Tarcisio Bertone

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Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone 2010

Tarcisio Pietro Evasio Cardinal Bertone SDB (* 1 / 2. December 1934 in Romano Canavese , Province of Turin , Italy ) is a theologian from the Salesian Order and emeritus Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . He was Cardinal Secretary of State from September 15, 2006 to October 15, 2013 . As Cardinal Chamberlain of the Vatican City , he headed the ecclesiastical interim government during the last Sedis vacancy in 2013. Under the pontificate of Benedict XVI. Bertone was the right hand man of the Pope and was one of the most influential men in the Vatican .

Life

Origin and education

Family and parental home

Parish Church in Romano Canavese

Tarcisio Bertone grew up as the fifth of eight children of Pietro Bertone and Pierina Borio in the village of Romano Canavese in the northern Italian region of Piedmont , about 40 km north of Turin . A brother Giovanni died as a child, a sister as a baby. His parents' house in the center of Romano is a typical manorial farmhouse in this area, which his eldest brother Paolo (1929–2011) lived in until his death. The family, of peasant origin, owned land and cultivated vineyards in the Scarmagno hills . A passito ( fortified wine ) from the area still bears her family name today . The father was also the main organist at the parish church of Romano and played the piano well , which he also taught his sons Tarcisio and Valeriano. Tarcisio Bertone's younger siblings Valeriano and Mariuccia were still living in the Canavese in 2011 ; his sisters Rosina and Lucia have died. In the family he is affectionately known as Zio Tarci ("Uncle Tarci").

Tarcisio was named after the patron saint of Catholic action , St. Tarzisius , at the request of his father . His mother was politically active, had been a member of the Italian People's Party (PPI) since the 1920s and a militant supporter of the priest and party leader Don Luigi Sturzo . She later supported the Democrazia Cristiana (DC) and was active in the 1948 election campaign for Alcide De Gasperi .

Tarcisio was a skilled craftsman, liked to tinker with mechanical devices and actually wanted to be an engineer as a child , as his siblings report. At the age of twelve, however, he is said to have told his parents that he wanted to become a priest . He himself remembers that he was interested in languages ​​and that he wanted to be an interpreter .

Entry into the order and study

At that time he attended the oratory middle school in the Turin district of Valdocco , the motherhouse of the Order of the Salesians of Don Bosco . He decided to join the order in May 1949 at the suggestion of an order educator. He spent the year-long novitiate in Monte Oliveto near Pinerolo , took his first religious vows on December 3, 1950, the day after his 16th birthday , completed the usual educational internships and apprenticeship years of his order and studied philosophy and theology in Turin at the Salesian faculty . On 1 July 1960 he received in Ivrea the priesthood by the then local Bishop Albino Mensa (1916-1998). He then stayed in Turin, where he obtained a licentiate in theology with a thesis on tolerance and religious freedom .

He spent the years 1961 to 1965 in Rome with further studies at the then provisional Roman seat of the Atheneum Salesianum , the Salesian University, where he studied canon law with a legal history thesis on “the leadership of the Church in the thinking of Benedict XIV. (1740–1758 ) " PhD . He personally witnessed the opening ceremony of the Second Vatican Council on October 12, 1962. Tarcisio Bertone followed closely the exciting events surrounding the emergence of the declaration Dignitatis humanae on religious freedom, his licentiate topic. The daily council reports in the Roman newspapers awaited the young priests with great impatience and there were organized meetings with council fathers. With fellow students he also attended lectures by Hans Küng as well as meetings of the conservative group of the Council Fathers, in whose strategy discussions they were allowed to participate after reference to their teacher Alfons Maria Stickler  SDB, who was a council expert .

Bertone mentions the Salesians and later Cardinals Antonio María Javierre Ortas ( ecclesiology ) and Rosalio José Castillo Lara (criminal law) as formative teachers as well as his doctoral supervisor and mentor, the Austrian legal historian Alfons Maria Stickler, who, as rector of the Athenaeum, made the gradual move the Salesian College in Rome from 1961. Bertone himself returned to Piedmont after completing his doctorate and became a teacher of moral theology at the Salesian Convict of Bollegno near Ivrea.

Teaching, bishop and curia offices

UPS opened its headquarters in Rome in 1965

University of the Salesians

In 1967 Tarcisio Bertone was appointed to the chair of Special Moral Theology at the Salesian College in Rome, which was founded in 1973 by Pope Paul VI. was elevated to the Pontifical University . Bertone, who is still regarded today as an “advocate for the protection of life ”, also contributed publications to the debates on abortion in the 1970s. From 1974 to 1976 he was also the training director of the theology students of his order, later he became local superior of the Salesian community at the university. As the successor to the Belgian canonist Gustave Leclerc SDB, who died suddenly, he taught canon law at the Salesian University from 1976 to 1991 and was in charge of the canon law faculty. As part of the educational focus of the university, his subjects also included “ youth law ” and “law and organization of catechesis and youth pastoral care ”. In 1987 he became vice rector and from 1989 to 1991 he was rector of the university. From 1978 he also worked as a lecturer in state church law at the Lateran University . He also worked as a pastor in several Roman parishes , where he was also involved in theological adult and further education . In addition to textbooks, he wrote political articles in the magazine Terza Fase , the organ of Forze nuove , a Christian - social movement within the Democrazia Cristiana , with whose leadership figure Carlo Donat-Cattin († 1991) Bertone was close friends. He also got to know personally the Christian Democratic politician Giorgio La Pira (1904–1977), whom he admired.

Revision of the CIC

In the 1980s, Tarcisio Bertone worked in the final phase of the revision on the revision of the ecclesiastical code Codex Iuris Canonici (CIC) and headed the working group on the translation of the CIC into Italian on behalf of the Italian Bishops' Conference . In this context, he campaigned intensively for the implementation of the new canon law in the local churches and visited hundreds of Italian dioceses to present and explain the new code to practitioners. During this time he was already active as a consultant for various authorities and dicasteries of the Holy See, in particular for the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith , of which he was appointed consultor in 1984. Bertone was also commissioned by Joseph Ratzinger , who was prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in Rome from 1982, with the drafting of the 1990 code of the Oriental Churches (CCEO) . In 1989 Bertone belonged to the working group of the IFCU Rectors, in which the Apostolic Constitution Ex corde ecclesiae on the identity and mission of the Catholic universities was drawn up. This document, which was particularly desired in the USA , played a role in the conflict over the University of Lima in 2012 .

The Cathedral of Sant'Eusebio in Vercelli

Archbishop of Vercelli

In 1988, Bertone was an important help in facilitating the dialogue with the renegade Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre , for which Pope John Paul II under the leadership of Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, as Ratzinger later admitted. In 1990 he went on a study trip to Hong Kong and Beijing . In the same year he took on behalf of Secretary of State Agostino Casaroli in the meetings of the Euro Council created Venice Commission in part. On June 4, 1991, the Pope appointed him Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Vercelli , the oldest bishopric of Piedmont, which he held until 1995. He received his episcopal ordination on August 1, 1991 from his predecessor in office, Archbishop Albino Mensa; Co- consecrators were the bishop of his home diocese Ivrea , Luigi Bettazzi , and the bishop of Casale Monferrato , Carlo Cavalla . As archbishop, Bertone intensified ecclesiastical relations with the Vercelli- based University of Eastern Piedmont . He promoted the mission of the archdiocese in Isiolo in Kenya , which he visited several times, and together with Jozef Tomko consecrated the later murdered Italian missionary Luigi Locati as the first bishop for the area. On January 28, 1993, he was appointed by the Bishops' Conference to chair the Italian Commission Justitia et Pax (“Justice and Peace”), a church advisory body at national level responsible for questions of Christian social ethics and responsibility.

