Legionaries of Christ

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The Legionaries of Christ , abbreviation : LC , are a Roman Catholic congregation under papal law of priests and brothers, which was founded in 1941 by the seminarian Marcial Maciel (1920–2008) in Mexico and which is primarily engaged in child, youth and family pastoral care as well as working in Catholic education . The religious order is considered to be conservative . There have been repeated cases of sexual abuse throughout their history .

Self-representation of the order charism

The basic idea of ​​the Legion is to form a spiritual militia ( legionnaire , soldier of a Roman legion ). With military discipline and unity, the legionaries should perform their service to the Church and the Pope .

The order names six pillars of its spiritual profile.

  • Christ-centered spirituality: Every legionnaire should love Jesus Christ in a personal and passionate way, let himself be shaped according to his example and preach him.
  • Childlike love for Mary : Mary is the mother of the church for the legionnaire; hence his spiritual calling comes about through Mary. Like Mary, the legionnaire should also obediently participate in Christ's plan of salvation.
  • Love of the Church: The legionnaire loves the Church as it is and as Christ wants it to be. According to the Catholic view it is a work instituted by Christ through which his plan of salvation will continue until he comes again.
  • Loyalty to the Pope and the bishops united with him: The primacy of Peter and the infallibility of the magisterium are defining characteristics of the Legion. The legionnaire wants to serve the Pope primarily through educational work, family apostolate, charitable works and media work.
  • Proclaiming the kingdom of Christ: The Legion strives to transform humanity into the kingdom of love and justice promised by Christ, according to the ideal of the new man in Christ.
  • To love one another as Christ loved us: Legionaries strive to serve all people. Your apostolic work should be carried out regardless of language, race, gender, culture or social position.

Religious recognition

In 1965 the community received the Decretum laudis from Pope Paul VI. , 1983 recognition as a congregation under papal law . In November 2004 the statutes of the Legionaries of Christ and the Regnum Christi were approved by Pope John Paul II .

Organization and dissemination

The period of formation that precedes ordination is usually twelve to fourteen years for the legionaries of Christ. The legionaries take the three vows customary in the Catholic Church - poverty , chastity , and obedience . By 2007 they also took two private vows: In the vow of charity they committed themselves to refrain from any criticism of the superiors and to inform their superiors about violations of others against this prohibition. In the vow of humility they promised never to strive for office dignity for themselves or for others. In December 2007, Pope Benedict XVI. however, these private vows and released the members from their promises. According to the 2006 papal yearbook, the community had 1917 members, 642 of whom were priests. In 2012 the Congregation had around 400 priests and 2,200 seminarians worldwide, including the children who attend the boys' seminars of the Order. In 2019 there were talk of around 380 priests and 2,200 seminarians. The decline in membership caused by the scandal surrounding the founder since 2009 is now said to have been made up again. The congregation runs schools , universities , boys' seminars, and seminaries .

Closely connected to the Legionaries of Christ is the Regnum Christi apostolate movement , which was also founded by Marcial Maciel , whose institutional branch has been under canon law since 2018 as the Society of Apostolic Life ( Consecrated Women and Men of Regnum Christi ) and has almost 600 members, including 63 men (Stand : 2017).

The Legionaries of Christ are represented in numerous countries including Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Germany, El Salvador, France, Guatemala, Ireland, Italy, Canada, Colombia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Austria, the Philippines, Spain, South Korea, Hungary, Venezuela and the USA.

In 2007 the Order Province of Central Europe was founded with Germany, Poland, Hungary, Austria, Slovakia and the Netherlands. The order province of Western Europe included Ireland, France, Belgium and Switzerland. In 2011, the order provinces in Central and Western Europe were merged. The seat of the common order province is in Düsseldorf . On April 15, 2012, Andreas Schöggl will succeed Sylvester Heereman as the new Territorial Director ( Order Provincial ) for Central and Western Europe.

General Director

Álvaro Corcuera LC was General Manager from 2005 to 2014 . From 2010 to 2014, Archbishop Velasio De Paolis CS, as papal delegate, headed the Congregation by decree of Pope Benedict XVI. with the aim of a comprehensive reorganization of the order. The lay branch of the order, the Regnum Christi , is also subordinate to the General Director of the Legionaries of Christ and was also visited and reformed under the papal mandate .

