure to display a work of our fatherland; All the more so if, as in this case, the work comes from a writer who is making his debut for the first time from among us and we can, with a clear conscience, combine the advertisement with a well-deserved recommendation ”. Furthermore, the reviewer writes, however, that the poems IX and XI must be regarded as "insulting" and that "the satyrs here [degenerates] into something else and a young satyr [is] not allowed to get excited about anything". Karl Kurt Klein , on the other hand, was still raving about the “Crusades” in 1929 and wrote a much-quoted sentence about it: “These poems want to shake up the inner folk life with the scorpion of ridicule and satire and improve it. There was still a storm here and an urgent lack of clarity, but flaming anger, the will of a young giant. Marlin had the word at hand, the verse of the sonnet, the tip of the mocking poem ”.

In a review of Attila it says: “For the time being we are warmly pleased that a young Saxon from Transylvania had the courage to shake his snail shell from his back and appear on the richly occupied European battlefield of fiction to win the golden spur to earn in fiction ”. Marlin's political program in particular received some criticism . When he was with his family in May 1848 , one could read in the “Siebenbürger Bote”: “The Pest National Guard and Filius perditus patriae Marlin has been in our midst for a few days, probably to inoculate us with union ideas” - also the advice to leave Transylvania as soon as possible was given to Marlin in this article. But even the Hungarians, who felt they were betrayed by Marlin, did not spare criticism - all the more precarious as the Pester Zeitung's obituary decreed: "Joseph Marlin, known as a former colleague of the Pester Zeitung and author of the novel Attila, who probably had some talent but little character, since he changed his mind with every change of status and had fled from here in the last few days, died of cholera in Pressburg ”.

Works

  • Political crusades in the Sachsenlande , Sibiu 1847 (under the pseudonym Josi).
  • Poet Youth Country, Schässburg 1926.
  • Attila. The discipline of God, tremors of the world , 3 vol., Budapest 1847.
  • Sulamith , Pest 1848.
  • Beyond the woods. Transylvanian Tales , 1850 (posthumously).
  • Horra. Images of war and peace from the people's life of the Romanians or Wallachians of Transylvania ( incomplete , published by Karl Bleibtreu in 1896 at the request of the relatives of Marlin under his name and the title Ein Freiheitskampf in Siebenbürgen ).
  • Sachs von Harteneck, the royal judge of Herrmannstadt , Bucharest 1958 (completed in 1846).