Secretary of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith

From June 13, 1995 to the end of 2002, Tarcisio Bertone was secretary of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith led by Cardinal Ratzinger. During this time he took on other, often difficult missions on his behalf, for example in the case of the apostate Archbishop Emmanuel Milingo , who through Bertone's long-term accompaniment was initially able to be successfully reintegrated into the Catholic Church and with whom he became friends. Another mission was his trip to the Czech Republic to investigate the secret ordinations of married men that had taken place under the conditions of the communist dictatorship in Czechoslovakia . When the third secret of Fatima was unveiled in 2000, Bertone acted as the right-hand man of the Bavarian Curia Cardinal.

Tarcisio Bertone accompanied Cardinal Ratzinger in 1996 to a meeting with representatives of the Latin American Episcopal into Mexican Guadalajara and on a trip to 1999 North America and Oceania , where they with the former Archbishop of San Francisco , William Levada , met that of Ratzinger the following year was appointed a full member of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and was appointed Prefect of the Faith himself in 2005.

During his time with the Congregation, a number of important ecclesiastical documents emerged in the Doctrine of the Faith, the most famous being the Declaration Dominus Iesus (2000) on the uniqueness of the Church. Bertone's handwriting can also be recognized in the papal Motu proprio Ad tuendam fidem (1998), which was largely prepared by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and which tightened the obligation of Catholics to obey the Faith and penal provisions. In the summer of 1997 the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith published new rules of procedure for doctrinal reviews of controversial theologians . According to the Vatican spokesman Joaquín Navarro-Valls, “more transparency and legal certainty” should be created through the new possibility of legal advice and legal defense for those affected and the regular involvement of the local bishops . Other projects in which Bertone collaborated concerned the new version of the norms on the investigation and punishment of the most serious canonical offenses ( Normae de gravioribus delictis ), which was implemented from 2001, and the note published on January 16, 2003 on the behavior of Catholics in political life.

As secretary, Tarcisio Bertone, together with Joseph Ratzinger, also signed the instruction of May 18, 2001, which was explosive in the opinion of church critics , with which Vatican clergy were obliged to maintain strict silence vis-à-vis all “outsiders” (including judges and public prosecutors) on internal curial matters so-called segreto pontificio . This instruction was later linked to the events surrounding the disappearance of the child Emanuela Orlandi in 1983. The document was also mentioned in discussions about the cover-up allegations made in spring 2010. In December 2002, Angelo Amato , a Salesian and very close confidante of Cardinal Ratzinger, was appointed Bertone's successor as secretary of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith .

Cardinal of Genoa

Cardinal Bertone as Archbishop of Genoa in 2004

On December 10, 2002, Pope John Paul II appointed Tarcisio Bertone Archbishop of Genoa, one of the most authoritative episcopal seats in Italy. As the successor to Dionigi Cardinal Tettamanzi , who moved to the Archbishopric of Milan and enthusiastically welcomed Bertone in Genoa , he was introduced to the office on February 2, 2003. As metropolitan of the Archdiocese of Genoa with six subordinate suffragan dioceses , Bertone was responsible for around 690,000 Catholics at the time. The College of Cardinals , he has been part of 21 October 2003 as a cardinal priest with the pro hac vice to title Church gathered Title Diakonie Santa Maria Ausiliatrice in via Tuscolana on. Bertone remained a member of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and continued to work for it as an advisor, albeit no longer in a key role. As Archbishop of Genoa, he went on numerous pilgrimage and business trips ; three times he accompanied diocesan pilgrimages to the Holy Land ; In 2004 he traveled to Coimbra to meet with the Fatima seer, Sister Lucia ; and in 2005 he visited Genoese immigrant communities in Peru and Argentina , where he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Salta . At the beginning of 2006 he also undertook a pastoral trip to Santo Domingo and Cuba as a metropolitan , where he met Fidel Castro as well as numerous church dignitaries . Bertone tried to persuade Castro, after decades of refusing to enter into dialogue, to meet the Cuban episcopate, which actually took place in November of the same year.

As Archbishop of Genoa, Tarcisio Bertone was ex officio chairman of the board of the two most important hospital complexes in the region, the Ospedali Galliera and the Istituto Giannina Gaslini . In addition to the charity work and the promotion of popular piety , the care for the clearly outdated clergy of the diocese and the fight against the shortage of priests were further focal points of his episcopate. At the end of May 2004 he headed the funeral services for the Italian Fabrizio Quattrocchi (1968-2004), who was the first Western hostage to be murdered in Iraq, in Genoa Cathedral . Although Bertone had always spoken out against the Iraq war , he warned in the subsequent domestic political discussion of the unforeseeable consequences of a hasty withdrawal of the Italian associations from the country.

His statement on the controversial construction of a mosque in Genoa, which has been discussed since 2004, was also heeded. A statement by Bertone at the beginning of June 2004 gave the impression that he had expressed solidarity with the open letter from four priests who had publicly protested against the planned location. According to his own statement later, however, he basically supports the construction. Bertone's successor in office, Angelo Bagnasco , was also fundamentally open to the wishes of the Muslim communities, according to the imam . The dispute over the end of the Tarcisio Bertones episcopate in Genoa continued and deeply divided the city's clergy. Finally, Cardinal Bertone, in cooperation with the Franciscan Order , suggested a location far from the city center.

Ascent to the most powerful cardinal of the Curia

Pope election of Benedict XVI.

Cardinal coat of arms Bertone (left) next to the coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI. (Center) at the portal of the Cathedral of San Pietro in Frascati

In the Vatican, Bertone was perceived as a close confidante of Joseph Ratzinger and a man for delicate tasks. He was considered to be close to the people and open-minded, and before the 2005 conclave was also considered to be papabile himself . Cardinal Bertone attended the funeral of John Paul II and then went to the brief conclave with the cardinals who were eligible to vote. The choice of his longtime boss Pope commented the football fan Tarcisio Bertone with his famous remark that the Church had "her in Ratzinger Beckenbauer found". In August 2005, Bertone accompanied the newly elected Pope Benedict XVI. on his trip to Cologne for World Youth Day 2005 .