From 2014 to 2020 Eduardo Robles Gil Orvañanos LC led the religious community. On February 6, 2020, the American John Connor LC (* 1968) was elected by the General Chapter as the new General Director. He previously headed the Order of North America and is the first general director who is not Mexican.

The Order and the Order's leadership are advised by the Roman Curia on the realignment; On July 4, 2014, Pope Francis appointed Gianfranco Ghirlanda SJ as papal advisor to the religious community.

Branches in Germany and plants

The order has been based in Germany since 1988. The Legionaries of Christ , together with the Regnum Christi and with the support of the Archdiocese of Cologne, operate facilities in Bad Münstereifel (novitiate from 1998 to 2011) and Düsseldorf and Cologne-Deutz (administration since 1998). The novitiate of the Legionaries of Christ will move from Bad Münstereifel to the former hotel vocational school Bavaria in the Bavarian town of Alzgern in the Altötting district in autumn 2011 due to lack of space . Appropriate approvals were given by the Neuötting city ​​council and the Passau diocese . The building also serves as a retreat for the religious order members from the entire province of Western and Central Europe (Germany, Austria, Ireland, France, Holland, Switzerland, Poland and Hungary).

With the approval of the Archdiocese of Cologne, the Cologne District Government and the Cologne State Youth Office, one of 20 Apostolic Schools worldwide was opened in Bad Münstereifel for the 2008/2009 school year . The school is recognized according to §§116, 118 Abs. 2 Abs. 4 SchulG NRW and was founded on February 1st, 2009 by Auxiliary Bishop Dr. Heiner Koch blessed. The teachers are not members of the order, but are employed. The school sees itself in the tradition of boys' seminars . In contrast to diocesan seminaries , the seminarians here are pupils, mostly underage children, who do not study but are only being prepared for the Abitur. Children should be strengthened in their calling to become priests.

Networks and media services

The legionnaires conduct intensive network work, sometimes remaining in the background when they finance institutions, movements, networks and media services :

  • The LC also run youth missions with the Mission Youth website . This media pastoral service has a different target group orientation than the CYWN and is aimed more at young people who have already been socialized in the church. A German version is available at "www.youthinmission.info".
  • NET is a network of Catholic families that offers activities for children between the ages of five and eleven. The site is realized by the association “Regnum Christi Initiatives eV” (formerly Catholic Media eV) based in Düsseldorf. According to the legionnaires, the aim of the work is "to give children of primary school age a holistic education in the Christian spirit using modern playful methods".
  • The social media platform eCandle at www.ecandle.net was also operated by the order and made it possible, for example, to light virtual candles on the Internet, but was also intended to serve as a meeting place on the Internet. The platform was shut down in 2016.
  • The multilingual website Vocation.com aims to promote Catholic vocations. By its own account, the service is "one of the most comprehensive Catholic websites on the Internet on the subject of vocation". Advice and information on the subject of “calling” is generally provided. In contrast, the German offer links directly to the German-language website of the Legionaries of Christ and the Regnum Christi, on which the subject of vocation in general and in particular with regard to the religious community is presented in more detail. This website is the responsibility of “Regnum Christi Initiatives eV” (formerly Catholic Media eV).
  • Live love offers seminars on the subjects of marriage, partnership, love and sexuality at "www.liebeleben.com". This service of the LC and Regnum Christi is aimed primarily at young people in order to convey to them the Catholic concept of marriage and sexual morality.
  • The Zenit news agency was founded by the legionaries of Christ to conduct public relations.

Criticism of legionaries and founders

The criticism of the order of the LC comes from different directions, both inside and outside the Catholic Church and reached a temporary climax in the media in 2010 with the conclusion of the papal visitation. The scandals surrounding the founder and the problems of the order's structures have caused a sensation worldwide and are no longer a purely internal church problem. The congregation also exerts great social influence by maintaining universities, schools and media services and, through its financial activities and political contacts, also after secular power strut.

Scandals surrounding founder Marcial Maciel

Since the 1960s there have been allegations against Fr. Maciel of being addicted to drugs and of having sexually abused seminarians. Underage boys from the Apostolic Schools (boys' seminaries) were obviously also victims. The allegations were gradually confirmed. The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith waived a trial in 2006 because of Maciel's old age and asked the Father to lead a secluded life of prayer and penance without any public pastoral service. Fr Maciel died on January 30th, 2008. After his death it became known that, although he publicly advocated celibacy , he had fathered children in Spain, Mexico and Switzerland.

