Istituto per le Opere di Religione

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  Istituto per le Opere di Religione
logo
Country Vatican cityVatican Vatican city
Seat Cortile Sisto V
00120 Città del Vaticano
legal form own legal personality according to canon law (Personalità giuridica canonica)
BIC IOPRVAVXXXX
founding June 27, 1942
Website www.ior.va
Business data 2018
Total assets 2,848.3 million euros
Employee 98
management
Board Direzione:
Gian Franco Mammì
Supervisory board Consiglio di Sovrintendenza:
Jean-Baptiste de Franssu
Sir Michael Hintze
Mauricio Larraín
Scott C. Malpass
Javier Marín Romano
Georg Freiherr von Boeselager

The Istituto per le Opere di Religione , short IOR ( Italian "Institute for Religious Works"), commonly known as the Vatican Bank , is a private financial institution owned by the Holy See . It is located in the Nicholas V tower in the immediate vicinity of the Apostolic Palace .

In the past, the institute was also known as "an offshore paradise in the middle of Europe" due to the lack of transparency in its balance sheets and numerous anonymous numbered accounts that were linked to money laundering for the mafia and tax evasion .

In April 2014, Pope Francis confirmed the mandate and mission of the IOR for the future. He had agreed to a proposal on the future of the financial institution, which "confirms the importance of the IOR's mandate for the good of the Church," said the Vatican statement.

History and mission of the institute

The first section needs to be revised: Literally from the self-published and thus according to WP: QA # What are reliable sources of information? Copied from Charwarth's unsuitable book as a source.
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Tower facade of the Torre di Niccolò V (built in 1473), seat of the Vatican Bank IOR since 1942, in the background the Apostolic Palace

With the papal constitution of February 11, 1887, Pope Leo XIII. the formation of the Commissione ad pias causas ( German  Commission for Pious Purposes ), which was renamed in 1908 by Pope Pius X in Amministrazione per le Opere di Religione (AOR) ( German  Administration of Religious Works ) and its statute on March 17, 1941 of Pope Pius XII. has been accepted. The AOR was initially nothing more than a kind of collection and administration center for the papal residual assets and the compensatory payments that the young Italian monarchy had granted the Holy See for the loss of the state territory of the papal state. In addition, until the Lateran Treaty was signed in 1929 , the Pope received an annual allowance from the Italian state , which was a fortune for the time. Leo XIII wanted all of this. centrally managed knowledge. The AOR was neither a bank nor did it appear as one. Until 1942 the existence of this administration, which was directly subordinate to the Pope, was hardly known. "

On June 27, 1942, Pope Pius XII constituted. per Chirograph (Acta Ap.Sedis n. 217, 1942) the “Istituto per le Opere di Religione” (IOR) with its own legal status, which thus absorbed the “Amministrazione per le Opere di Religione”.

According to its statutes, the purpose of the institute is "to take care of the maintenance and administration of movable and immovable property which has been transferred or entrusted to the IOR by physical or legal persons and which is intended for religious or charitable works."

The IOR is not part of the Roman Curia and therefore not part of the central administrative structure of the Roman Catholic Church. Nor is it a central bank that is responsible for the monetary and currency policy of Vatican City. This function is regulated by an agreement between the European Union and the Vatican City-State. The implementation and monitoring of this agreement is carried out by the Autorità di Informazione Finanziaria , AIF (Vatican Financial Intelligence Unit ) for short , which was founded on December 30, 2010 by papal motu proprio . In addition, the role of the Vatican goods administration APSA as the central bank was confirmed again in February 2014: Pope Francis established the economic secretariat as the new central financial supervisory authority of the Vatican by motu proprio .

In contrast to the profit-oriented banking business, the surplus of the IOR is also available to the Holy See. In 2012 the institute contributed a sum of around 55 million euros. In addition, the IOR does not loan out its deposits and does not issue collateral for resale or other financial products.

The gold reserves of the IOR, of Bernardino Nogara in the 1930s set up, composed, according to the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See in January 1992 from 235,765 troy ounces in the then equivalent of about 83 million US dollars. At the end of 1992 it was only 139,302 troy ounces and by the end of 1993 the IOR had only 47,772 troy ounces of gold in its books. In 1994, Cardinal Castillo Lara put the IOR's deposits at 7 trillion lire , which at that time corresponded to around 4 billion US dollars . According to Lara, the net income in the same year was around 70 billion lire, or around 40 million US dollars. According to the then IOR President Angelo Caloia, the assets of the IOR at the end of November 1987 amounted to 7 billion DM (the equivalent of approx. 3.5 billion EUR), which was primarily invested in foreign securities. Among other things, Caloia named shares in five banks as an important asset of the IOR, but without naming them.