Bertone's calling

On June 24, 2006 it was officially announced that Benedict wanted to appoint his former secretary to succeed Angelo Sodano as Cardinal Secretary of State . A change in office had long been expected; Bertone's election was seen as confirmation of the Pope's ecclesiastical political course, and the 71-year-old “smiling cardinal” (“il cardinale del sorriso”) was considered the ideal complement for the rather reserved Pope because of his extroverted nature. At the end of July, the Pope received him in his vacation home in Castel Gandolfo to discuss the upcoming appointments, personnel decisions and reforms. The relationship with the Orthodox Church and the ongoing negotiations with China were also discussed. The official appointment followed on September 15, 2006, at the same time the Pope appointed Archbishop Dominique Mamberti as the new Secretary for Relations with States , Bertone's Head of Foreign Affairs. Within the Vatican, the State Secretariat gained significantly in importance with Bertone's appointment, at the same time its focus shifted from the Vatican's foreign policy, which had been in the foreground under its predecessors, to the internal leadership of the Curia and the building of the Church, which the Pope considered more urgent than diplomatic interrelationships with the states. On April 4, 2007, Tarcisio Bertone was appointed Camerlengo (Cardinal Chamberlain) to succeed Cardinal Eduardo Martínez Somalo , who was retiring due to old age . The swearing-in took place on July 7th of the same year. On May 10, 2008, Pope Benedict XVI appointed him. to Cardinal Bishop of Frascati .

Head of the Curia and Foreign Minister of the Vatican

As head of the State Secretariat of the Holy See , Cardinal Bertone held the position of head of government in the Vatican and the second highest position after the Pope. In 1988 the competences of the Vatican State Secretariat were expanded from those of a pure foreign office to a higher-level management authority of the Curia . The function therefore now also included responsibility for administration and finance. Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone thus held the highest office that a Salesian of Don Bosco has ever held in the Roman Catholic world church.

Cardinal Bertone in Poland (2007)

In the diplomatic controversy over the reactions to the Pope quote from Regensburg to characterize Islam in autumn 2006, Bertone stood behind Pope Benedict XVI. and made it clear in a written declaration that he had clearly distanced himself from the quote used in his lecture. A little later he accompanied the Pope on his trip to Turkey in November / December 2006, which was perceived as very successful, and then described "the Regensburg case" to Vatican Radio as closed. On March 31, 2007, Cardinal Bertone officially confirmed to the French daily Le Figaro as the first Vatican representative the imminent publication of the Motu proprio Summorum pontificum , with which Benedict XVI. reintroduced the celebration of the so-called " Tridentine Mass " as an extraordinary form of the Roman rite . Tarcisio Bertone participated in the general assemblies of all Roman Synods of Bishops from 2008 to 2012.

Internationally, Bertone acted as the head of a professionally organized external administration of the Vatican, which routinely deals with key issues of Vatican diplomacy such as freedom of religion , human rights , transparency and the fight against corruption . During his talks with then US President George W. Bush in Washington in June 2007 , current political issues in more than 15 different countries around the world were addressed. Unlike under John Paul II, foreign policy under Benedict XVI. not one of the Pope's personal fields of activity, which gave Bertone's international role a great deal of weight. In 2008 Bertone traveled to Cuba again after the change of power to Raúl Castro took place there. As during his visit two years earlier, the focus was on stabilizing the position of the Church in the communist country.

Network of relationships and economic control

Internally, he had to struggle with resistance from the start, as he had no diplomatic experience and, unlike his predecessors, did not come from the renowned Pontifical Diplomatic Academy , whose graduates felt that his appointment had left them behind. His predecessor in office, Angelo Cardinal Sodano, was one of Bertone's sharpest opponents. Nevertheless, especially in the first half of his term in office, Bertone succeeded in retaining many curials and building a well-functioning clientelist network in order to expand his influence among the curial cardinals who were entitled to elect papal elections.

In doing so, he aimed in particular at controlling key economic positions in the Vatican, which he filled with confidants. In this way, Bertone was able to bring both the property administration of the Apostolic See and the Vatican Economic Prefecture under his influence, even before he replaced his predecessor Angelo Sodano in March 2008 as President of the Cardinals Commission, which oversees the Vatican Bank IOR and which Bertone has been since October 2006 belonged to his appointment as State Secretary. Thus, for years without Bertone's signature, no economically or financially significant decisions were possible in the Vatican. In the late summer of 2009, Ettore Gotti Tedeschi , who was considered to have the best relations with Cardinal Bertone, was hired as IOR President .

Signature of Tarcisio Bertone

In April 2008 Bertone launched the so-called Project One (P1), the development of a uniform IT platform for managing balance sheet and economic data in the Vatican.

Conflicts and opponents

Cardinal Angelo Bagnasco of Genoa and his predecessor Bertone with President Giorgio Napolitano

Relations with the Italian government and domestic politics were another problem area in his administration, which in turn was shaped by the controversies surrounding the longstanding head of government Silvio Berlusconi . Traditionally, the Vatican's relations with Italy are primarily shaped by the Italian Bishops' Conference , the majority of which were critical of Berlusconi. Bertone, whose network was closely intertwined with that of Berlusconi, grew up with the chairman of the Bishops' Conference Angelo Cardinal Bagnasco , another strong internal church opponent. The conflict came to a head in 2011 when Berlusconi resigned, when Bertone turned around and tried to compete with Bagnasco to build his own network of influence around the new Italian Prime Minister Mario Monti .

Both arenas, Vatican finances and Italian domestic politics, came to a head in 2011, when Bertone was already hit by his unfortunate actions in the affairs of the traditionalist Pius Brotherhood and the abuse scandal, which strengthened his opponents in the Curia. As early as 2010, the Pope set up the Vatican Financial Information Authority , which was supposed to investigate money laundering operations in the vicinity of the Vatican Bank, but was subject to Bertone's instructions. After the dismissal of Ettore Gotti as IOR President, to which Bertone is said to have advised the Pope, Opus Dei moved away from him. Gotti, who is a member of this association, had worked closely with the Cardinal Secretary of State until then, but blocked a high-risk investment project run by Bertone in various ailing or bankrupt clinics and hospitals in Milan and Rome. Several Opus Dei-friendly cardinals, including Camillo Ruini , Joachim Meisner and Christoph Schönborn , recommended the Pope several times since 2009 that Bertone should be deposed.

The Milanese Archbishop Angelo Cardinal Scola also emerged as opponents of Bertone and, in the years before the change of Pope, also Archbishop Mauro Piacenza , like Bertone, a colleague of Ratzinger, whom the Pope appointed secretary of the Congregation for the Clergy in 2007 and entrusted with its leadership in 2010 had raised to cardinal. His confidante, the Genoese bishop and diplomat Ettore Balestrero , was undersecretary responsible for international relations at the Vatican Bank from 2009 to 2013 and was probably transferred to Colombia at the instigation of Bertone's supporters immediately before Benedict's abdication . In previous years, Bertone had repeatedly been perceived as a brake on Benedict XVI's concern to ensure that the bank was cleaned up and more transparent.

Positions, criticism, controversy

Tarcisio Bertone with Pope Benedict XVI. in May 2007 in Brazil

public perception

Although Tarcisio Bertone was relatively seldom in the focus of the global public before the great Vatican scandals from 2010 to 2013 and rather acted in the background, he was noticed on various occasions through positions that triggered an immediate media response. On June 5, 2007, he presented a biography by Andrea Tornielli about Pope Pius XII. and spoke out on this occasion for a reassessment of the historical role of this Pope. The against Pius XII. He described the allegations raised because of his passive stance in the face of the Holocaust as a " black legend " that was difficult to rectify. Bertone had already denounced literature that from his point of view damaged the image of the Church. B. warned of Dan Brown's bestseller Da Vinci Code. Also as Archbishop of Genoa, in the run-up to a referendum on this issue in Italy in early summer 2005, like all Italian bishops, he had expressed a strict negative opinion on the liberalization of artificial insemination and research on embryos , which "obviously violated the law of Christ". Bertone's jovial or humorous remarks were received more frequently in international reporting, such as his remark that the cloning of people is not acceptable for the Catholic Church, but he could imagine an exception in the case of Sophia Loren .