During the apostolic visitation (see below) it became known that he had at least two other children with another wife. According to a report from kath.net , Maciel was accused of "abusing seminarians" and "giving them absolution for sexual acts committed together" (the latter an excommunication offense ). The sexual abuse of boys in the religious houses has since been confirmed by the legionaries. The legionaries of Christ regret the behavior of the founder, according to press releases in 2009 and 2010.

Maciel's supposed book El salterio de mis días (Psalter of my days) , which had played an important role in the history of the community and the spiritual formation of the legionaries, turned out to be plagiarism in 2009 . Pope Benedict XVI writes to Maciel: "The very serious and objectively immoral behavior of Father Maciel, which is evidenced by indisputable testimony, sometimes manifests itself in the form of real crimes and reveals a life without conscience without real religious convictions."

According to reports from Vatican Radio and Cathedral Radio , the legionaries of Christ should end any form of veneration of their founder: “Maciel's veneration by the legionaries of Christ sometimes bore traits of a personality cult. Maciel's writings are also no longer allowed to be sold in the offices of the Congregation. In addition, Maciel's birthday, baptism, name day and priestly ordination are no longer festive days. In publications of the Order, the founder may only be spoken of as 'Father Maciel' or as 'Founder of the Legionaries of Christ and Regnum Christi' without any particular respect. "

In January 2019, Cardinal João Braz de Aviz , Prefect of the Congregation for the Order , declared that the Vatican had already received the first documents on sexual abuse by Degollado in 1943; his congregation had nothing to do with their cover-up.

Lack of freedom of members and sectarian characteristics of the order

Archbishop João Bráz De Aviz, member of the Roman Curia and head of the Congregation for Religious, criticized the restriction of freedom in the seminaries of the Legionaries of Christ in July 2011: “Even as a bishop, he was skeptical about the lack of trust in concerns the personal freedom he has exercised in the structures of the community. That is why he himself took his seminarians out of the training places of the legionaries. ”The criticism of several book authors and former members of the congregation or of Regnum Christi goes beyond this: they speak of sect-like structures and manipulative approaches. The members are therefore advised that the religious are the true representatives of the truth of the Catholic Church and criticism from outside - including criticism from within the Church - only underlines this. In addition, the members would be manipulated with psychological methods such as those used in sects. In the meantime there is also more and more criticism from Germany, for example from clergy from the Diocese of Passau. The settlement of the novitiate in Neuötting brings the internal church concerns to the public. According to a former employee, the editorial team of the Legionnaires' own news agency Zenit is "controlled and censored", and it was only allowed to write "on the line".

Problematic recruiting of children and young people

Catholic institutions also criticize the fact that the Legionaries of Christ (and Regnum Christi , the lay organization of the legionaries) used pressure to recruit children and young people. This criticism is also shared by some bishops.

Legionnaires reportedly strive for children to be no older than twelve when joining a youth group in the LC. This was justified by the fact that they were easier to influence at this age. In addition, the religious background of the LC should not be visible to the outside world. A critic of this system was insulted as a “traitor” in one case. The reliability of the reporting of this newspaper has been questioned on the website kath.net .

In its 2014 report on children's rights in the Roman Catholic Church, the United Nations accused the Legionnaires of Christ and the Angelworks of alienating children and young people from their families. It is about manipulation by groups close to the church.

Prohibition of the congregation in some North American dioceses

In October 2004, Archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis , Minnesota , Harry J. Flynn , banned both the Legionnaires of Christ and the lay organization, Regnum Christi, of all activity in the archdiocese. He justified this step with the fact that the legionaries would build a parallel church and thus remove believers from their local communities. In total, the legionaries in seven North American (arch) dioceses were prohibited from any activity: Archdiocese of St. Paul-Minneapolis (Minnesota), Archdiocese of Los Angeles (California), Baton Rouge (Louisiana), Richmond (Virginia), Fort Wayne-South Bend ( Indiana), Columbus (Ohio), Archdiocese of Miami (Florida). Its activities are under surveillance in the Archdiocese of Baltimore, Maryland.

