The Passion of Christ
The Passion of the Christ (Original title: The Passion of the Christ ) is a feature film by Mel Gibson from 2004 about the Passion of Jesus of Nazareth from the Mount of Olives to the condemnation and crucifixion by the Romans to the physical resurrection . The very successful, but also strongly polarizing film was shot in the towns of Matera and Craco in the Italian region of Basilicata as well as in the city of Rome and in the local Cinecittà studios .
Based on the presentation of the Bible , the film depicts the last section in the life of Jesus of Nazareth , beginning immediately before the arrest of Jesus in Gethsemane by the Jewish Temple Guard and ending with his resurrection on Easter morning. The staging of the film is based on the Christian folk passion play and also makes use of common dramaturgical means. His very violent interpretation of the suffering and death of the Jew and Christian Messiah Jesus of Nazareth clearly exceeds the standard that has hitherto been used in Bible films . The action is repeatedly interrupted by flashbacks to the life of Jesus. Only the Latin , Aramaic and Hebrew languages are used in the film, which are translated solely through subtitles .
The sources used are motifs from the four canonical Gospels , but also from the visions of the Augustinian sister Anna Katharina Emmerick and the 14 Stations of the Cross, which were edited by Clemens Brentano . The director Gibson's own interpretations have also been incorporated into the film.
action
The film takes place in Palestine around the year 30: Jesus of Nazareth is a carpenter by trade , but not a normal person; he travels through the country occupied by the Romans , talking about God, healing sick people and even resurrecting the dead. But the high Jewish council in Jerusalem does not like this, because it sees its position of power in danger, since some of the Jewish people see in Jesus the Savior and the announced Messiah . One night after the Lord's Supper , Jesus went with Simon Peter and the sons of Zebedee , John and James, to the garden of Gethsemane to pray. When Jesus prays, Satan appears to him , but he resists his temptation. When Jesus returns to his three apostles, he finds them sleeping.
Although Judas Iscariot actually belongs to the disciples of Jesus, he reveals to the Jewish high priest Kajaphas for 30 pieces of silver where Jesus of Nazareth can be found. He leads a unit of the Jewish Temple Guard into the garden of Gethsemane and kisses Jesus on the cheek so that the soldiers know who to arrest. Simon Peter cuts off the right ear of one of the hunters ( Malchus ) with a sword , but Jesus miraculously heals the wound and asks Peter to lower the sword. The guardsmen arrest Jesus, put him in chains and beat him with sadistic glee as they drag him to Jerusalem to the Jewish high priests . John then tells Mary, the mother of Jesus, and Mary Magdalene about the arrest of Jesus by the guards.
Jesus is interrogated before the high Jewish council, the leaders of the so-called Pharisees . They condemn him for blasphemy and blasphemy because they believe, among other things, that he claims to be the Son of God. The angry crowd therefore demands the death of Jesus, while he is repeatedly spat at and brutally beaten. However, Jesus does not fight back, either by word or deed, because he knows what is in store for him. Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus , two friends of Jesus, try to defend him, but the guards throw them out of the court.
When some of the onlookers present claim to have seen Simon Peter, who is also present, with Jesus of Nazareth, the person addressed three times, fearful, denies knowing the accused. You can now see in a flashback how Simon Peter says to Jesus after the Lord's Supper that he will always be with him, no matter what. Jesus said Amen to him, but added that Peter would deny him three times before the cock crows, that is, before dawn. Again in the scene of the accusation before the high priests, the tormented and bleeding Jesus looks at Peter as he flees from the angry crowd.
When Judas hears that Jesus has been sentenced to death, he sits down in the courtyard and ponders. When two children approach him and ask what he's doing, Judas tells them to go away. The two children, however, are Satan's henchmen who target Judas. They pester Judas with his feelings of guilt until Judas hangs himself in front of the city.
