Passion play

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Passion play in Via Dolorosa , Jerusalem, 2005

As Passion Play Christian are spiritual drama about the Passion , the suffering and death of Jesus of Nazareth called. Good Friday plays, passion plays and the thematically often overlapping Easter plays were widespread throughout Europe in the Middle Ages and early modern times. They are often designed as performances lasting several hours or several days with the participation of numerous actors. Passion plays are still performed mainly in the Catholic regions of Bavaria and Austria . The most famous Passion Plays have been taking place in Oberammergau in an uninterrupted tradition since the 17th century .

history

Station of the "Via Crucis Vivent" in Sant Hilari Sacalm ( Catalonia )
Via Crucis Saarlouis 2005
Passion play in Ołtarzew, Poland

Christian Passion Plays, a type of spiritual play that was particularly common among the dramatic performances of the Middle Ages , which were originally performed everywhere on Good Friday and developed from the Good Friday celebration itself and from the mimic representations that take place in many churches.

All Passion Plays have the suffering and death of the Redeemer as their main plot, and from this and from the close connection to the narrative of the Gospels, the overall character of the plays was essentially epic. This was reinforced by the fact that the actual representation of the Passion was usually preceded by the performance of other episodes of sacred history (one began occasionally with creation) and the originally older Easter plays , which depicted the scenes of the resurrection, naturally resembled the crucifixion and burial Lined up with Christ (which is why the Passion and Easter plays were mostly performed together and often on several consecutive days).

How far back the performance of the actual Passion Play goes back cannot be determined exactly; only the scenarios and the chants interwoven in the games were only recorded when they had long since become customary. In France they were called Mysterienspiel , which, with the transition to Germany, was essentially only assigned to the games that dealt with the story of the Passion and Resurrection of the Savior, while the dramatic performance of legends was given the name Miracle.

In German manuscripts of the 13th century, two Passion Plays are preserved in fragments, of which the first, with a mainly Latin text ( "Ludus paschalis sive de passione Domini" , edited by Hoffmann von Fallersleben in Fundgruben , Vol. 2, p. 245 ff. , and by Schmeller in Carmina Burana ), contains individual German stanzas, while the other, coming from a courtly educated poet, is entirely in German and in the art forms of the 13th century.

The later writings, which mostly point to an older origin, include: the “Frankfurter Passionsspiel” (a scenario of which was preserved in an old parchment scroll from the Bartholomäusstiftsschule in Frankfurt am Main ), the “ Alsfeld Passion Play” (edited by von Grein , Kassel 1874), the " Heidelberg Passion Play" (edited by Gustav Milchsack , Tübingen 1880), the " Donaueschinger Passion Play" (printed in Mones Schauspiele des Mittelalter , Karlsruhe 1846), the " Freiburg Passion Play" (edited by Martin, Freiburg 1872), the " Bolzano Passion Play" (edited by JE Wackernell, Graz 1897), the Low German Marienklage (edited by O. Schönemann, Hanover 1855) and the Redentiner Osterspiel a . a. They all bear witness to the typical similarity and similarity of the Passion Play.

They are all treated melodramatically; the speeches alternate with sung passages (in which the Latin church hymns were preserved for the longest within the framework of the Passion Play) and incorporate farceic and comical episodes into the course of the plot, to which the life of Mary Magdalene before her conversion, Christ's descent into hell, the purchase of the ointments and spices by the three Marys before visiting the Holy Sepulcher are the scenic occasions. Simon of Cyrene helped Jesus carry the cross on the last section. The Passion Procession of Škofja Loka in Slovenia from 1721, which was revived in 1999 and 2000 and goes back to the only surviving European director's book from the Baroque and has numerous allegorical figures , is particularly well-developed . The predominantly pantomime representation of the crucifixion in Tresdorf im Mölltal in Carinthia, Austria, is performed every year on Maundy Thursday and Good Friday in old costumes. From the also non-commercialized play of the suffering of Christ, in which Lucifer and other devils appear in Vienna, or other allegorical figures in Carinthia , such as B. the shepherd and death or the dead woman, are text templates for the Metnitz game of New Year's Eve Wietinger from the years 1911 and 1916 u. a. German game texts received. Since 2007 there has been the Gegentaler Passion Play in the Krastal , in the local dialect, with music and lots of solo singing. Slovenian texts are either copies of the Köstenberg Passion Comedy by Andreas Schuster-Drabosenig (1818) or adaptations such as E.g. the play of the suffering of Christ by Josef Uran from Lind ob Velden (1889), that by Johann Graber (1895, unfortunately lost) and the handwriting of Edmund Müller (1931) from St. Stefan near Finkenstein. The latter was translated by Luise Maria Ruhdorfer from the Slovenian dialect into German high-level language and re-dramaturgized by Ilona M. Wulff-Lübbert in 2014 and performed under her direction on the Arnoldstein monastery ruins in an outdoor and an indoor version in August 2015 .