On October 1, 2013, the IOR published its annual balance sheet for the first time in its history; it can be downloaded from the IOR website (launched in July 2013). Said annual balance sheet states total assets of almost 5 billion euros and equity capital of 769 million euros. A total of 6.3 billion euros has been entrusted to the IOR as deposits and asset management. The FAZ described the publication as a "revolution".

In December 2014, the Vatican announced an investigation against Angelo Caloia for embezzlement of almost 60 million euros.

Structure of the IOR

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According to its statutes from 1990, the IOR consists of a five-part structure, which includes the cardinals' supervisory commission, a prelate, a board of directors, a directorate and a board of auditors.

Board of Directors of the Cardinals

The Cardinal Commission ( Commissione Cardinalizia di Vigilanza ) appointed by the Pope for a period of five years consists of six cardinals . It appoints the five-member supervisory board and, on the recommendation of the supervisory board, also the general director and the vice-general director. She is responsible for reviewing larger business processes and strategies that are presented to her by the President of the Supervisory Board and meets at least three times a year. In January 2014, Pope Francis appointed four new members to the cardinals' supervisory commission, which at the time was still five. Only Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran was a member of the previous College of Cardinals. In March 2014, the members elected Cardinal Santos Abril y Castelló as their President. In January 2015, by means of a rescriptum ex audentia from the Pope, the number of members of the commission was increased to six cardinals and the Croatian cardinal Josip Bozanić was nominated as a further member. With Tauran's death in July 2018, the number of members fell back to five.

prelate

The prelate is appointed by the cardinals' supervisory board with the consent of the Pope. He acts as secretary at the meetings of the cardinals and takes part in the meetings of the board of directors, in this respect he is a link between the two bodies. In June 2014 Pope Francis appointed Monsignor Ricca as prelate. To date, he was, among other things, administrative director of the Vatican guest house Santa Martha, in which Pope Francis also lives.

  • Monsignor Battista Salvatore Ricca, ad interim

Supervisory board

The supervisory board meets four to six times a year. It defines the IOR's strategy and ensures operational supervision. The mandate of the current members expires in 2015. Ernst von Freyberg was President of the Supervisory Board from February 2013 to July 2014 . During his presidency, a transparency and compliance offensive as well as a “zero tolerance policy” against financial crime of all kinds was initiated and implemented. The four other members were already members of the Supervisory Board before von Freyberg was appointed. On July 9, 2014, Jean-Baptiste de Franssu was introduced as the new President. Mauricio Larraín and Carlo Salvatori were appointed as additional members of the IOR Supervisory Board in September 2014. In the course of the papal Rescriptum ex audentia in January 2015, Alfred Xuereb was appointed as a non-voting secretary.

  • Jean-Baptiste de Franssu (President)
  • Sir Michael Hintze
  • Mauricio Larraín
  • Scott C. Malpass
  • Javier Marín Romano
  • Georg Freiherr von Boeselager

General Directorate

The General Management is appointed by the Board of Directors with the approval of the Cardinals' Supervisory Commission and is responsible for the operational activities. After being appointed Vice Director in July 2013, Rolando Marranci has held the post of General Director since the end of November 2013. In March 2015, Gian Franco Mammì was appointed Vice Director.

  • Rolando Marranci (Director)
  • Gian Franco Mammì (Vice Director)

Board of Auditors

The three auditors are appointed by the Supervisory Board for a maximum term of three years. As the successor to Massimo Spina, Mario M. Busso was nominated ad interim President of the Auditors' Committee in October 2014.

  • Mario M. Busso (President ad interim)
  • Rodolfo Molinuevo Orue
  • Pierluigi Bernasconi

Pontifical Commission

On June 24, 2013, Pope Francis also called by chirograph a Pontifical Commission to report on the IOR, which is to develop proposals on the nature of the IOR and report directly to the Pope. This five-person commission consists of Harvard law professor and former US ambassador Mary Ann Glendon . The aim of the so-called CRIOR Commission (Pontificia Commissione Referente sullo IOR) is a "better harmonization" of the IOR "with the universal mandate of the Apostolic See", so the reasoning in the Vatican document. On May 24, 2014 it was announced that the work of the commission had ended and that it would no longer meet for further meetings.