Casual crisis management

Within the church and the Curia, Bertone came under fire mainly because of his inadequate crisis management. The critical attitude of the former Archbishop of Cologne, Joachim Cardinal Meisner, towards the role that Bertone played in the Curia under Benedict XVI, who was friends with Meisner, has become known. played. Meisner repeatedly reported in interviews how he urged Pope Benedict to dismiss Bertone during the Williamson affair after the excommunication of the bishops of the traditionalist Brotherhood of St. Pius X was lifted in January 2009, which the Pope strictly rejected. Bertone's high-handedness, stressing transparency in dealing with this process had brought the Pope in great distress because he was obviously not adequate and timely information from his State before deciding on the serious political consequences of resumption Williamson, who as a Holocaust denier was informed had appeared, .

The canonically prescribed resignation of Cardinal Bertone on his 75th birthday corresponded to Benedict XVI. not and confirmed him on January 15, 2010 in his offices. In this context, the Pope demonstratively stood behind his confidants in an open letter distributed by Vatican Radio and thanked him for decades of valuable cooperation.

Investigation reports in spring 2010

In 2010, when the pontificate of Benedict XVI. In the wake of numerous cases of sexual abuse by Catholic priests, particularly in Ireland and the United States, in a serious crisis, it became known that Bertone had been involved in the case of Lawrence C. Murphy , a retired American priest who between 1950 and sexually abused up to 200 deaf children in a Wisconsin facility in 1974 . The perpetrator died in 1998 without being prosecuted. American victim attorneys had court enforced the release of the files of an internal church investigation conducted against Murphy's death in the Archdiocese of Milwaukee and had forwarded documents from them to the New York Times . The newspaper reported that Pope Benedict had been involved in attempts to cover up the case as part of his previous work as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. This reporting led to severe resentment in the Vatican and a violent argument with representatives of the Catholic Church, including Angelo Sodano as dean of the College of Cardinals and the incumbent prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and highest American in the Vatican, Cardinal William Levada . The dispute drew wider circles, especially in the English-language media, and escalated to the point where Richard Dawkins demanded that the Pope be brought before international criminal justice.

The German weekly newspaper Die Zeit also received access to the documents and published minutes from an exchange of letters between the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and the Archbishop of Milwaukee Rembert Weakland  OSB , who was responsible for the investigation in the 1990s, at Easter 2010 . It emerged that Tarcisio Bertone had been in contact with the investigating archbishop and had followed the investigations. The revelation was explosive because Joseph Ratzinger had been Bertone's direct superior at the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and Bertone had tried to "get rid of the scandal" in the opinion of the authors. While the allegations against Ratzinger also proved to be baseless in the view of the ZEIT authors and were rated as a campaign by church-related observers , Bertone was accused of having "kept the case small" and trying to avoid publication of the events and therefore the most inconspicuous End of investigation advocated. After initial hesitation, Bertone, as the responsible employee of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, rejected the request of the Archbishop of Milwaukee to transfer the then terminally ill perpetrator to lay status . Critics of the disclosures pointed out that the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, headed by Ratzinger and Bertone, was not yet responsible for the specific prosecution of such cases at that time, but only in 2001 by Pope John Paul II with the ecclesiastical investigation and punishment of sexual offenses Was entrusted to the clergy and then demonstrated a zero tolerance policy . Ultimately, Bertone's behavior in 1998 corresponded to the customs and legal provisions of the time, but in retrospect it was seen as a cover-up in 2010. Only in the wake of the major abuse scandals in the USA from 2002 onwards did the Vatican change the guidelines and rely on harsher punitive measures, which then also included regular dismissals from the clergy. At that time, Bertone was no longer part of the authority's cadre . Dignitaries from the curia told ZEIT that Bertone had misjudged future developments at the time, but that the misjudgment twelve years ago did not endanger his current office.

Also in connection with the known cases of child abuse by clerics, Bertone made a statement in the spring of 2010, e. Sometimes sharp criticism that pedophilia and homosexuality are related to one another. The statement was criticized, among others, by the German LSVD and the French Foreign Office spokesman Bernard Valero , who described the connection between same-sex love and child abuse as "unacceptable".

Decline

Coat of arms of Cardinal Chamberlain Tarcisio Bertone during the Vacant See 2013

In April 2010 Bertone himself tried to make Benedict's difficult situation understandable in public after the abuse cases became known. Almost a year and a half later, the " Vatileaks " affair began, triggered by the publication of confidential papal documents following an anonymous threatening letter from the summer of 2011, which contained dark warnings to Bertone's address, which Bertone did not take seriously and without additional action to the Vatican gendarmerie was passed on. Because of the disastrous course of the affair and the helplessness of those responsible, Bertone was again very heavily criticized internally; according to press reports, he was openly referred to as “incompetent” within the Vatican.

In addition to excessive self-expression and the breakdowns in communication and administration, his critics accused him of an authoritarian leadership style and too close ties to politics. In 2012, the Cardinal Secretary of State also got into disputes over competence with the Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Gerhard Ludwig Müller , who saw that his responsibility for matters of faith was passed over by Bertone's decision to withdraw the titles "papal" and "Catholic" from the Pontifical Catholic University of Lima , and subsequently Position against the interests of the Cardinal of Lima , Juan Luis Cipriani , which were unreservedly supported by Bertone .

Bertone, however, seemed to be neglecting his real field of activity, Vatican foreign policy. Relations between the Vatican and the People's Republic of China were at a low point, the dispute with the government of Ireland over how to deal with the abuse cases, the approval of same-sex civil partnerships and the position of the Church in the very strongly Catholic country escalated noticeably, and in the global financial , economic and debt crises since 2007 seemed to lack a convincing answer from the church.

According to Vatican observers, criticism of the then 77-year-old Cardinal Secretary of State Bertone was raised in the final phase of the pontificate of Benedict XVI. downright habit in curia circles. He was not impressed by this, however, and in the eyes of the critics continued to behave like a “second Pope”, especially since his network of relationships remained intact and Benedict, who above all valued Bertone's loyalty and replied, again demonstratively stood behind him. However, some journalists at the time feared that Bertone's controversial administration could rub off on Benedict's reputation in retrospect: "In ten years, looking back at this Pope, one will say: Bertone was a weak point of the pontificate." After the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI. Cardinal Bertone headed the official business as Camerlengo and took part in the 2013 conclave . Even before the new election of the Pope, observers believed that the end of his time as the most influential figure in the Curia, where his enemies had become too numerous, was foreseeable. Most recently, in December 2012, Pope Benedict withdrew his ultimate responsibility for cooperation with international money laundering investigations in the course of dealing with grievances in the Vatican financial administration, which in retrospect was seen as the first step towards his disempowerment.