literature

  • Constantin von Wurzbach : Marlin, Joseph . In: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich . 16th part. Imperial-Royal Court and State Printing Office, Vienna 1867, p. 473 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Friedrich Teutsch:  Marlin, Joseph . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 20, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1884, pp. 393-395.
  • Egon Hajek: Josef Marlin , in: Die Karpathen 7 (1913/14), no. 13, pp. 385-414.
  • Karl Kurt Klein: Romanian-German literary relations. Heidelberg 1929.
  • Karl Kurt Klein: Josef Marlin's war reporting in 1849 , in: Siebenbürgische Vierteljahresschrift 56 (1933), pp. 30–52.
  • Astrid Connerth: Introduction , in: Josef Marlin: Selected writings. Bucharest 1958, pp. 5-24.
  • Josef Marlin: Selected Writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth. Bucharest 1958.
  • H. Stanescu:  Marlin Josef. In: Austrian Biographical Lexicon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Volume 6, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 1975, ISBN 3-7001-0128-7 , p. 103 f. (Direct links on p. 103 , p. 104 ).
  • Harald Krasser: Marlin Problems. Studies on the development of his political thinking , in: Zeitschrift für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde 16 (1993), no. 1, pp. 32-59.
  • Stefan Sienerth (ed.), Critical texts on Transylvanian-German literature. From the end of the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century. Munich 1996.
  • Arnold Kartmann u. Joachim Wittstock: Josef Marlin and the emancipation of the southeast , in: The German literature of Transylvania. From the beginning until 1848. II. Half volume. Pietism, Enlightenment and Pre-March. Edited by Joachim Wittstock and Stefan Sienerth. Munich 1999, pp. 257-283.
  • Stefan Sienerth u. Joachim Wittstock (ed.): The German literature of Transylvania. From the beginning until 1848. II. Half volume. Pietism, Enlightenment and Pre-March. Munich 1999.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Arnold Kartmann u. Joachim Wittstock: Josef Marlin and the emancipation of the southeast , in: The German literature of Transylvania. From the beginning until 1848. II. Half volume. Pietism, Enlightenment and Pre-March. Edited by Joachim Wittstock and Stefan Sienerth. Munich 1999, p. 257.
  2. ^ Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, p. 530.
  3. ^ Egon Hajek: Josef Marlin , in: Die Karpathen 7 (1913/14), no. 13, p. 389
  4. ^ A b Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, p. 564.
  5. ^ Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, p. 576.
  6. ^ Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, p. 578.
  7. ^ Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, p. 577.
  8. ^ Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, p. 578 f.
  9. ^ Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, p. 564 f.
  10. ^ A b Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, p. 565
  11. ^ Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, p. 566.
  12. ^ A b Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, p. 567.
  13. ↑ a b c Arnold Kartmann u. Joachim Wittstock: Josef Marlin and the emancipation of the southeast , in: The German literature of Transylvania. From the beginning until 1848. II. Half volume. Pietism, Enlightenment and Pre-March. Edited by Joachim Wittstock and Stefan Sienerth. Munich 1999, p. 259.
  14. ^ Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, p. 568 f.
  15. ^ Egon Hajek: Josef Marlin , in: Die Karpathen 7 (1913/14), no. 13, p. 390.
  16. ^ Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, pp. 601-604.
  17. ^ Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, pp. 605-608.
  18. ^ Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, p. 609.
  19. ^ Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, p. 616.
  20. ^ Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, p. 618.
  21. ^ Karl Kurt Klein: Romanian-German literary relations. Heidelberg 1929, p. 133.
  22. ^ Karl Kurt Klein: Josef Marlins war reporting in 1849 , in: Siebenbürgische Vierteljahresschrift 56 (1933), p. 55.
  23. ^ A b Karl Kurt Klein: Josef Marlins war reporting in 1849 , in: Siebenbürgische Vierteljahresschrift 56 (1933), p. 39.
  24. ↑ Arnold Kartmann u. Joachim Wittstock: Josef Marlin and the emancipation of the southeast , in: The German literature of Transylvania. From the beginning until 1848. II. Half volume. Pietism, Enlightenment and Pre-March. Edited by Joachim Wittstock and Stefan Sienerth. Munich 1999, p. 257 f.
  25. ^ Karl Kurt Klein: Josef Marlins war reporting in 1849 , in: Siebenbürgische Vierteljahresschrift 56 (1933), p. 51.
  26. ^ Karl Kurt Klein: Josef Marlins war reporting in 1849 , in: Siebenbürgische Vierteljahresschrift 56 (1933), p. 56.
  27. ↑ Harald Krasser: Marlin Problems. Investigations into the development of his political thinking , in: Zeitschrift für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde 16 (1993), no. 1, p. 36 f.
  28. ^ Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, p. 528.