After the Reformation, the Protestant playwrights threw themselves predominantly on biblical material from the Old Testament , which could be treated in a moralizing sense, and developed the Passion Play into moralities . In the parts of Germany that remained Catholic, namely in the Bavarian, Tyrolean and Salzburg Alps, the same persisted, partly in the full medieval naivete, partly in a tendentious reworking and dressing, which was carried out especially by the Jesuits and the clergy trained by them. But also for the Catholic parts of the country there is a Passion Play with themes from the Old Testament: the Passion Play by Perchtoldsdorf with the subject of the outcast Ishmael (1st book of Moses, 21st chapter, verses 9 ff.).

Those of the older games, which had held their own up to the 18th century, gradually fell victim to the penetrating Enlightenment. Under Karl Theodor and King Max Joseph I , even in Bavaria the passion performances were banned and an exception was made only with the Waal Passion Play and the Oberammergau Passion Play .

The Passion Plays in the Philippines have come under particular criticism , as some of the participants there actually allow themselves to be crucified for a short time, which repeatedly leads to injuries , wound infections and hospital treatment.

Passion play venues (selection)

Via Crucis 2005 in Saarlouis
Budaörser Passion 2018

See also

literature

  • Joseph E. Wackernell (ed.): Old German Passion Play from Tyrol. With treatises on their development, composition, sources, performances and literary-historical position (sources and research on the history, literature and language of Austria and its Crown Lands I), Graz 1897.
  • Otto Gerhard Schindler: About the late baroque play of the suffering of Christ in the quarter under the Vienna Woods. In: Our home. Monthly newspaper of the Association for Regional Studies of Lower Austria and Vienna. 38th year. Vienna 1967, issue 10/12, p. 225 ff.
  • Otto Gerhard Schindler: Baroque folk play in Perchtoldsdorf. Fragments of a late baroque passion play from the Lower Austrian market. Vienna 1969. Austrian Journal for Folklore No. 23/72. Pp. 73-115.
  • Bernd Neumann , Hannes Obermair : Tyrolean Games . In: Wilhelm Kühlmann et al. (Ed.): Killy Literaturlexikon , Vol. 11, Berlin-New York: Walter De Gruyter 2011, pp. 546-548.
  • Norbert Richard Wolf : Bolzano Passion Play . In: Autorlexikon , 2nd ed., Vol. 1 (1978), Sp. 979-982.
  • Luise Maria Ruhdorfer: The Passion Play "Terplenje in smrt Jezusa Kristusa" [= The suffering and death of Jesus Christ], St. Stefan near Finkenstein, 1931. Klagenfurt: Hermagoras Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-7086-0247-9 . More details: [1]
  • Diane Dingeldein: The Bensheim Passion Play. Studies on an Italian-German cultural transfer. (Mainz contributions to cultural anthropology / folklore, vol. 7). Waxmann, Münster / New York / Munich / Berlin 2013. ISBN 978-3-83-092919-2 ( Google books )
  • Luise Maria Ruhdorfer: Sentenced to death on the cross. Carinthian Suffering Games of Christ. Klagenfurt: Verlag des Kärntner Landesarchiv, 2012, ISBN 978-3-900531-83-6 . More details: [2]
  • Luise Maria Ruhdorfer: Born to suffer and die. Carinthian religious folk plays. Remscheid (D): Verlag Re Di Roma, 2015, ISBN 978-3-86870-810-3 . More details: [3]
  • Edith M. Prieler: People's play in Laßnitz. Text documentation and liturgy-theological commentary. Anif: Müller-Speiser, 1996, ISBN 3-85145-036-1 .
  • Dorothea Freise: Spiritual games in the city of the late Middle Ages - Frankfurt, Friedberg, Alsfeld . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2002, ISBN 3-525-35174-7 .

Web links

Wikisource: Passion Play  - Sources and Full Texts
Commons : Passion Play  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Otto Gerhard Schindler: The libretto collection of the Klosterneuburg monastery. In: Max Kratochwill (editor): Yearbook of the Association for the History of the City of Vienna. Volume 23/25. Born in 1967/69. Publishing house Ferdinand Berger & Sons, Horn. Page 184.
  2. ↑ Knight and Passion Play - Leuchtenburg. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on March 26, 2017 ; Retrieved March 25, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.uchtenburg.de
  3. ↑ Freiberg Passion Play. In: Burghart Wachinger et al. (Hrsg.): The German literature of the Middle Ages. Author Lexicon . 2nd, completely revised edition, Volume 2 ( Comitis, Gerhard - Gerstenberg, Wigand ). De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1980, ISBN 3-11-007264-5 , Sp. 889 ff.
  4. ^ Norbert Richard Wolf : 'Hall Passion Play'. In: Burghart Wachinger et al. (Hrsg.): The German literature of the Middle Ages. Author Lexicon . 2nd, completely revised edition, ISBN 3-11-022248-5 , Volume 3: Gert van der Schüren - Hildegard von Bingen. Berlin / New York 1981, col. 419-421.
  5. ↑ RIEVOCAZIONE STORICA DELLA PASSIONE DI CRISTO - GRASSINA. In: www.rievstoricagrassina.it. Retrieved March 26, 2016 .
  6. ^ Beginning of the modern Passion Play in Hořice na Šumavě, accessed on April 24, 2011
  7. ↑ Geschiedenis Passiespelen , accessed on 9 March of 2019.