Although Cardinal Bertone was hardly given any chance to vote, Cardinal Bertone remained a significant figure in the 2013 conclave and was perceived as the leader of the “Bertonianer” faction, a group led by Benedict XVI. appointed cardinals - including Antonio Maria Vegliò , Giuseppe Versaldi and Giuseppe Bertello  - who remained unbroken by Bertone and fought his rival Sodano. After the election of Pope Francis , Bertone was de facto considered to have no influence, but initially continued to exercise the office of Cardinal Secretary of State and also accompanied the Pope on his first trip abroad to Brazil on the occasion of World Youth Day in Rio de Janeiro . After his resignation from August 31, 2013, accepted by the Pope, he remained in office until October 15, 2013. Cardinal Bertone's successor in the State Secretariat was the diplomat Archbishop Pietro Parolin . In January 2014, the Pope almost completely re-appointed the IOR's cardinal commission, leaving only the French cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran in office, who had been viewed as a critic of Bertone within the commission, while the most powerful controller since 2008 had to leave the IOR's supervisory body . After his recall, Bertone said he was the victim of "moles and snakes" in the Vatican. Press reports caused a sensation about huge financial holes that Bertone's risky financial transactions and bad speculation had left with both the Vatican Bank and his order, the Salesians . Alleged investigations against him have not been confirmed. Since 2014, the scandal surrounding the renovation of his apartment has been a constant source of talk. At the beginning of December 2014, Bertone resigned from all remaining offices on his 80th birthday. On December 20, 2014, Cardinal Tauran was also named Bertone's successor as Camerlengo.

Scandal about the retirement home

View from the dome of St. Peter's Basilica at the Palazzo San Carlo (left building), incorporated in 2016 with a renovated terrace
Immediately left of the house on the street (not in picture) is the guest house Santa Marta , where since 2013 Pope Francis lives.
Map of the Vatican. At the bottom in the middle the Palazzo San Carlo and the house of the archpriest

After his departure, it was announced in April 2014 that he was moving into his retirement home in a 600 m² apartment in the Vatican with a large roof terrace that had been converted especially for him. According to Bertone's own, but contested by the Italian press, the apartment is only 350 m² in size, according to other sources he stated 296 m². Later, a lawyer from Bertones also spoke of a “dump” or “mini-apartment of 150 m²”. In fact, according to Bertone's information, the penthouse in Palazzo San Carlo , a multi-party block in the city center, in which other prelates and Vatican employees live, is said to be two connected apartments, the larger of which is around 300-425 m² and the one The smaller one is around 200 m² in size, plus the approximately 100 m² roof terrace. How Bertone and his servants or roommates use the complex or divide it up is not known in detail. According to information in Bertone's autobiography, the penthouse on the third floor of the building offers space for his library, an office and a chapel as well as for the apartment of the sisters who run his household. The cardinal's original intention of making his apartment available for charitable fundraising events with potent donors, he was unable to pursue after the change of government in the Vatican due to a lack of need and interest in such events.

The affair turned into a financial scandal in the years that followed, as the renovation of the apartments had been financed with misappropriated donations. Bertone voluntarily repaid 150,000 euros in March 2016. Former senior officials of the owners' foundation of the Vatican Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù were indicted by the Vatican law enforcement authorities in connection with the scandal; one defendant was sentenced in October 2017 to a one-year suspended prison sentence, a 5,000 euro fine and a five-year ban on assuming public office. Although there is nothing against Bertone himself and he was never considered a suspect , in the view of the trial observers, during the course of the proceedings his decisive role in the creation and implementation of the illegal financing emerged. He himself had previously denied that he knew or authorized the flow of money. As far as we know today, funds from the children's clinic amounting to 422,055.16 euros are said to have been used for the expansion of the apartment, which is owned by the Vatican City Governorate . Bertone himself claims to have contributed around 300,000 euros. The total costs, which, according to the knowledge of the Italian investigative journalist Emiliano Fittipaldi, went to the London- based company of an insolvent Italian building contractor who was friends with Bertone, amounted to 792,544 euros. Cardinal Bertone and the contractor concerned were not questioned or summoned by the Vatican court. According to the new management, the children's hospital has a loss of 328,000 euros.

Observers rate the fact that the case even had legal consequences as a significant step and symptom of a change in style in the Vatican compared to the Bertone era. The debate about the living conditions and the lifestyle of cardinals and high dignitaries in Rome, which the Bertone case triggered, was not over yet. A spectacular parallel case in which a Sicilian bishop, who is said to have embezzled a total of three million euros , stole the money from a diocesan agency for mentally ill children in 2008 to buy an 800,000-euro private residence in Rome, was also discovered in October 2017 through investigations by the Sicilian Public prosecutor known. The bishop was appointed by Pope Benedict XVI in 2012. was removed from office due to financial irregularities. Parallels were drawn at the end of 2017 in view of the reports published by Emiliano Fittipaldi about Cardinal Maradiaga , who were alleged to have committed financial irregularities. Maradiaga also belongs to the Salesian order and, like Tarcisio Bertone at the time, is counted among the most important advisors and closest confidants of the incumbent Pope. The Motu proprio Imparare a congedarsi (“Learn to say goodbye”) issued in February 2018 by Pope Francis, with which he admonishes the emeritus bishops and curials to a simple lifestyle, was seen by Vatican observers in direct connection with the scandals surrounding men like Bertone . In reporting on the papal decree, it was also revealed that Cardinal Bertone used escorts from the Italian police when he was in and around Rome even after his release.

Others

In addition to his native Italian, Bertone speaks French, German, Spanish and Portuguese and can read English as well as Latin.

According to his sister Mariuccia, Tarcisio Bertone's hobbies are mushroom picking and cycling . He is also a big fan of Juventus Turin , at whose games he has also made guest appearances, for example in January 2004 at the Genoese Marassi Stadium as a live commentator for the local radio at a home game of Sampdoria Genoa against his favorite club. The Clericus Cup , a football competition for Roman priests and religious, which had been held since 2007 and was devised by Bertone , he initially followed with great interest until he was criticized for it and his presence subsequently waned. The idea of sending a Vatican team to the soccer world championships is often said to him, but was only briefly a serious topic in the media in the time immediately after his appointment as State Secretary until the turn of the year 2006/2007.

In his time as Cardinal Secretary of State, the sports car model of a red Ferrari Enzo in Bertone's reception room in the Apostolic Palace was legendary . The model car , whose importance for the Vatican diplomacy was valued highly by insiders, served as an icebreaker for the conversation between host and guest. Tarcisio Bertone is a declared supporter of Scuderia Ferrari and was received by Luca di Montezemolo on January 22, 2012 in Maranello for a private demonstration of a prototype of the new Ferrari F2012 racing car, which has not yet been officially presented .

Tarcisio Bertone was inducted into the Knight of the Knights of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem on April 15, 2009 .

In March 2018, the eagerly awaited autobiography by Tarcisio Bertone, for which Cardinal Gianfranco Ravasi wrote the preface, was published in Italy under the title I miei papi (“My Popes”) . Bertone describes his memories of the popes of his lifetime from Pius XII. until Pope Francis. Among other things, the book contains notable historical statements about the time when Pope Benedict XVI. began to think about his resignation . With regard to the media scandal surrounding his retirement home, Bertone claims in the book that the renovation was "coordinated with the Pope", from whom he received "not only full agreement, but also some good advice".