Measures to reorganize the Congregation

Pope Benedict XVI ordered an Apostolic Visitation (2009-2010) to investigate the abuses of the Congregation: By decree of March 10, 2009 - signed by Cardinal Secretary of State Tarcisio Bertone - the Holy See ordered an extraordinary visitation of the legionaries of Christ. The visitation was carried out by five bishops: Archbishops Charles Chaput ( Denver ), Ricardo Ezzati ( Concepción ), Ricardo Blázquez ( Valladolid ) and Bishops Ricardo Watty Urquidi (Tepic) and Giuseppe Versaldi (Alessandria). They reported to Cardinal Bertone on April 30, 2010 in Rome.

Pope Benedict XVI expresses clear criticism of the Congregation in his declaration of May 1, 2010 at the end of the Apostolic Visitation:

  • According to him, the legionaries need a “purification” and the structure of the congregation needs to be reconsidered. According to the Pope's conviction, the founder installed a power system that needs to be reformed: “This (path) also means a sincere confrontation with those within and outside the Legion who have become victims of sexual abuse and the power system set in motion by the founder . ”He calls on those in charge of the Congregation to review their exercise of authority and to respect the individual's conscience in the future. In 2006 the Pope had already banned the special vows of the order “charity”. According to this, the members of the order were only allowed to discuss criticism of their superiors with them and not to publicize them. In terms of content, it was not a vow of charity, but one of secrecy .
  • The common practice that the superiors are spiritual guides and confessors at the same time has also been abolished . This counteracts the power system.
  • The radicalism of the legionaries is also criticized by the Pope: the missionary activity of the church should not be equated with "achieving efficient results at any price".

As a consequence of the visitation, on June 16, 2010 the future Cardinal Velasio De Paolis CS , professor of canon law and renowned religious lawyer , was appointed papal delegate for a comprehensive reorganization of the religious community of the Legionaries of Christ. This measure is - apart from the dissolution of the congregation - the most massive measure that the Pope could impose after the visit. The leadership of the congregation was no longer incumbent on the members of the order, but on the delegate, who acted directly on behalf of the Pope. The reorganization affected both the governance structures of the congregation and the local branches.

Over a year after initiating the reform measures, Cardinal De Paolis criticized (July 2011) that there were dissidents in the Order: “By 'dissidents' he means members who are not prepared to submit to the governing structures of the Order, but rather themselves as the' Lords of spirituality and doctrine 'would play, the cardinal explained. That leads to divisions and to the fact that especially young members leave the order, said the cardinal. "

Completion of the renewal process in spring 2014

On October 4th the Pontifical Delegate for the Legionaries of Christ and the Regnum Christi, Cardinal Velasio De Paolis, convened an Extraordinary General Chapter, which began on January 8th, 2014. Thus, after three and a half years, the comprehensive renewal process of the community came to an end in spring 2014.

Pope Benedict XVI named the revision of the Constitutions and the implementation of an Extraordinary General Chapter as essential steps in the renewal process when the Papal Delegate was appointed in June 2010.

The Extraordinary General Chapter took place in Rome, where it began its work on January 8, 2014 at the headquarters of the Order's government in Rome. The general chapter represents the entire religious community as “a real sign of their unity in love” (c. 631 § 1 CIC). The two main goals were to elect a new leadership and to complete the revision of the Constitutions. For this reason, the elected members were to be more representative. The resulting special electoral modalities for the delegates were set out in the letter. As provided in canon law, not only the territories and the local communities, "but also all individual members could freely submit their wishes and suggestions to the General Chapter" (c. 631 § 3 CIC). After the general chapter had revised the constitutions, they were presented to Pope Francis for final approval and accepted.

Financing and influencing society

The criticism from other quarters becomes even clearer, even if it often goes in the same direction as the official church criticism. The order is described as fundamentalist. He covertly strives for political power and social influence at all costs. The legionaries are said to belong to the richest Catholic communities in the world and to have an extensive network of political and social representatives. So the founder of the order married one of the richest and most influential men in the world, Carlos Slim Helu . The legionaries had a fortune of 25 billion euros and their annual budget was 650 million dollars. The legionaries in Latin America are called "Milionarios de Cristo" - "Millionaires of Christ". In Germany there is also criticism regarding the funding of the order.