  29. ^ Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, p. 529.
  30. ↑ a b Arnold Kartmann u. Joachim Wittstock: Josef Marlin and the emancipation of the southeast , in: The German literature of Transylvania. From the beginning until 1848. II. Half volume. Pietism, Enlightenment and Pre-March. Edited by Joachim Wittstock and Stefan Sienerth. Munich 1999, p. 258.
  31. ↑ Arnold Kartmann u. Joachim Wittstock: Josef Marlin and the emancipation of the southeast , in: The German literature of Transylvania. From the beginning until 1848. II. Half volume. Pietism, Enlightenment and Pre-March. Edited by Joachim Wittstock and Stefan Sienerth. Munich 1999, p. 268.
  32. ↑ a b Arnold Kartmann u. Joachim Wittstock: Josef Marlin and the emancipation of the southeast , in: The German literature of Transylvania. From the beginning until 1848. II. Half volume. Pietism, Enlightenment and Pre-March. Edited by Joachim Wittstock and Stefan Sienerth. Munich 1999, p. 275.
  33. ^ Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, p. 535.
  34. ^ Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, p. 540.
  35. ^ Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, p. 542.
  36. ↑ Arnold Kartmann u. Joachim Wittstock: Josef Marlin and the emancipation of the southeast , in: The German literature of Transylvania. From the beginning until 1848. II. Half volume. Pietism, Enlightenment and Pre-March. Edited by Joachim Wittstock and Stefan Sienerth. Munich 1999, p. 280 f.
  37. ^ Josef Marlin: Selected writings . Edited by Astrid Connerth, Bucharest 1958, p. 548 ff.
  38. ↑ Arnold Kartmann u. Joachim Wittstock: Josef Marlin and the emancipation of the southeast , in: The German literature of Transylvania. From the beginning until 1848. II. Half volume. Pietism, Enlightenment and Pre-March. Edited by Joachim Wittstock and Stefan Sienerth. Munich 1999, p. 260.
  39. ↑ Stefan Sienerth a. Joachim Wittstock (ed.): The German literature of Transylvania. From the beginning until 1848. II. Half volume. Pietism, Enlightenment and Pre-March. Munich 1999. p. 18 f.
  40. ↑ Arnold Kartmann u. Joachim Wittstock: Josef Marlin and the emancipation of the southeast , in: The German literature of Transylvania. From the beginning until 1848. II. Half volume. Pietism, Enlightenment and Pre-March. Edited by Joachim Wittstock and Stefan Sienerth. Munich 1999, p. 277.
  41. ↑ Arnold Kartmann u. Joachim Wittstock: Josef Marlin and the emancipation of the southeast , in: The German literature of Transylvania. From the beginning until 1848. II. Half volume. Pietism, Enlightenment and Pre-March. Edited by Joachim Wittstock and Stefan Sienerth. Munich 1999, p. 267.
  42. ↑ Harald Krasser: Marlin Problems. Studies on the development of his political thinking , in: Zeitschrift für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde 16 (1993), no. 1, p. 43.
  43. ↑ Arnold Kartmann u. Joachim Wittstock: Josef Marlin and the emancipation of the southeast , in: The German literature of Transylvania. From the beginning until 1848. II. Half volume. Pietism, Enlightenment and Pre-March. Edited by Joachim Wittstock and Stefan Sienerth. Munich 1999, p. 261 f.
  44. ↑ Arnold Kartmann u. Joachim Wittstock: Josef Marlin and the emancipation of the southeast , in: The German literature of Transylvania. From the beginning until 1848. II. Half volume. Pietism, Enlightenment and Pre-March. Edited by Joachim Wittstock and Stefan Sienerth. Munich 1999, p. 263.
  45. ↑ Arnold Kartmann u. Joachim Wittstock: Josef Marlin and the emancipation of the southeast , in: The German literature of Transylvania. From the beginning until 1848. II. Half volume. Pietism, Enlightenment and Pre-March. Edited by Joachim Wittstock and Stefan Sienerth. Munich 1999, p. 266.
  46. ^ Karl Kurt Klein: Josef Marlins war reporting in 1849 , in: Siebenbürgische Vierteljahresschrift 56 (1933), p. 37.
  47. ↑ Astrid Connerth: Introduction, in: Josef Marlin: Selected Writings. Bucharest 1958, p. 11.
  48. ^ Stefan Sienerth (ed.), Critical Texts on Transylvanian-German Literature. From the end of the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century. Munich 1996, p. 46.
  49. ^ Karl Kurt Klein: Romanian-German literary relations. Heidelberg 1929, p. 161
  50. ^ Stefan Sienerth (ed.), Critical Texts on Transylvanian-German Literature. From the end of the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century. Munich 1996, p. 55.
  51. ↑ Harald Krasser: Marlin Problems. Studies on the development of his political thinking , in: Zeitschrift für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde 16 (1993), no. 1, p. 53
  52. ↑ Harald Krasser: Marlin Problems. Studies on the development of his political thinking , in: Zeitschrift für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde 16 (1993), no. 1, p. 55.
personal data
SURNAME Marlin, Josef
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Josi (pseudonym)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Transylvanian writer and journalist
DATE OF BIRTH August 27, 1824
PLACE OF BIRTH Mühlbach
DATE OF DEATH May 30, 1849 or May 31, 1849
Place of death Bratislava