Memberships in the Roman Curia

Tarcisio Bertone was a member of the following congregations of the Curia until the end of 2014 :

Awards and honors

Fonts (selection)

  • Vita cristiana secondo giustizia: trattato di teologia morale. Appunti di studio. Papal Athenaeum Salesianum, Rome 1968
    (textbook on the justice tract of moral theology).
  • with Gustave Leclerc, Giancarlo Milanesi, Vincenzo Polizzi, Enrico Quarello: Discussione sull'aborto. Special issue of the order magazine Salesianum (01/1975), Libreria Ateneo Salesiano (LAS), Rome 1975
    ( special issue on the discussion of abortion with contributions from Salesian theologians).
  • Il governo della Chiesa nel pensiero di Benedetto XIV (1740–1758) (= Biblioteca di Scienze Religiose, Volume 21). LAS, Rome 1977 (first print 1970, dissertation).
  • Il rapporto giuridico tra Chiesa e Comunità politica. In: Gruppo Italiano Docenti di Diritto Canonico (ed.): Il Diritto nel mistero della Chiesa. Volume 4: Diritto Patrimoniale - Tutela della comunione e diritti - Chiesa e Comunità politica (= Quaderni di Apollinaris, 4). Libreria Editrice Lateranense, Rome 1980, pp. 295-430 and 448-492 (treatise on the relationship between the church and the political community in a multi-volume canonical work).
  • (Ed.) With Agostino Severgnini: La famiglia ei suoi diritti nella comunità civile e religiosa. Proceedings of the VI. Canon Law Colloquium (Rome April 24-26, 1986). Libreria Editrice Vaticana / Libreria Editrice Lateranense, Rome 1987
    (Conference topic: “The rights of the family in civil society and religious community”).
  • (Ed.) Codice di diritto canonico. Testo ufficiale e versione italiana sotto il patrocinio della Pontificia Università Lateranense e della Pontificia Università Salesiana. Unione Editori Cattolici Italiani, Rome 1983, 2nd edition 1997
    (official text and authorized Italian translation of the CIC 1983 ).
  • with Giuseppe De Carli (1952–2010): L'ultima veggente di Fatima (“The last seer of Fatima”). Rizzoli, Milan 2007.
    German: The Seer of Fatima. My conversations with Sister Lucia. With a foreword by Pope Benedict XVI. Heyne Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-453-64520-2 .
  • with Vincenzo Buonomo (ed.): La diplomazia pontificia in un mondo globalizzato. With a foreword by Pope Francis. Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Rome 2013, ISBN 978-88-209-9162-3 .
  • I miei papi. Editrice Elledici, Turin 2018, ISBN 978-88-01-06440-7 (autobiography).

literature

  • Stefano Termanini: Chiesa e Impresa a Genova dal dopoguerra ai nostri giorni. Ausind Editore, Genua 2009 (therein Chapter IV, pp. 247–295: “In cerca di un orizzonte europeo: la 'GeNova' del cardinale Bertone”)
  • Martin Klingst, Patrik Schwarz: The Bertone Files . In: Die Zeit , No. 14/2010.
  • Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone , in: Internationales Biographisches Archiv 44/2012 of October 30, 2012, in the Munzinger archive ( beginning of the article freely available)
  • Martin Bräuer: Handbook of the Cardinals. 1846-2012. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2014, ISBN 978-3-11-037077-5 , p. 635.
  • Gisela Schmalz : Cliquenwirtschaft. The power of networks: Goldman Sachs, Kirche, Google, Mafia & Co. Kösel Verlag, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-466-34595-3 , pp. 45–53.