Sexual abuse by other members of the order

In 2010 it was revealed that other members of the Order had also molested boys in several Apostolic Schools. In the press the children are mostly referred to as underage “seminarians” because the institutions are also called “small seminars”. Abuse in schools in Chile, Italy, Spain and the USA is well known. In Ireland, abuse of the youth chaplaincy of the Order is reported to have occurred. The Archdiocese of Freiburg put a pastor on leave in April 2010 because the public prosecutor was investigating.

The new strategy of the order is criticized in that the order is now trying to limit the problem to the founder alone. According to Spanish sources, there are indications that there are other violent members in the Order of the Legionaries. Abuse has been reported in three schools in Mexico.

In 2012, the religious order admitted to having reported several priests suspected of abuse of minors and other offenses to the Vatican. A total of nine cases had been reported to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith . According to its own information, there are seven cases of suspected sexual abuse which, according to internal investigations, “make it appear to be true”.

In December 2018, Irish priest John O'Reilly LC, who had a criminal record for sexual abuse, was expelled from Chile ; the Chilean Parliament had previously him the honorary granted citizenship revoked.

In December 2019, the Order published an internal investigation in which it admitted the abuse of 175 minors - mostly boys between the ages of eleven and 16 - by 33 of its priests since it was founded in 1941. However, it is to be expected that further acts will come to light. At least 60 of the children and young people had been abused by Marcial Maciel Degollado. Five of the other perpetrators have also died in the meantime, eight have left the priesthood, and another has left the order. Eighteen are therefore still members of the order. According to the study, 14 of these no longer perform public priestly duties. The other four have no pastoral contact with minors. 14 of the perpetrators had themselves been abused earlier within the religious community, so that so-called “chains of abuse” were uncovered, in which previous victims developed into perpetrators themselves over the course of time. A process of “reparation and reconciliation” had been initiated for 45 victims, which should also be extended to the remaining victims.

According to a report by the AP news agency in February 2020, four legionnaires' priests are suspected of obstructing the Italian judiciary and blackmailing the family of a victim of sexual abuse.

Well-known institutions of the order

literature

  • Ángeles Conde and David JP Murray: The Foundation, History and Presence of the Legionaries of Christ. Cologne 2008.
  • Fernando M. González: Los Legionarios de Cristo; testimonios y documentos inéditos. Mexico City 2006.

Publications by former members of the LC and Regnum Christi:

  • Alejandro Espinosa: El Legionario, Città del Messico. Grijalbo 2003.
  • J. Paul Lennon: Our Father, who art in bed: A Naive and Sentimental Dubliner in the Legion of Christ. BookSurge Publishing 2008.
  • Alejandro Espinosa: El Ilusionista Marcial Maciel. Città del Messico 2010.
  • Jack Keogh: Driving Straight On Crooked Lines: How an Irishman found his heart and nearly lost his mind. Iveagh Lodge Press 2010.
  • Nelly Ramírez Mota Velasco: El reino de Marcial Maciel. Città del Messico 2011.
  • Francisco González Parga: Yo acuso al Padre Maciel ya la Legión de Cristo. Seattle 2011.