Because the Sanhedrin , the supreme religious authority of the Jews, is allowed to pass death sentences but not enforce them, the alleged blasphemer is handed over to the Roman governor Pontius Pilate in Jerusalem after his hearing . He listens to the allegations made and actually sees no guilt in Jesus. He quickly realizes that this is a highly explosive political conflict. His wife Claudia Procula also doubts Jesus' guilt and talks about it with Pilate. Since Jesus comes from the place Nazareth and therefore, in his opinion, the King of Galilee is actually responsible for it, Pilate hands the matter over to King Herod Antipas . In doing so, Pilatus also wants to avoid wrong decisions. Because he knows that Tiberius will depose him as governor should there be another uprising in Palestine. But Herod too shies away from a death sentence against Jesus after a hearing, since he sees in him only a madman, but not a rebel, and has him brought back to the governor.
When the soldiers bring him back to Pilate, he gives the people a choice: Jesus or Barabbas . The people demanded Barabbas' pardon on the spot. When Pilate releases him, Barabbas laughs in the face of the Roman captain Abenader. However, Pilate is still against an execution and has Jesus scourged.
Jesus is handed over to the Roman soldiers by Pilate and he is punished by them at his command. They torture Jesus by mocking him, putting a crown of thorns on his head, beating and whipping him while Satan is seen walking among them. Severely wounded, Jesus is brought back to Pilate, who brings him back to the crowd and says: “Isn't that enough? Take a look at him! ” To draw the pity of the crowd on Jesus, among other things. The assembled people, however, still firmly demand the crucifixion, i.e. the death of Jesus, and once again Pilate evades this responsibility by symbolically washing his hands in innocence . He finally orders his men to give in to the demands of the masses who continue to demand the death of Jesus, and therefore gives the order to be crucified.
Then they let Jesus carry a heavy wooden cross. With him they also lead two thieves to Golgotha . The people abuse Jesus and throw stones at him. He is also insulted by one of the thieves, Gestas . The badly tortured Jesus collapses several times until the Roman centurion Abenader intervenes and tries to lessen the torment of Jesus. He insults the sadistic soldiers and asks them if they can not see that Jesus is no longer able to get up and carry the cross. Thereupon, on the orders of the Roman soldiers, a random passer-by named Simon of Cyrene , reluctantly at first, has to help carry the cross. Both then struggle up the hill, lined with people spitting on them and driven by the Roman soldiers and their whips.
Once on the hill of Golgotha, Simon of Cyrene had to leave him in tears and Jesus was finally nailed to the cross; nails are driven through his hands and feet, after which the cross is erected. Onlookers and the high priests gather around the crucifixion square and mock Jesus, but he prays for them. To the left and right of him, the thieves Dismas and Gestas are also hanging on a cross. While Dismas begins to believe in the Savior Jesus in the last hour of his life, Gestas does not stop blaspheming until a raven picks out his eye. A Roman soldier then chases the raven away.
His mother Mary and John , one of his disciples, stand at the feet of Jesus at his cross and watch helplessly weeping. When Jesus is thirsty, a soldier soaks a sponge in vinegar and puts it on a spear to give to Jesus. In the face of death, Jesus confronts his last temptation, the fear of having been forsaken by God, and then says that it is finished. When Jesus dies, the sky darkens, a storm breaks out, the wind howls and the earth begins to shake. The Roman soldiers are confused by this event and most of them flee from panic after breaking Dismas and Gestas' legs. The tremor is so strong that Pontius Pilate feels it in his residence and even part of the Jewish temple collapses; the high priests are powerless and at a loss for this event.
Cassius, a Roman soldier, stabs Jesus on the orders of Centurion Abenader with a spear in the lateral abdominal area to check whether he is actually dead. When blood and water spurt out of the resulting wound, the Roman soldier falls on his knees in awe and the centurion takes off his helmet. Then the last Roman soldiers flee and Satan can be seen kneeling at the place of the crucifixion screeching towards heaven.