Controversy

At the end of the 1970s, there was a scandal over opaque transactions in which the IOR, the largest Italian private bank Banco Ambrosiano and the mafia were involved. The IOR was the main shareholder of Banco Ambrosiano, but was not subject to Italian banking supervision due to the special international status of the Holy See itself. The mafia lawyer Michele Sindona and Ambrosiano general manager Roberto Calvi, with the support of the then IOR director Archbishop Paul Casimir Marcinkus , took advantage of this to embezzle and launder mafia funds and to transfer amounts of millions to Switzerland and the Bahamas. Marcinkus was not only head of the Vatican Bank, but also the main shareholder of Banco Ambrosiano. Roberto Calvi was found hanged on June 18, 1982 under the Black Monks Bridge in the City of London . The day before, his secretary and confidante Graziella Corrocher fell out of a building in Milan. The then IOR President Marcinkus was temporarily unable to leave the Vatican because there was an arrest warrant against him in Italy . In the 2010 ruling on the Calvis murder trial, the Rome Court of Appeal confirmed that Cosa Nostra had laundered illegally acquired capital through IOR accounts for several years.

It is believed that the Solidarność movement in Poland was secretly financed through Banco Ambrosiano .

The collapse of Banco Ambrosiano and the investigation into this bankruptcy as well as the murder of Roberto Calvi and the death of John Paul I developed into a real threat not only to the IOR, but to the reputation of the Vatican itself . These events as well as the death of John Paul I are taken up and interpreted on film in the film Der Godfather III (1990). However, there is no evidence of the compounds claimed therein.

So far, the Papal States could not make up their minds to release those documents that would help clear up this major financial scandal in its recent history. The Italian judiciary is still waiting to clarify the background to the Calvi affair. A request to the Vatican for administrative assistance has been running since 2010.

To reorganize the IOR, which was on the verge of ruin in the wake of this scandal, the Vatican appointed a four-person advisory body of financial experts in 1982, including prominent retired bankers such as the Swiss Philippe de Weck and the former spokesman for the Deutsche Bank Hermann Josef Abs . After negotiations between the Italian state and the Holy See, the Vatican accepted to pay around $ 250 million to the bankruptcy administration of the old Banco Ambrosiano.

In the 1990s, the Vatican was also involved in the Enimont corruption scandal, which was uncovered in the course of the investigation into Manipulite in Italy.

In 2003, Monsignor Renato Dardozzi left his secret archive in Switzerland, made up of almost 5000 documents from the Vatican State Secretariat and papers from the Vatican Bank, to the Italian journalist Gianluigi Nuzzi . The documents corroborated suspicions of money laundering in the service of the Mafia, the blockade of corruption investigations, bribery affairs and secret numbered accounts allegedly containing the money of seven-time ex-president Giulio Andreotti of the former Catholic People's Party Democrazia Cristiana . Nuzzi caused a sensation with the publication of the book based on it, " Vatican AG - A Secret Archive Reveals the Truth About the Church's Financial and Political Scandals" on the financial conduct of the Vatican Bank in 2009/2010. The then President Angelo Caloia resigned after the book was published after twenty years at the helm of the Vatican Bank. The “ Financial Times ” attributed this far-reaching decision by the Papal States to the revelations of the book “Vatican Inc.”.

On September 21, 2010, the Italian financial police seized 23 million euros from an account of the institute and initiated an investigation into suspected money laundering against the then president Ettore Gotti Tedeschi and the then general secretary of the institute Paolo Cipriani . Tedeschi vehemently denied the allegations. The investigation against him was discontinued in 2012. In March 2014, Gotti Tedeschi was again exonerated of any responsibility by an Italian court - there would be no further trial against him, according to the Roman public prosecutor. In October 2010, an Italian court initially rejected the IOR's request for the 23 million euros that had been seized a month earlier to be released.

Situation in 2012

In February 2012, as part of the "Vatileaks" affair, details about allegedly opaque deals of the IOR were made public: For example, a letter from Cardinal Attilio Nicora, President of the Vatican financial supervisory authority AIF, to the media, in which he complained that the new Control rules are not strict enough. The letter was addressed to the head of the bank and the State Secretariat, but was leaked along with other documents to the daily newspaper "Il Fatto Quotidiano".