Movies

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Süddeutsche Zeitung , April 7, 2010: Catholic Church in Latin America. Realm of silence. ( Memento from April 11, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  2. ↑ https://www.regnumchristi.eu/de/spiritualitaet-und-glaube/zur-spiritualitaet-des-regnum-christi/
  3. ↑ Bernardo Barranco V .: La derogación de los votos secretos de los Legionarios. In: La Jornada (Mexico City), December 12, 2007, accessed July 20, 2019 (Spanish).
  4. ↑ Letter to the legionaries of Christ. In: Vatican Radio , September 5, 2009, accessed on July 20, 2019.
  5. ↑ Legionaries of Christ (LC). In: Ordensgemeinschaften Österreich , November 12, 2012, accessed on July 20, 2019.
  6. ↑ Legionaries of Christ. Information on: Order in the Archdiocese of Cologne (website of the Archdiocese of Cologne , status 2019), accessed on July 20, 2019.
  7. ^ Matthias Altmann: This is how the legionaries want to win back Christ's trust. In: Katholisch.de , December 28, 2018, accessed on July 20, 2019.
  8. ↑ a b Consecrated women of Regnum Christi. Information on: Order in the Archdiocese of Cologne , accessed on July 20, 2019.
  9. ↑ Ordenskorrespondenz , 2011, Volume 3, pp. 358f.
  10. ^ "Legionaries of Christ with a new religious provincial", Vatican Radio, March 16, 2012.
  11. ^ "El P. Eduardo Robles Gil Orvañanos es el nuevo director general de la Legión de Cristo" ( Memento of July 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), Regnum Christi, February 6, 2014 (Spanish)
  12. ↑ Francis appoints advisers for “Legionaries of Christ” ( Memento of July 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), Vatican Radio , July 4, 2014
  13. ^ "Where we are" ( Memento from September 7, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ), accessed on September 30, 2011.
  14. ↑ Johann Hausner: "Legionaries of Christ come to Alzgern" ( Memento from September 8, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ), Regional TV Upper Bavaria , September 20, 2011.
  15. ↑ The "Apostolic School" in Bad Münstereifel. Archived from the original on January 18, 2014 ; Retrieved January 18, 2014 .
  16. ^ "Apostolic School" of the Legionaries of Christ in Bad Münstereifel ( Memento from June 20, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), Zenit, January 7, 2009.
  17. ↑ Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger: Heike Nickel, January 26, 2009: For those who feel a vocation within themselves, https://www.ksta.de/html/artikel/1231945330238.shtml ( Memento from December 17, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
  18. ↑ [1]
  19. ↑ NET - Education of the Heart for Children. Retrieved on October 23, 2018 (German).
  20. ↑ Vocations ?? Find out where God wants you to go. Retrieved October 23, 2018 .
  21. ^ Center for Vocation Pastoral: Home page. Retrieved October 23, 2018 .
  22. ↑ Love Life - Home. Retrieved on October 23, 2018 (German).
  23. ↑ Service to God - with military zeal . In: sueddeutsche.de . September 20, 2011, ISSN  0174-4917 ( sueddeutsche.de [accessed October 23, 2018]).
  24. ^ Head of Worldwide Catholic Order Accused of History of Abuse [2]
  25. ↑ a b Press release of the legionnaires from March 25, 2010 ( Memento from August 4, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
  26. ↑ Legionaries of Christ distance themselves from the founder of the order Maciel , kath.net , February 22, 2010.
  27. ↑ COMMUNIQUÉ On the current circumstances of the Legion of Christ and the Regnum Christi Movement ( Memento of March 8, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  28. ^ "Legionaries of Christ regret the behavior of the founder" ( Memento of February 12, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), Zenit, February 5, 2009.
  29. ↑ Legionaries of Christ distance themselves from the founder of the order Maciel , kath.net , February 22, 2010.
  30. ↑ engl. Wikipedia, ACI Prensa, December 11, 2009 and El Mundo, December 12, 2009 http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2009/12/12/internacional/1260637560.html
  31. ^ Declaration of the Holy See on the apostolic visitation of the Congregation of the Legionaries of Christ - May 1, 2010. [3]
  32. ^ Message from Vatican Radio - December 13, 2010, Vatican: No more pictures of Father Maciel
  33. ↑ [4]
  34. ↑ Did the Vatican know about the abuse of the legionnaire's founder Maciel since 1943? kath.net from January 3, 2019
  35. ↑ Radio Vatican report from July 6th 2011 Vatican: "We have to win the trust of the orders again"