Jesus is later taken from the cross by his mother, Mary Magdalene , by his disciples Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus and by Abenader and Cassius and then lies in the arms of his mother, who looks helplessly into space. After that it is dark and you can obviously see a cave with a stone being pushed in front of the entrance. Jesus is apparently buried in this cave; one sees a shroud lying empty on the floor. Jesus is sitting next to it; he opens his eyes and as he gets up you can see that his hands are pierced. He leaves the cave.
marketing
Mel Gibson worked to ensure that his film would be known to key people of all Christian denominations and showed it as a preview to around 10,000 clergy. Particular emphasis was placed on the fact that the dialogues in the film were not conducted in modern, but rather in biblical languages, which was linked to the claim to truthfulness and historical accuracy.
Grossing results
The film saw a box-office hit of $ 212 million at the box office for the second weekend in the US . The film thus achieved the third best box office result after twelve days. In addition, “The Passion of the Christ” entered the top 50 most successful films in the USA after the second weekend. After three days in German cinemas, over 200,000 visitors had seen the new Mel Gibson film “The Passion of Christ”. On its opening weekend, the film reached between 38,000 and 40,000 viewers in Austria. In 2004, 1,349,020 Germans saw the film, which was shown again in German cinemas nationwide with over 140 copies on March 24, 2005 ( Maundy Thursday ). In the United States, about 67 million people saw the film. "The Passion of the Christ" was able to enter the top 100 of the most commercially successful films with a worldwide box office of over 600 million US dollars , from which it was ousted again in 2015. According to the Guinness Book of Records (Hamburg) in the 2006 edition, “The Passion of the Christ” is the most successful religious film of all time.
The DVD and video versions have also achieved record results so far. 2.5 million of a total of 15 million copies made available were sold in the USA on the first day.
Awards
The film received three Academy Award nominations in 2005 , including for the score for John Debney.
Mel Gibson won the Russian Golden Knight Film Festival Award in 2004 and the Golden Satellite Award in 2005 . James Caviezel was nominated for the MTV Movie Award in 2004, and in 2005 he won the MovieGuide Award .
John Debney won the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers Film & Television Music Award in 2005 . The film won the Motion Picture Sound Editors Award in 2005 and was nominated for this award in another category.
In 2005, the film received the People's Choice Award in the category "Film Drama" for the past year. In contrast to the Oscars, where an expert jury decides, the price decisions for the People's Choice Awards are based more or less on representative surveys by the polling institute Gallup Organization .
Reviews
In the USA, accusations of anti-Semitism have been raised many times . In Europe, the extent of the depictions of violence was also criticized. Even within the Christian churches, there were fierce arguments for and against. In Islamic countries, the scandal film aroused equally fierce controversy. The Passion of the Christ is according to a survey by US magazine Entertainment Weekly (12 June 2006) the most controversial film of all time. The historical drama triggered "a culture war unprecedented in the history of Hollywood". Christian congregations and believers were organized and appeared in groups for the film premiere. The Christian conservative right in the USA as well as traditional conservative Christian institutions showed a great deal of interest in advertising and support for the film and invested a lot of money to help spread the "message of the Passion" through cinematographic films. A joint statement by the chairman of the German Bishops' Conference, Karl Cardinal Lehmann , the council chairman of the Evangelical Churches in Germany, Bishop Wolfgang Huber , and the chairman of the Central Council of Jews , Paul Spiegel , are critical of the film: "With this drastic representation, the Film the Bible's message in a problematic manner. The film harbors the danger of reducing the life of Jesus to the last twelve hours. ”Another problem lies in the portrayal of the Jews involved. The signatories of the joint declaration note the possibility of anti-Semitic instrumentalization.
Violence allegations
All aspects of torture , as they can result from the stories in the Bible , were dramatically interpreted by the director using the means of the technically highly equipped action film. In addition, other acts of violence not contained in the Bible have been added. For example, it is shown how a raven chops out an eye from one of the two thieves . The flagellation of Jesus in the film lasts almost 15 minutes.