In May 2012, Tedeschi resigned as IOR President after the institute's board of directors unanimously expressed its suspicion. According to the Vatican statement, he “did not carry out certain tasks of primary importance”. There was also speculation about bullying against Tedeschi. As a result, Ronaldo Hermann Schmitz , a retired board member of Deutsche Bank , was appointed interim president of the IOR until February 15, 2013 .

In March 2012, the United States Department of State added Vatican City, along with Ireland, Poland and Hungary, to a list of countries whose financial systems are of the medium concern with regard to their potential vulnerability to money laundering .

Situation in 2013

Between January and mid-February 2013, the Vatican's credit and debit card transactions were temporarily suspended. The Banca d'Italia , Italy's central bank and at the same time the highest body of the Italian banking supervision, had forbidden the Italian subsidiary of Deutsche Bank to handle the money and card business of the Vatican Bank as before, since it was forbidden to EU banks to operate in non-EU Countries without adequate money laundering surveillance authorities to operate. In February 2013, the Vatican announced that credit and EC payment transactions had been resumed and that processing had been transferred to the Swiss financial institution Aduno SA .

On June 28, 2013, three people were arrested on suspicion of fraud and corruption in the course of an investigation by the Italian judiciary into the IOR. The priest Monsignor Nunzio Scarano , former auditor of the property administration of the Apostolic See , who was also arrested, is said to have played a leading role in the alleged illegal financial transactions via the Vatican Bank. After the subsequent resignation of General Director Paolo Cipriani and his deputy Massimo Tulli on July 1, 2013, the then Chairman of the Supervisory Board of the IOR, Ernst von Freyberg, also took over the post of General Director on an interim basis until Rolando Marranci was appointed in November.

Under Ernst von Freyberg's presidency, the IOR established a so-called strict “zero tolerance” policy against all forms of financial crime. Since then, among other things, the approximately 19,000 IOR accounts have been checked by an external auditing company.

At the beginning of August 2013, for the first time in history, the Vatican public prosecutor submitted a request for legal assistance to the Republic of Italy in order to clarify the case because of the affair in the Scarano case. In addition, the responsible Vatican public prosecutor had previously frozen Nunzio Scarano's accounts.

Situation in 2014

On January 21, 2014 a new arrest warrant for money laundering was issued against the former Vatican auditor Nunzio Scarano. The IOR provided extensive information to the Italian investigative authorities in this regard, as confirmed by the Vatican's press spokesman, Federico Lombardi. "The new development of the Scarano case is also the result of the cooperation between the Vatican and the Italian authorities," Lombardi was also quoted by the dpa news agency. The responsible and investigative public prosecutor's office in Salerno had also made positive statements about the administrative cooperation with the Vatican in the Scarano case when the new allegations became known. Contrary to some media reports, there were no searches by the Italian financial police in the IOR.

On May 19, 2014 the Vatican Financial Information Authority (AIF) reported that the former Cardinal Secretary of State Tarcisio Bertone was being investigated for embezzlement of 15 million euros. According to Vatican sources, the IOR is said to have been “tricked with convertible bonds in December 2012”: According to this, the IOR had acquired convertible bonds from a company for 15 million euros - interest-bearing securities that can be converted into shares after an agreed period of time. According to "Bild", however, these should have become largely worthless. The 15 million euros therefore appeared as a "write-off" in the IOR balance sheet for 2013. The recipient of the money was the TV production company "Lux Vide"; its founder, Ettore, is a member of the Opus Dei order and close friends with Bertone. The deal came about against resistance from the IOR under pressure from Bertone, reported AIF chief investigator René Brülhart. Tarcisio Bertone has also left deep financial holes. One of them threatens the economic structure of the religious order to which Bertone belongs: the Salesian Don Boscos - goods worth 130 million euros have been seized, including the order's headquarters in Rome. The "Bild" newspaper also reported that the Catholic Church had lost a double-digit million amount because Vatican real estate had been sold well below market value; this damage is put at 20 million euros. Overall, the suspected money laundering cases increased from six cases in 2012 to 202 cases in 2013. Brülhart forwarded five cases to the Vatican Prosecution.

Ernst von Freyberg resigned on July 9, 2014 after about one and a half years of service from his position as Chairman of the Supervisory Board of the IOR. He was succeeded by the French businessman Jean-Baptiste de Franssu.

