Iphigenia
Iphigenia ( Greek Ἰφιγένεια ), also Iphigenia , Iphigenia or Iphianassa ( ancient Greek Ἰφιάνασσα ) is in Greek mythology, the eldest daughter of Agamemnon (king of Mycenae on the Peloponnese , for others - probably older - say tradition King of Sparta in Laconia ) and Clytemnestra and the sister of Orestes , Elektra and Chrysothemis .
mythology
Artemis punished Agamemnon for killing a deer in her sacred grove and boasting that he was - compared to the goddess - the better hunter: at the beginning of the Trojan War, she prevented the Greek fleet from continuing to Troy under Agamemnon's command by Aulis brought about a calm. The seer Kalchas prophesied that Agamemnon would have to sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia to the goddess in atonement in order to be able to continue his journey.
Following one version of this story, Agamemnon did as he was told. According to another, a doe was sacrificed instead and Iphigenia was raptured by Artemis to the land of the Taurians to serve her as a priestess in the temple of Artemis.
In Euripides Iphigenia enters into the history of her brother Orestes to. In order to escape the persecution by the Erinyes because of the murder of his mother Klytaimnestra and her lover Aigisthos (i.e. after the end of the Trojan War), Apollo ordered him to go to Tauris to fetch the wooden statue of Artemis that was there fell from the sky and brought her to Athens.
With his friend Pylades , the son of Strophios , Orestes travels to the Taurern, where the locals take both prisoners in order to sacrifice them - like all foreigners - to Artemis. The Artemis priestess, whose job it is to perform the sacrifice, is his sister Iphigenia, who Orestes does not recognize. She offers to release him if he brings a letter from her to Greece. Orestes refuses, he wants to stay in Tauris and allow himself to be killed, but at the same time suggests that Pylades should run the errand. After an argument between Orestes and Pylades, Orestes finally agrees to the proposal. The letter then reveals the relationship between Orestes and Iphigenia, the three of them flee Tauris, taking the picture of Artemis with them.
On his return to Greece, Orestes took possession of Mycenae , the kingdom of his father Agamemnon, to which he added Argos and Laconia . Iphigenia becomes priestess of the Artemis sanctuary in Brauron .
Iphigenia, mentioned late in Greek mythology (only after the stories of Agamemnon and Clytaimnestra were recorded), became so closely associated with Artemis that some interpreters believe she was originally a rival goddess of hunting whose cult later coincided with the which Artemis was summarized.
Hesiod reports that she became the goddess Hecate .
Literary tradition
The legendary traditions of the Iphigenia material were designed as a drama by the Greek poet Euripides (480–406 BC) in ancient times . The two tragedies Iphigenia in Aulis and Iphigenia among the Taurern originate from Euripides . In the Italian Renaissance, these ancient texts were not only edited and translated, but also processed further in literary terms. An example of this literary appropriation is Giovanni Boccaccio , who tells the story of the rape of Iphigenia by Cimon in the Decamerone in the first story of the fifth day. During the Italian Renaissance, the Iphigenien material was translated into Italian into the French-speaking world. In French classicism, based on the tragedies of Euripides, plays that had the Iphigenia saga as their theme were staged, such as Racine's tragedy Iphigénie (1674). “The French activity then becomes the model of the dramatic efforts in Germany. Characteristic of the new editions of Euripides, Iphigenia are 'numerous attempts, the old fable of the contemporary world to make all believe way and to adapt the former reality. "Early German adaptations are 1732 by Johann Christoph Gottsched the translation from French into German and 1737 by Johann Elias Schlegel The siblings in Tauria (later: Orest and Pylades ). In 1779 the opera Iphigenie auf Tauris by Christoph Willibald Gluck was published .
Modern processing of the material
The most famous adaptation of the 18th century is Goethe's play Iphigenie auf Tauris (1779/1786). Friedrich Schiller's translation of the Euripidean Iphigenia, which is a private courtesy to the Lengefeld siblings, was only created after Goethe's Iphigenia was published in Tauris . In 1865 Josef Victor Widmann's adaptation Iphigenie was published in Delphi. A play .
The 20th century has adaptations of the Iphigenia material like Gerhart Hauptmann's Iphigenie in Delphi (1941) and Iphigenie in Aulis (1943), Rainer Werner Fassbinder's Iphigenie auf Tauris by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1968), Jochen Bergs Im Taurerland (1977) and Volker Brauns Iphigenia in Freedom (1992).