Based on the traditional Christian folk passion plays in the Bavarian Oberammergau and elsewhere, there is an abundance of places in the USA that stage their own passion plays. So Mel Gibson could be sure of an interested audience right from the start, to whom the theologically in part not easily understandable flashbacks in the film immediately become apparent: For example, the Last Supper , during which Jesus gives the apostles bread as his body, is parallel to the Crucifixion process shown. Catholic theologians criticized this interpretation of the Eucharist as a one-sided visualization of the crucified body of Christ and opposed that the Eucharist should be seen as the presence of the risen body of Christ.
Mel Gibson repeatedly defended his film against allegations of excessive violence. He must show the assumed massive violence against Jesus and bring the viewer "beyond a certain limit" in order to make him understand the "enormous size of the sacrifice" of Christ, Gibson said in an interview with the US television station ABC. According to the director, those who cannot stand depictions of violence should not watch The Passion of the Christ or, if necessary, should leave the cinema halfway through . Nobody is forced to see to the end what Christ suffered for people. And the director admitted that he would not show the film to young people under the age of 13. In an interview with Bill Hybels , Gibson said: “Without a doubt, it would have been enough if God had shed a few fewer drops of blood. But he decided to take this path in order to make something clear to us. ”Through Jesus Christ human civilization was forever changed.
Accusation of anti-Semitism
Critics believe that the motives of the Jewish leaders who call for Jesus' execution in the film are barely illuminated and that the biblical Roman governor Pontius Pilate is presented in a much more humane manner than historical reports would suggest. With the characters of Joseph of Arimathäa and Nicodemus, the film incorporates two people close to Jesus among the Jewish leaders as opposing votes to his accusers before the Sanhedrin , but even if one takes into account that all the people involved except the Romans were Jews, the " traditional New Testament anti-Jewish message “that the Jews have a collective guilt for the death of Jesus, which is also expressed in the Passion Play.
Numerous Christian and Jewish dignitaries accused the film of being close to anti-Semitism because it did not try to refute or weaken the New Testament's own allegation of Jewish collective guilt for the death of Jesus. The charge of hostility towards Jews was rejected by several high representatives of the Catholic Church. Due to the anti-Semitism criticism and the explosive that is ascribed by critics to the warned "anti-Jewish New Testament stereotypes " - especially in the strong Hollywood cinematic drama - Gibson removed the subtitles of the self-cursing cries of the Jewish crowd in Hebrew: "His blood come upon us and our children ”(cf. Mt. 27.25). The anti-Semitism allegations were directed not only against the film as such, but also against the person Gibson himself. The police officers who detained him for drunk driving noticed him with anti-Semitic remarks.
Another point of criticism concerns the question of which material Gibson selected from the Gospels and colored it with his own views: Some critics try to prove that his selection leads to the most negative possible representation of the Jewish population and priesthood. A different selection would have produced a much more positive picture:
- The Jewish high priest Kajaphas fears that a rebellion could cause the Romans to destroy the temple (cf. Jn 11:48); in contrast to Pilate's fear expressed in the film that Kajaphas could lead a rebellion if Pilate does not punish Jesus or crucify Jesus.
- Because Jesus is popular with the people, the arrest should not take place during the Passover feast so that there would be no riot among the people (cf. Mk 14.2); however, none of this is mentioned in the film.
- Judas is accompanied to Jesus' arrest by a " cohort (Roman soldiers) and official servants of the high priests and Pharisees" (cf. Jn 18: 3, 12); In the film, the arrest of Jesus is based solely on the Jewish authorities and thus follows the portrayal of the Synoptics .
- Jesus is questioned about his teachings by Annas and Kajaphas and then brought to Pilate (cf. Jn 18: 19, 24, 28); according to the Johannite account there is no trial before the Sanhedrin.