Reform process

Institutional milestones

In 1990 the IOR was restructured by John Paul II. According to Art. 4 of the Statute, the IOR has since had the following organs: A supervisory commission of five cardinals, the prelate, the board of directors, the management and the auditors. In addition, on June 24, 2013, Pope Francis ordered the formation of a five-person Pontifical Commission (CRIOR), which should report to him on the internal processes of the IOR and develop proposals for the future structure (see also the section Structure of the IOR ).

On April 7, 2014, Pope Francis accepted the proposal for the future design of the IOR as a specialist provider of financial services for the worldwide Church. This had previously been submitted to the Pope on the basis of recommendations from the CRIOR, the Supervisory Board and the management of the IOR as well as another Pontifical Commission ( COSEA ).

Reform steps 2010/2011

On January 1, 2010, the currency agreement between the Vatican and the European Union came into force, supplementing the currency agreement between the Vatican and the Italian state from 2000. In it, the Vatican undertakes to adopt EU laws against money laundering and counterfeiting .

In December 2010, Benedict XVI. In addition, a so-called motu proprio , with which the corresponding supervisory authority to combat illegal activities in the field of finance and monetary affairs, the Vatican financial information authority Autorità di Informazione Finanziaria (AIF) was introduced. Since the beginning of April 2011, money laundering in the Vatican State can be punished with imprisonment of up to twelve years, terrorist financing with up to 15 years. In June 2011, due to this newly created control authority, the amount of 23 million euros blocked in December 2010 was released again, which was intended to be transferred to the Italian financial institution Credito Artigiano via an IOR account.

Reform steps in 2012

In July 2012, Moneyval , the Council of Europe's Committee of Experts to Evaluate Anti-Money Laundering Measures, published the results of its review of the Vatican State, which was carried out at the request of the Vatican. The city-state met international requirements in nine of 16 key points. Further reform steps were called for. The aim of the Vatican is to be included in the so-called "White List" of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which includes countries that meet international standards for combating tax crimes and money laundering.

In November 2012, the Swiss anti-money laundering specialist René Brülhart was appointed director of the AIF. Brülhart used to be a. a. works for the Financial Intelligence Unity (FIU) in Liechtenstein and is also Vice-Chairman of the Egmont Group , a global network of national central offices for suspected cases of corruption , money laundering and terrorist financing . He replaced Cardinal Attilio Nicora , who had been appointed AIF President on January 19, 2011.

Reform steps in 2013

On February 15, 2013, Ernst von Freyberg was appointed President of the Supervisory Board and thus the new head of the institute. The guidelines of its activity are defined by the comprehensive reform process of the IOOR, which has been driven forward since the beginning of its presidency. “He brought the consulting firm Promontory on board, which examines the accounts. Dubious customers were kicked out. The bank practiced transparency externally. It now has a website and published its first annual report, ”said the world on Sunday after the first year of his presidency.

In May 2013, according to media reports, the international auditing company Promontory Financial Group was commissioned to conduct a comprehensive investigation of all institute activities. This includes checking all around 19,000 customer accounts.

In June 2013, Mary Ann Glendon , the three prelates Raffaele Farina , Jean-Louis Tauran , Juan Ignacio Arrieta Ochoa de Chinchetru and the Vatican Deputy Minister of the Interior Peter Brian Wells were appointed by Pope Francis to the Pontifical Commission for the investigation of fundamental IOR reforms, the so-called CRIOR Commission (“Pontificia Commissione Referente sullo IOR”) appointed.

On October 1, 2013, the Vatican Bank published its balance sheet and its 2012 annual report for the first time on its website, which was launched in July 2013.

Also in October 2013, according to newspaper reports, around 1300 account holders were asked to terminate their bank details with the IOR, as they do not belong to the IOR's statutory clientele. The terminations were the result of external screening by Promontory's auditors. By the end of 2013, around 10,000 of the total of around 18,000 IOR accounts had been subjected to this expert screening, as stated by then President Ernst von Freyberg in an interview.