  36. ↑ Nelly Ramírez Mota Velasco: El reino de Marcial Maciel , Città del Messico, Editorial Planeta, 2011, ISBN 978-607-07-0624-0 .
  37. ↑ Alejandro Espinosa: El Ilusionista Marcial Maciel , Città del Messico, Grijalbo, 2010 ,.
  38. ↑ Max Hägler: Service to God - with military zeal. In: sueddeutsche.de . September 20, 2011, accessed October 13, 2018 .
  39. ^ Articles From New Oxford Review . In: ReGAIN . November 27, 2014 ( regainnetwork.org [accessed October 23, 2018]).
  40. ↑ catholic bews service December 22, 2004: criticism of the bishops of the legionaries ( memento of March 2, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  41. ↑ Service to God - with military zeal. In: sueddeutsche.de . September 20, 2011, accessed October 13, 2018 .
  42. ↑ South German stories . ( kath.net [accessed October 23, 2018]).
  43. ↑ Barbara Hans: UN report on children's rights in the church: Catalog of lived double standards , Spiegel online , February 5, 2014 (point 8)
  44. ↑ [5] kath.net
  45. ↑ Under control . ( kath.net [accessed October 23, 2018]).
  46. ↑ Declaration of the Holy See on the apostolic visitation of the Congregation of the Legionaries of Christ - May 1, 2010. DECLARATION OF THE HOLY SEE ON THE APOSTOLIC VISITING OF THE CONGREGATION OF THE LEGIONARY OF CHRIST - MAY 1, 2010 ( Memento of July 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  47. ^ Message from Vatican Radio on the prohibition of the special vow of charity, D: Letter to the legionaries of Christ
  48. ^ Vatican Radio: Delegate for the Legionaries of Christ appointed. Vatican: Delegate for Legionaries of Christ appointed
  49. ↑ www.oecumene.radiovaticana.org
  50. ↑ Vatican Radio, October 6, 2013: Pope delegate convenes “Legionnaires” general chapters A Pope delegate convenes “legionaries” general chapters
  51. ↑ Italy: Reforms among the legionaries of Christ (Vatican Radio, February 26, 2014) Italy: Reforms among the legionaries of Christ
  52. ↑ Legionaries of Christ: Vatican approves new rules (Vatican Radio, November 1, 2014) Legionaries of Christ: Vatican approves new rules
  53. ↑ Hanspeter Oschwald : In the name of the Holy Father: How fundamentalist powers control the Vatican. Munich 2010.
  54. ↑ Sandra Weiss: "Forbes" list 2011: Super rich Carlos Slim, the King Midas of Mexico . In: THE WORLD . March 10, 2011 ( welt.de [accessed October 23, 2018]).
  55. ↑ Carlos Slim: Corruption investigations were miraculously closed . In: ZEIT ONLINE . ( zeit.de [accessed on October 23, 2018]).
  56. ↑ Catholic and powerful | Diocese press. Retrieved October 23, 2018 .
  57. ^ NDR radio broadcast from August 1, 2010 (ARD media library): Legionaries of Christ. After that, the National Catholic Reporter magazine cites the news magazine L'Espresso and The Wall Street Journal . Long version of the broadcast manuscript
  58. ↑ Extensive article on international criticism [6]
  59. ↑ TELEPOLIS: Peter Bürger on April 2, 2010 https://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/32/32375/4.html
  60. ^ NDR radio broadcast from August 1, 2010 (ARD Mediathek): Legionäre Christi broadcast manuscript by C. Modehn
  61. ↑ Tages-Anzeiger of May 3, 2010: [7]
  62. ↑ Archdiocese of Freiburg on leave of pastors: Report from April 28, 2010: http://www.erzbistum-freiburg.de/html/aktuell/aktuell_u.html?t=e586c87b7b219974c27cb9ece31df3db&&cataktuell=955&m=19718&artikel=5998&true ( Mefementaktuell vom September 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  63. ^ Südkurier of August 21, 2010: Accused pastor is leaving. http://www.suedkurier.de/region/hochrhein/waldshut-tiengen/Beschuldigte-Pfarrer- geht;art372623,4441870
  64. ↑ Christian Modehn: Legionaries of Christ - their founder Maciel a close friend of Pope John Paul II. Salon of Philosophy of Religion, December 13, 2009, online
  65. ↑ The source Modehn refers to is: Luis Pablo Beauregard: Las claves en la investigación a los Legionarios de Cristo, soitu.es, November 8, 2009, online
  66. ↑ Legionaries of Christ under suspicion of abuse , Spiegel Online, May 11, 2012.
  67. ↑ Priests convicted of abuse must leave Chile. kath.net from December 15, 2018
  68. ↑ 175 minors abused by legionaries of Christ priests. The standard of December 22, 2019
  69. ↑ zeit.online: Legionaries of Christ: At least 175 minors abused by priests. December 22, 2019. [8]
  70. ↑ CNAdeutsch: Judicial indications of cover-up of abuse by high-ranking legionaries of Christ , February 18, 2020.