- Pilate was known for his cruelty (cf. Lk 13: 1); the film shows a rather compassionate and hesitant Pilate.
- A large crowd wept for Jesus (cf. Lk 23:27) or "all the people who came together for this spectacle [...] beat their chests and turned away" (cf. Lk 23:48). In the film, however, the majority of the angry crowd welcomes the punishment of Jesus and few are against or weep for him.
On historical authenticity
The producers of the film rely on a historicizing faithful representation of the plot. As early as March 2003, Gibson said in an interview about previous Jesus films: “They are either historically inaccurate or suffer from bad music. I want my film to show the Passion of Christ exactly as it happened. ”However, there is no uniform representation according to the Gospels, but Gibson put together appropriate elements from the Gospels.
For example, according to the Gospel of John, Jewish bailiffs and Roman soldiers were arrested. Jesus was then only asked about his teachings by Annas and Kajaphas. On the other hand, according to the Synoptics, Jesus was only arrested by Jewish bakers, before the Sanhedrin he was tried and he was convicted of blasphemy .
The film was accused of, among other things, the following historical inaccuracies:
- Investigations of the crucified at that time show that the nails were not driven through the palms of the hands - as the film shows - but through the carpal bones or forearms. There was a simple physiological reason for this: the tissues of the palms could not hold the weight of a body. Traditional Christian iconography , on the other hand, almost always placed the nails on the palms of the hands and not on the wrists of Jesus - a well-known exception is the Turin shroud . However, as in the film, as can be found in some other depictions, a suppedaneum can be seen on which the crucified could stand and the arms are also attached to the cross with ropes, the depiction could be quite possible.
- The Jerusalem anthropologist Joe Zias doubts the long hair of Jesus shown in the film: at best, the Nazarites , the forerunners of the monks, would have had shoulder-length hair.
- The scholars today also agree that the crown of thorns was not a crown in the sense of artistic representations of the Passion scenes and nowadays common ideas, but rather looked like a hood that covered the entire head hair. The director Martin Scorsese has already shown Jesus in his film The Last Temptation of Christ with this historically correct representation.
- The Paderborn Bible expert Professor Carsten Peter Thiede mentions as the most striking unhistorical detail the selection of ancient languages at the time of the events in these places: at that time, Greek and Aramaic were spoken in Palestine, but not Latin or Hebrew. Consequently, all the books of the New Testament are written in Greek. Other critics complained that the fact that the film was not shot in English was a deliberate suggestion of an almost documentary factual loyalty; however, this is a mere contrivance that is supposed to give Gibson's very subjective version of the events the appearance of authenticity.
- The Latin pronunciation in the film was also based on a modern, not scientifically reconstructed model. The most striking example is the "hissing" of C / G in front of a light vowel , which did not begin until the end of late antiquity . For example, the number 20, Latin viginti, is pronounced in the film as “widschinti” and not “wiginti” as it would be historically correct. Likewise, the C in front of the vowels "i" and "e" in the film is pronounced as Z, but not actually correctly as K (see: Latin pronunciation ). That way, the Latin in the movie sounds more like Italian. There are also grammatical blunders: For example, at the end of the film, one of the Roman soldiers calls his comrade “Cassius” ( nominative ), but he would have called him “Cassi”, which corresponds to the salutation ( vocative ) of the name Cassius.
- The portrayal of Herod Antipas , who as ruler of Galilee was the sovereign of Jesus and interrogated him in the film according to a pericope only contained in the Gospel of Luke ( Lk 23.6-12 EU ) shortly before his flagellation in Jerusalem, corresponds neither to historical nor biblical claims. Antipas, who in reality was well over 60 years old at the time of Jesus' execution and, according to the Gospel of Luke, was characterized by Jesus himself as “this fox” (literally “vixen”) ( Lk 13.32 EU ), is referred to in the episode as effeminate youth shown with starry airs and extravagant hairstyle. Gibson's portrayal of the character was taken by film critics and Bible scholars as a quote from the rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar and is historically unrealistic, but could contain a sexualized interpretation of the fox metaphor of Jesus, which Gibson picked from Emmerick's description of the encounter.