On December 12, 2013, Moneyval, the Council of Europe's committee of experts on combating money laundering, presented a second report. It attested that the Vatican had made important progress in terms of greater transparency in its financial transactions and its measures against money laundering. At the same time it was recommended that the Vatican AIF control body work even more closely with the IOR, for example with regard to account screening. AIF boss René Brülhart affirmed this goal in an interview: “The next step will be primarily on-site inspections, which are currently being planned. That should be done shortly. One of the main points will be that we will take a particularly close look at the processing process within the IOR, so that we will verify how it went there. This process takes place under our supervision; nevertheless it will be important that we go into a corresponding verification there. "

Reform steps in 2014

On January 22, 2014, the IOR published a notice on the progress of the compliance and transparency program. “We worked hard to improve compliance, transparency and internal processes. There is still a lot of implementation work ahead of us, but we are undoubtedly on the right track and have made significant progress ”, commented the then IOR President Ernst von Freyberg on the institute's efforts to introduce best practice compliance risk management and the standards of the Comply with Vatican anti-money laundering legislation. Specifically, the anti-money laundering processes have been revised and employees have been trained. In addition, based on the Vatican laws, the cooperation with the competent control authority of the Vatican, the AIF, has been very professionalized.

On April 7, 2014 the Vatican announced that the mission and task of the IOR would be continued in accordance with the proposal of the management and the two Pontifical Commissions CRIOR and COSEA. Pope Francis thus gave a positive decision on a future design of the IOR, which "once again confirms the importance of the IOR's mandate for the good of the Church". The institute will continue its work "with caution and offer the Catholic Church worldwide specialized financial services," said the Vatican in its press release. In addition, it was emphasized in the Vatican statement that the path of transparency and compliance taken under Ernst von Freyberg will also be of central importance in the future and that the efforts of the IOR to adapt to international transparency standards will be continued accordingly.

The Vatican Financial Supervisory Authority (AIF) published its 2013 annual report on May 19, 2014. The number of reported suspected transactions had risen sharply from six in 2012 to 202 in 2013. This is related to the new, more efficient control and transparency mechanisms , says AIF director René Brülhart. Five of these cases were referred to the Vatican Public Prosecutor for legal review. The review of the IOR was also discussed in the annual report. According to a communication from the Vatican, “substantial progress” had been made in 2013 at the institute.

According to media reports, the screening of the existing 18,900 IOR accounts by auditors from the US company Promontory was successfully completed in May 2014. The news agency APA spoke of a “first stage win” in the IOR's transparency initiative.

Reform steps in 2018

According to the Curia Bishop Juan Ignacio Arrieta Ochoa de Chinchetru , the financial and organizational reform of the Vatican Bank is almost complete. The bank now “fully” complies with the relevant European standards, “with regard to the control and tracking of cash flows”.

Reform steps 2019 (new statute of the IOR)

On August 10, 2019, Pope Francis changed the statute of the IOR from 1990 and completely revised it. The objective of the institute remains unchanged: "Protection and management of the goods entrusted to the institute by physical or legal persons and which are intended for works of religion and charity." After the change, the structure of the bank will contain the following elements:

  • The Cardinal Commission will consist of five cardinals with a five-year term with a possible five-year extension.
  • Supervisory board, consisting of seven members with a term of office of five years and a possible extension of five years.
  • Responsible prelate with a five-year term with a possible five-year extension. The main task will be to monitor the IOR for "the ethical dimension".
  • Management with an age limit of 70 years.

The bank's management is obliged to submit a comprehensive economic report to the board of directors and the leading prelate on a monthly basis.

The role of an “external audit” is now being introduced, which can be performed by a person or a company and is given extensive rights of control and information; The main purpose is to control the IOR balance sheets in accordance with international standards. The internal audit is dissolved. The right to make proposals lies with the supervisory board; the separation is carried out by the Cardinal Commission of the IOR.

It will also be new that IOR employees will no longer be allowed to engage in secondary activities.