Web links

Commons : Tarcisio Bertone  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ "I was born on the night of December 1st to December 2nd, 1934 (...)". … “The 1st birthday was entered at the parish office, the 2nd at the parish. This is also the reason why my date of birth appears differently in the state than in the church: in the secular documents it is the 1st, in the papal yearbook it is December 2nd. ”(Tarcisio Bertone in an interview with 30giorni , issue 08/2006, seen in October 2017).
  2. ↑ a b Irene Mayer-Kilani: Investigations against former confidants of the Pope . In: Kurier , May 20, 2014, accessed October 6, 2017.
  3. ↑ a b c d Marco Trabucco: Il salesiano che studiò da vice Papa Tarcisio, l'ingegnere mancato . In: La Repubblica , June 23, 2006; Retrieved October 17 (Italian).
  4. ^ Lunedì l'addio a Paolo Bertone, fratello del Cardinale . In: La Sentinella del Canavese , July 24, 2011; Retrieved October 17 (Italian).
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l A Salesian for Pope Benedict. Interview with Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone by Gianni Cardinale . In: 30giorni , No. 08/2006, August 2006; accessed on October 18, 2017.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone , in: Internationales Biographisches Archiv 44/2012 of October 30, 2012, in the Munzinger archive .
  7. ↑ a b Bertone, Tarcisio . Entry on ORDEN online , as of November 11, 2008; accessed on October 17, 2017.
  8. ↑ a b Cardinal Secretary of State Tarcisio Bertone remains in office . ( Memento of October 5, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) In: Vatican Radio , news of January 22, 2010, accessed on October 4, 2017.
  9. ↑ Stefano Termanini: Chiesa e Impresa a Genova dal dopoguerra ai nostri giorni. Ausind Editore, Genua 2009 (therein pp. 247–295: IV. In cerca di un orizzonte europeo: la 'GeNova' del cardinale Bertone ), p. 249.
  10. ↑ Church wants to be a “merciful mother” . In: Die Welt , September 1, 1997, accessed October 23, 2017.
  11. ↑ Encouragement for political engagement . Statement of the ZdK on the "doctrinal note on some questions about the commitment and behavior of Catholics in political life" published by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, February 15, 2003, accessed on October 23, 2017.
  12. ↑ Corrado Augias : The Secrets of the Vatican. Another story of the papal city. Beck, Munich 2011, p. 383.
  13. ↑ a b c d Jack Valero: The mob should lay off. The pope is completely innocent . In: The Guardian , April 15, 2010, accessed October 2017.
  14. ^ Nomina del Segretario della Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede. In: Daily Bulletin. Holy See Press Office , December 19, 2002, accessed October 23, 2017 (Italian).
  15. ↑ Stefano Termanini: Chiesa e Impresa a Genova dal dopoguerra ai nostri giorni. Ausind Editore, Genua 2009 (therein pp. 247–295: IV. In cerca di un orizzonte europeo: la 'GeNova' del cardinale Bertone ), p. 248 and p. 275, note 11.
  16. ↑ Angelus . Address of the Holy Father on Sunday, September 28, 2003. Vatican website; accessed on October 20, 2017.
  17. ↑ Stefano Termanini: In cerca di un orizzonte europeo: la 'GeNova' del cardinale Bertone , Genoa 2009, p. 270.
  18. ↑ Stefano Termanini: In cerca di un orizzonte europeo: la 'GeNova' del cardinale Bertone , Genua 2009, p. 270 u. Note 192; P. 278 f., Note 53.
  19. ^ Massimo Calandri: Genova non è contro la moschea . (Interview with Imam Salah Hussein). In: La Repubblica , July 26, 2008; accessed in October 2017 (Italian).
  20. ^ Silvia Luzi, Luca Bellino (Vanguard Italia): L'Italia che respinge le moschee . In: Corriere della Sera , November 6, 2010, accessed October 20, 2017.
  21. ↑ Francesco Battistini, Erika Dellacasa: Il vescovo difende la moschea, la chiesa si divide . In: Corriere della Sera , October 19, 2006, accessed October 20, 2017 (Italian).
  22. ↑ Diego Pistacchi: Genova, i frati francescani vogliono regalare la moschea ai musulmani . In: Il Giornale , July 16, 2008; accessed in October 2017 (Italian).
  23. ↑ a b Ratzinger's confidante and football fan . In: Zeit online , April 15, 2005, accessed August 2017.
  24. ↑ Stefano Termanini: In cerca di un orizzonte europeo: la 'GeNova' del cardinale Bertone , Genoa 2009, p. 269.
  25. ↑ Josef Bruckmoser: The Pope and his people. In: same with Heiner Boberski and Andreas Pfeifer: Secret Vatican. Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag, Hamburg 2008, pp. 47–56 (here: 50–52).
  26. ↑ Ks. Piotr Kaczmarek: Benedykta XVI zmaganie o dialog z islamem (The struggle of Pope Benedict XVI in dialogue with Islam). In: Studia Theologica Varsaviensia 2/2012, pp. 245–262 [1–18] (here: pp. 255 [11] f., Note 37).
  27. ^ Vatican: Cardinal Bertone, "Regensburg Fall" closed . ( Memento of October 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Message on Vatican Radio of December 30, 2006; Retrieved October 19, 2017.
  28. ↑ Bertone: “Foi et raison ne s'opposent pas” . In: Le Figaro April 2, 2007; accessed in October 2017 (French).
  29. ^ Francis Rooney : The Global Vatican. An Inside Look at the Catholic Church, World Politics, and the Extraordinary Relationship Between the United States and the Holy See. Sheed & Ward, Lanham (Maryland), 2013, p. 189.
  30. ↑ a b c More power for Swiss clearers in the Vatican . In: Handelszeitung , November 14, 2014; accessed on October 4, 2017.
  31. ↑ a b Vatican Bank: New boss for the Pope's treasure chest . In: Die Presse , September 24, 2009, accessed October 6, 2017.
  32. ↑ Gianluigi Nuzzi : Everything has to be exposed to light. The secret dossier on the Pope's Way of the Cross. Wilhelm Goldmann Verlag, Munich 2016 (paperback edition of the 1st edition 2014), ISBN 978-3-442-15912-3 , p. 106.
  33. ↑ Jürgen Erbacher: News on the Vatican Bank . In: Papstgeflüster ( ZDF ), July 1, 2013; accessed on October 6, 2017.
  34. ^ Strong defense of Pius XII by Cardinal Bertone June 06, 2007 . In: Catholic World News ; accessed in August 2017.
  35. ^ Lars Langenau: Pope Benedict in the Kulturkampf . In: Spiegel Online , June 10, 2005; accessed in October 2017.
  36. ↑ Pope appoints hardliners as head of government . In: Spiegel Online , June 22, 2005; accessed in October 2017.
  37. ↑ “How is that supposed to work? A retired Pope! ” Interview with Joachim Cardinal Meisner in the Frankfurter Rundschau , February 11, 2013; accessed in August 2017.
  38. ↑ Cardinal Secretary of State Tarcisio Bertone remains in office . ( Memento of October 5, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) In: Vatican Radio , summary of the reports of January 26, 2010, accessed on October 4, 2017.
  39. ↑ Martin Klingst, Patrik Schwarz: The Bertone Files . In: Die Zeit No. 14/2010, March 30, 2010; this: documents of cover-up . In: Zeit online , April 2, 2010; this .: Sexual abuse: Secret protocol burdens most important employees of the Pope . In: Zeit online , April 5, 2010; Patrik Schwarz: Abuse scandal: the church hands out . In: Zeit online , April 7, 2010; all accessed again in October 2017.
  40. ↑ Cardinal Bertone angered homosexuals . In: Zeit Online , April 14, 2010; accessed in August 2017.
  41. ↑ Pope's confidante speaks about Benedict's salvation. In: Die Welt , April 8, 2010, accessed August 4, 2017.
  42. ↑ Michael Hesemann : Pope Francis. The legacy of Benedict XVI. and the future of the church. Herbig , Munich 2013, p. 2 ??.
  43. ↑ Jörg Bremer: Come on, tell everyone. In: FAZ , March 5, 2012, accessed on February 22, 2013.
  44. ^ Gerhard Mumelter: Vatican: State Secretary under pressure. In: The Standard of January 31, 2012, accessed February 22, 2013.
  45. ↑ Stefan Troendle: The resignation - a premiere with many question marks ( memento from February 15, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). In: tagesschau.de from February 12, 2013, accessed on February 22, 2013.
  46. ↑ a b Cardinal Bertone causes financial disaster in the millions . In: Der Tagesspiegel , May 27, 2014; accessed on October 3, 2017.
  47. ↑ a b Bertone: The second most powerful man in the Vatican resigns . In: Die Presse , December 4, 2014; accessed on October 4, 2017.