- Regarding the conversation between Jesus and Pilate, it is objected that it can be doubted that Jesus spoke to the prefect in Latin. A second consideration in this context is the question why Kajaphas spoke Aramaic with Pilate. There is no evidence or evidence for this. For conversations between the Roman administration and local Jews in Palestine in the 1st century, a conversation in Greek, the official language of the time in Palestine, is assumed.
- Furthermore, the figure of the wooden cross that Jesus has to carry is wrong. According to Roman custom, only the crossbeam was dragged to the place of execution and the condemned man was pulled up on a longitudinal beam firmly anchored in the ground, so that the cross looked like a large T and not a small t as shown in the film. So Mel Gibson uses a traditional Christian representation of the cross instead of the historical one that was shown by Franco Zeffirelli in his TV four-part series Jesus of Nazareth in 1977 . However, in contrast to the film, the two co-convicts of Jesus only carry the patibulum to the place of execution. In their case, the longitudinal bars are fixed in the ground beforehand, and their crosses have the more common T-shape ( crux commissa ). On the one hand this corresponds more to the historically correct method of crucifixion, but on the other hand it also corresponds to traditional Christian iconography, according to which the two thieves are usually crucified in a different way than Jesus himself.
- On the tablet commissioned by Pontius Pilate and placed above Jesus crucified, Latin, Hebrew or Aramaic characters can be read in the film . According to the Gospel of John , however, the titulus crucis was written in three languages, namely in Hebrew, Greek and Latin.
- During the darkness at the time of Jesus' death, the film also shows an earthquake that breaks up the floor inside the temple, which is half destroyed as a result. This is obviously intended to establish a causal connection to the prophecy of Jesus, quoted twice in the film, that he would “tear down the temple”. While an earthquake is mentioned at least in the apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus , the gospels only speak of tearing the temple curtain in relation to the temple , but nowhere of a collapse of the temple itself. From a historical point of view, both the darkness and the earthquake are controversial, the temple was only destroyed by the Romans in 70.
Thomas Williams LC , Dean of the Faculty of Theology at the Regina Apostolorum Pontifical College in Rome and a theological advisor to Mel Gibson's film, said of the criticism of the details of the representation, complaints about the languages used, the height of the cross, the length of Jesus' hair The size of the crowd in front of Pilate in the Praetorium or the placement of the nails in Jesus' hands seemed trivial in view of the film's Christian message. Other participants made similar statements.
Film and exegesis
The film deliberately ignores the findings of historical-critical exegesis and also inserts scenes not mentioned in the Bible, which are often taken from the visions of Blessed Anna Katharina Emmerick , written down by Clemens Brentano . For example, it shows how Mary Magdalene and the mother of Jesus wipe up the blood of Jesus after the flagellation and how the legendary Veronica gives Jesus a handkerchief .
In addition, at key points in the plot, Satan appears as an androgynous character played by a woman in the film. This was criticized by women's rights activists and theologians, the latter emphasizing that the devil played no role in the New Testament passion story . In addition, Satan is built up in the film as an opponent of God, which reflects a dualistic theological view that is not compatible with Christian theology. Director Mel Gibson said: "Evil is tempting and attractive."