Iphigenia was also a popular subject in music . The first Iphigenie opera (from 1661) seems to come from Johann Jacob Löwe (text by Anton Ulrich von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel ). This was followed in 1699 by Reinhard Keizer's The Wonderfully Saved Iphigenia , in 1704 Iphigénie en Tauride by Henry Desmarest and André Campra , in 1713 Ifigenia in Aulide by Domenico Scarlatti and 1718 Ifigenia in Aulide by Antonio Caldara . Leonardo Vinci , Nicola Antonio Porpora , Carl Heinrich Graun , Gian Francesco de Majo (→ Ifigenia in Tauride ), Niccolò Jommelli , Tommaso Traetta , Baldassare Galuppi , Vicente Martín y Soler composed other operas . From Gluck come Iphigénie en Aulis (1774) and Iphigénie en Tauride (1779), the most frequently performed works today. Giuseppe Sarti , Niccolò Piccinni , Ignaz Josef Pleyel , Luigi Cherubini , Ferdinando Bertoni , Michele Carafa and Johann Simon Mayr led the tradition into the early 19th century. In the later 19th century, Louis Théodore Gouvy , among others, dealt with the subject. In the 20th century operas a. a. by Walter Damrosch and Ildebrando Pizzetti . Stage music for the drama of Euripides was created a. a. by Charles Wood and Arseni Nikolayevich Koreschtschenko . André Jolivet's Iphigénie en Aulide music was written in 1949 for the Racine drama and Johann Friedrich Reichardt's theatrical music in 1798 based on Goethe.
Modern interpretations
In 1977, the Greek film Iphigenie by director Michael Cacoyannis (Mihalis Kakogiannis) was released, which was based on the ancient play of Euripides . Tatiana Papamoschou played the main role of Iphigenia. The film was nominated for a Palme d'Or in Cannes in 1977 and an Oscar for best foreign language film in 1978 . Mikis Theodorakis wrote the score for it in 1976, which he named Iphigenia . The composition consists of Suites I to XI and has since been published on different sound carriers.
The group Goethes Erben had a song with the title Iphigenie on their second album The Dream of Memory (1992) . The action takes place in the summer of 1943, but thematic parallels to the myth can be seen.
In 2017, The Killing of a Sacred Deer was again released, a film that takes up the theme of the myth of Iphigenia.
See also
literature
- Christine Hermann: Iphigenia. Metamorphoses of a Myth in the 20th Century. m-press, Munich 2005, ISBN 978-3-89975-539-8 .
- Herbert Hunger : Lexicon of Greek and Roman Mythology. With references to the continued effect of ancient materials and motifs in the visual arts, literature and music of the West up to the present. 8th edition. Holinek, Vienna 1988, ISBN 3-85119-230-3 .
- Karl Kerényi : The Mythology of the Greeks. The stories of gods and mankind. dtv, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-423-30030-2 .
- Karl Kerényi: The Mythology of the Greeks. The hero stories. dtv, Munich 1992, ISBN 3-423-30031-0 .
- Stefan Matuschek (Ed.): Myth Iphigenie. Texts from Aeschylus to Volker Braun. Anthology. Reclam, Leipzig 2006, ISBN 3-379-20129-4 ( table of contents ).
- Andrejs Petrowski, Bert Klein: Iphigeneia. In: Maria Moog-Grünewald (Ed.): Mythenrezeption. The ancient mythology in literature, music and art from the beginnings to the present (= Der Neue Pauly . Supplements. Volume 5). Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2008, ISBN 978-3-476-02032-1 , pp. 367-378.
- Heinrich Wilhelm Stoll : Iphigeneia . In: Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher (Hrsg.): Detailed lexicon of Greek and Roman mythology . Volume 2.1, Leipzig 1894, Col. 298-305 ( digitized version ).
Web links
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Iphigenia on Tauris in Project Gutenberg ( currently not usually available for users from Germany )
- Iphigenia on Tauris . litura.de (presentation)
Remarks
- ↑ s. this u. a. Wolfgang Kullmann: Recorded knowledge in the ship catalog and in the Trojan catalog of the Iliad. In: Wolfgang Kullmann, Jochen Althoff (Hrsg.): Mediation and transmission of knowledge in Greek culture. Günter Narr, Tübingen 1993, pp. 140 ff. With documents and further literature.
- ↑ a b http://deutsch-publikacje.host77.pl/literatura.html ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ brawe.uni-leipzig.de
- ↑ kuehnle-online.de