  48. ↑ Lima's cardinal insists on sanctions against the university . ( Memento of August 4, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) In: blickpunkt latein America , February 21, 2013, accessed on October 3, 2017.
  49. ↑ a b c The second Pope . In: Cicero 08/2012, August 2012; accessed on October 16, 2017.
  50. ↑ Hans-Jürgen Schlamp: Tarcisio Bertone: The intermediate pope. In: Spiegel Online . March 4, 2013, accessed August 3, 2017 .
  51. ↑ Katharina Kort: The "lobbies" in the conclave . In: Handelsblatt , March 13, 2013; accessed on March 18, 2018.
  52. ↑ a b Ingrid D. Rowland: The fall of the vicepope. In: The New York Review of Books , June 16, 2014, accessed March 3, 2019 .
  53. ↑ Elisabetta Piqué: Pope Francis: Life and Revolution. A Biography of Jorge Bergoglio. Loyola Press, Chicago 2014 ( online ).
  54. ↑ Pietro Parolin appointed as the new State Secretary. In: Vatican Radio , August 31, 2013, archived from the original on February 17, 2014 ; accessed on October 29, 2017 .
  55. ↑ Jürgen Erbacher: Commission the second . In: Papstgeflüster (ZDF), June 26, 2013, accessed on October 6, 2017.
  56. ^ A b Così Papa Francesco rivolta lo Ior e fa attapirare Bertone. In: formiche , January 15, 2014, accessed October 24, 2017 (Italian).
  57. ↑ Quoted from Süddeutsche Zeitung of April 22, 2014: Luxury apartment for Cardinal Bertone (afp report).
  58. ↑ Thomas Jansen : Headwind for Bertone . In: Katholisch.de , May 22, 2014, accessed October 3, 2017.
  59. ^ Pope adopts controversial Cardinal Bertone , page on orf.at , accessed on December 4, 2014.
  60. ^ Nomina del Camerlengo e del Vice Camerlengo di Santa Romana Chiesa. In: Daily Bulletin. Holy See Press Office , December 20, 2014, accessed December 20, 2014 (Italian).
  61. ^ A b Mario Ansaldo: L'ira di Francesco per il mega-attico del cardinale Bertone . In: La Repubblica , April 20, 2014; Retrieved August 4, 2017 (Italian).
  62. ↑ Tarcisio Bertone: Cardinal moves into a luxury apartment in the Vatican. In: FAZ , April 21, 2014, accessed on October 9, 2017.
  63. ↑ Constanze Reuscher: Tarcisio Bertone: Cardinal builds “Golden Penthouse” in the Vatican. In: Die Welt , April 21, 2014, accessed October 9, 2017.
  64. ↑ Gianluigi Nuzzi: Everything has to be exposed to light. The secret dossier on the Pope's Way of the Cross. Wilhelm Goldmann Verlag, Munich 2016 (paperback edition of the 1st edition 2014), ISBN 978-3-442-15912-3 , note 45 (p. 353 f.).
  65. ↑ a b Matteo Matzuzzi: Due rinvii a giudizio in Vaticano per l'appartamento di Bertone . In: Il Foglio , July 13, 2017, accessed October 23, 2017 (Italian).
  66. ↑ a b c Donation scandal in the Vatican: suspended sentence for ex-children's clinic boss . In: Deutsche Welle , October 14, 2017; accessed on October 16, 2017.
  67. ↑ Jörg Seisselberg: Cardinal gets away with it . In: tagesschau.de , October 16, 2017, accessed on the same day.
  68. ↑ a b c Bertone: I am not a corrupt power man . In: Katholisch.de , March 16, 2018, accessed on March 18, 2018.
  69. ↑ Hartmut Benz: Not only Bertone - Where and how bishops live in the Vatican . ( Memento of October 16, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Roman Institute of the Görres Society , May 6, 2014; accessed on October 16, 2017.
  70. ↑ a b c Thomas Jansen: Does the Vatican justice system spare Cardinal Bertone? In: Katholisch.de , October 13, 2017, accessed on October 16, 2017.
  71. ↑ a b c d e Daniel Verdú: Un año de cárcel para el único condenado por el ático del cardenal Bertone . In: El País , October 15, 2017; Retrieved October 16, 2017 (Spanish).
  72. ↑ Cardinal Bertone transfers 150,000 euros to the Vatican Children's Clinic. In: Domradio , March 10, 2016, accessed on August 4, 2017.
  73. ↑ Accusation of misappropriation . In: Domradio , July 13, 2017, accessed on August 4, 2017.
  74. ↑ a b Judgment for Profiti. In: Domradio , October 14, 2017, accessed on October 16, 2017.
  75. ^ A b Vatican: imprisonment for ex-head of Vatican foundation . In: ORF , October 14, 2017; accessed on October 20, 2017.
  76. ^ John L. Allen : Testimony at Vatican trial shows cardinal had hands-on role. In: Crux. October 3, 2017, accessed October 11, 2017 .
  77. ↑ Bambino Gesu trial: imprisonment and acquittal required . ( Memento of October 11, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) In: Vatican Radio , October 9, 2017, accessed on October 11, 2017.
  78. ↑ Ex-bishop is said to have embezzled church money . In: ORF , October 19, 2017; accessed on October 20, 2017.
  79. ^ Emiliano Fittipaldi: 35 thousand euros a month for the Cardinal: the new scandal that shakes the Vatican . In: L'Espresso , December 21, 2017; accessed on March 13, 2018 (English). Andrés Beltramo Álvarez: El Papa a Rodríguez Maradiaga: “Me duele todo lo que han hecho contra ti” . In: La Stampa , December 24, 2017, accessed March 13, 2018 (Spanish); Emiliano Fittipaldi: L'ultimo scandalo Vaticano: 35 mila euro al mese per il cardinale Maradiaga . In: L'Espresso , December 26, 2017; Retrieved March 13, 2018 (Italian).
  80. ↑ Philip Pullella: Pope orders retired prelates to live austerely, shun power . In: Reuters , February 15, 2018; accessed on May 8, 2018.
  81. ↑ Cardinal Bertone Prefers Activity to Study. zenit.org, December 15, 2006, accessed October 3, 2017 .
  82. ↑ Andreas English : Benedict XVI. The German Pope. Bertelsmann, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-641-06820-2 , p. 237.
  83. ^ Simon Pausch: A soccer world championship in the garden of the Pope . In: Welt Online , March 17, 2013; accessed on October 17, 2017.
  84. ↑ a b Francesco Ceniti: Vaticano in A? Ci proviamo… In: La Gazzetta dello Sport , December 18, 2006; Retrieved October 17, 2017 (Italian).
  85. ↑ Julius Müller-Meiningen: Anyone who scolds gets the blue card . In: Zeit Online , May 18, 2011; accessed on October 17, 2017.
  86. ^ His Eminence Cardinal Bertone visiting Ferrari . Ferrari press release of January 22, 2012; accessed on October 17, 2017 (English).
  87. ↑ Vatican: Bertone becomes a knight . In: Vatican Radio. April 16, 2009, seen on October 6, 2017.
  88. ↑ a b 'I miei papi', attesa per l'uscita del libro di Bertone . In: Adnkronos , March 10, 2018; accessed on March 14, 2018 (Italian).
  89. ↑ Cardinal: Benedict XVI. wanted to bring Bergoglio to the curia . In: Domradio , March 16, 2018, retrieved March 17, 2018.
  90. ↑ Cardinal: Benedict XVI. spoke of resignation in April 2012. In: Domradio , March 10, 2018, retrieved March 17, 2018.
  91. ^ Tarcisio Bertone: I miei papi. Turin 2018, p. 127.
  92. ^ Tarcisio Bertone: I miei papi. Turin 2018, p. 142.
  93. ↑ nouns di Membri e nella conferme Congregation for the Clergy. In: Bolletino. Sala Stampa della Santa Sede, June 9, 2014, accessed June 11, 2014 (Italian).
  94. ↑ Cardinals Commission for IOR renewed . In: Vatican Radio , February 16, 2013, accessed on October 6, 2017.
  95. ↑ Ex colaborador del Card. Ratzinger visita Argentina. In: ACIPrensa , July 16, 2005, accessed October 17, 2017 (Spanish).
  96. ↑ Address of Cardinal Bertone at the book launch in the Aula Magna of the Pontifical Urban University, September 21, 2007 (accessed from the Vatican website on October 21, 2017).
predecessor Office successor
Roberto Giannatelli Rector of the Pontifical Salesian University (UPS)
1989–1991 		Angelo Amato only a few months
Raffaele Farina
Albino canteen Archbishop of Vercelli
1991–1995 		Enrico Masseroni
Alberto Bovone Secretary of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
1995–2002 		Angelo Amato SDS
Dionigi Cardinal Tettamanzi Archbishop of Genoa
2002–2006 		Angelo Cardinal Bagnasco
Angelo Cardinal Sodano Cardinal Secretary of State
2006–2013 		Pietro Cardinal Parolin
Eduardo Cardinal Martínez Somalo Cardinal Chamberlain
2007-2014 		Jean-Louis Cardinal Tauran
Alfonso Cardinal López Trujillo Cardinal Bishop of Frascati
since 2008 		---
personal data
SURNAME Bertone, Tarcisio
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Bertone, Tarcisio Pietro Evasio Cardinal (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Italian Roman Catholic theologian, bishop and cardinal emeritus secretary of state
DATE OF BIRTH December 1, 1934 or December 2, 1934
PLACE OF BIRTH Romano Canavese , Italy