Statements of individual bishops
- The then Regensburg Bishop Gerhard Ludwig Müller saw the film as a “moving contribution to understanding the story of Jesus' passion. The brutality depicted in some places shows what people in their darkest qualities are capable of. And it is very clear what Jesus endured for us humans and for our sins. ”Müller also commented on the accusation of anti-Semitism:“ This accusation is brought to the film from outside. It can by no means be taken from it. There is no resentment stirred up against “the” Jews of then and now. Whoever believes in Jesus Christ as Messiah, i.e. is a Christian, sees in the Jews his brothers and sisters, with whom he is deeply connected throughout salvation history, from creation to God's covenant with Israel and right up to the prophets of Israel . "
- On the day of the German premiere, the then Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Munich and Freising, Friedrich Cardinal Wetter , expressed himself critically : he saw a fundamental problem in the attempt to film the suffering of Jesus. The gospels are not protocols. The historical events entered the preaching of the Church and found their expression in the Gospels. Incidentally, it is not unusual, especially in film, when a person portrayed lags far behind the original. Cardinal Wetter emphasized that he did not want to see the film personally.
Film music
The singer Dolores O'Riordan of the Irish rock band The Cranberries sang the theme song Ave Maria for the film.
continuation
A sequel to “The Passion of the Christ” is planned, in which James Caviezel will again take on the leading role. Mel Gibson will once again direct and Randall Wallace will be writing the script. The sequel is about the resurrection of Jesus.
Trivia
The main actor James Caviezel , who portrays Jesus in the film, was struck by lightning while filming. He also dislocated his shoulder, developed pneumonia and hypothermia. Caviezel is personally considered to be very religious. After this project, however, he received significantly fewer role offers than before. His high identification with the role as Jesus thus had a negative effect on his career as an actor. He said that although he foresaw the consequences of his role as Jesus in advance, he consciously accepted this fact.
Parodies
The film and Mel Gibson are parodied several times in the series South Park . So Cartman a big fan of Mel Gibson and uses the film are portrayed as murderers of God in the Jews, to live out his anti-Semitism. Other animated series such as The Simpsons , Family Guy and Drawn Together satirized the film.
literature
- Cornelius Schneider: Mel Gibson and The Passion of the Christ - The Passion of the Christ: The Film - The Background. VDM Verlag Dr. Müller , Saarbrücken, 2004, ISBN 393675568X
- Stefan Volk: Scandal films: Cinematic excitement yesterday and today. Schüren Verlag , Marburg, 2011, ISBN 9783894725624
- Reinhold Zwick: The Passion of Christ: the film by Mel Gibson and its theological and art-historical contexts. 2004
Web links
- The Passion of Christ in the Internet Movie Database (English)
- The Passion of Christ at Rotten Tomatoes (English)
- The Passion of the Christ in the online film database
- Film review at Filmstarts.de
- The Passion of Christ on www.skandalfilm.net
Individual evidence
- ↑ Release certificate for The Passion of Christ . Voluntary self-regulation of the film industry , March 2004 (PDF; test number: 97 225 K).
- ↑ Age designation for The Passion of Christ . Youth Media Commission .
- ↑ The Passion of the Christ (2004) - Worldwide Box Office Box Office Box Office
- ↑ The Passion of Christ. Most controversial film of all time. Basler Zeitung , June 13, 2006
- ↑ Workshop 2004 When is a film anti-Semitic? KHG Frankfurt (PDF; 72 kB)
- ↑ wikipedia
- ↑ Reinhold Zwick : The bitterest sufferings. Mel Gibson's "The Passion of the Christ" . In: Herder Korrespondenz 4/2004, online access at the Münster Forum for Theology and Church (MFThK) .
- ↑ a b Mark Goodacre : Herod Antipas in The Passion of the Christ. NT Blog, May 1, 2004, accessed January 2019.
- ↑ The Passion of the Christ 2 - Jim Caviezel returns and raves about superlatives . In: moviepilot.de . January 31, 2018 ( moviepilot.de [accessed January 31, 2018]).
- ↑ 'Passion' Filming Takes a Toll on Jim Caviezel ( Memento from August 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Jim Caviezel 'Rejected By My Own Industry' For 'Passion Of The Christ' , Huffington Post, February 5, 2011