literature

  • Conferenza Episcopale Italiana : Dalla parola alle opere. 15 anni di testimonianze del Vangelo della carità nel Terzo Mondo . on-line: [2] .
  • Umberto Folena: La vera questua. Analisi critica di un'inchiesta giornalistica . Avvenire Nuova Editoriale Italiana, Milano, 2008, ISBN 9771120602306 .
  • Giancarlo Galli: Finanza bianca. La Chiesa, i soldi, il potere . Mondadori, 2004 ISBN 88-04-51262-8 .
  • Jonathan Levy: The Vatican Bank. Chapter in: Everything You Know is Wrong , Disinformation Press, 2002, ISBN 1-56731-701-4 .
  • Larry Gurwin: The Calvi Affair: Death of a Banker . Pan Books, London, 1984, ISBN 0-330-28540-8 .
  • Heribert Blondiau, Udo Gümpel: The Vatican justifies the means. Murder of God's banker. Patmos, Düsseldorf, 1999 ISBN 3-491-72417-1 .
  • Friederike Hausmann: A Brief History of Italy from 1943 to Today. Berlin, 1997, pp. 118-123.
  • Nino Lo Bello: The Vatican in Twilight. The unholy business of the Papal States . Heyne, Munich 1992, ISBN 3-453-03745-6 .
  • John F. Pollard: Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy: Financing the Vatican, 1850-1950. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2005, ISBN 0-521-81204-6 .
  • Charles Raw: The Moneychangers: How the Vatican Bank Enabled Roberto Calvi to Steal 250 Million Dollars for the Heads of the P2 Masonic Lodge . Harvill Press, 1999 ISBN 0-00-217338-7 .
  • Nick Tosches: Doing business with the Vatican. The Sindona affair. Droemer Knaur, Munich, 1987, ISBN 3-426-03970-2 .
  • David A. Yallop: In the name of God? The mysterious death of the 33-day Pope John Paul I (paperback), Rowohlt Tb .; Edition: Complete revised N / A. (September 2001), language: German, English; ISBN 3-499-61175-9 .
  • Gianluigi Nuzzi: Vatican AG. A secret archive reveals the truth about the Church's financial and political scandals . Ecowin Verlag GmbH, March 2010, ISBN 3-902404-89-2
  • Eberhard Abelein: Business in the name of the father . The time 2001.
  • Jodok Troy: The Soft Power of the Holy See. Invisible legions between international society and world society . Journal for Foreign and Security Policy 3.4: 489-511.
  • Fidelius Schmid: God's black cash register. The Pope and the seedy business of the Vatican Bank. Eichborn-Verlag, 1st edition October 2013, ISBN 978-3-8479-0541-7 .
  • Gerald Posner : God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican . Simon & Schuster, 2015, ISBN 978-1-4165-7657-0 (English).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c John Paul II : Chirografo di Giovanni Paolo II con il quale viene data nuova configurazione all '"Istituto per le Opere di Religione". Libreria Editrice Vaticana, March 1, 1990, accessed on July 3, 2010 (Italian, chirographer for the redesign of the “Istituto per le Opere di Religione”).
  2. ↑ Entry in the BIC directory at SWIFT
  3. ↑ Annual report 2018 (English; PDF)
  4. ↑ a b c d Governance. Retrieved July 24, 2018 .
  5. ↑ a b Dirk Schümer: God, money and power. In: faz.net , March 13, 2013.
  6. ↑ domradio.de: Pope holds on to Vatican Bank, April 7, 2014
  7. ↑ Spiegel Online:
  8. ↑ Philip Charwarth (2010): church history. A Reader , p. 772.
  9. ↑ vatican.va CHIROGRAFO DI GIOVANNI PAOLO II CON IL QUALE VIENE DATA NUOVA CONFIGURAZIONE ALL '"ISTITUTO PER LE OPERE DI RELIGIONE"
  10. ↑ CHIROGRAFO DI GIOVANNI PAOLO II CON IL QUALE VIENE DATA NUOVA CONFIGURAZIONE ALL '"ISTITUTO PER LE OPERE DI RELIGIONE" , vatican.va
  11. ↑ THE ROMAN CURIA , vatican.va
  12. ↑ Monetary Agreement between the European Union and the Vatican City State (PDF; 38 kB), ec.europa.eu
  13. ↑ STATUTO DELL'AUTORITÀ DI INFORMAZIONE FINANZIARIA (AIF) , vatican.va
  14. ↑ APOSTOLIC LETTER IN THE FORM OF A “MOTU PROPRIO” OF BENEDICT XVI FOR THE PREVENTION AND COUNTERING OF ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES IN THE AREA OF MONETARY AND FINANCIAL DEALINGS , vatican.va
  15. ^ Vatican Radio: Pope Francis founds economic secretariat for the Vatican, February 24, 2014 ( Memento of March 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  16. ↑ Tobias Bayer: Vatican Bank gives the Pope a blessing of money. In: Die Welt , October 1, 2013.
  17. ↑ Vatican bank launches website in effort to increase transparency. In: Catholic Herald , August 1, 2013.
  18. ↑ Fabio Ghelli: The Vatican Bank lifts its veil. In: ZEIT online , October 1, 2013.
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Coordinates: 41 ° 54 ′ 13.8 ″  N , 12 ° 27 ′ 24.5 ″  E