Josef Unschlicht

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Josef Unschlicht (1930)

Josef Unschlicht , battle name : Jurowski and Leon ( Russian Ио́сиф Станисла́вович У́ншлихт , scientific transliteration Iosif Stanislavovič Unšliht ; Polish Józef Stanisławowicz Unszlicht ); (* 19 . Jul / 31 December  1879 greg. In Mława , Russian Poland ; † 29. July 1938 in Kommunarka in Moscow ) was a Polish revolutionary, Chekist and Soviet party functionary. In a leading position he was the deputy chairman of the Extraordinary All-Russian Commission to Combat Counterrevolution, Speculation and Sabotage (Cheka for short) and OGPU (1921-1923) and Deputy People's Commissar for Defense (1925-1930).

biography

III. All-Russian Assembly of the Cheka, 1919, Unschlicht is 4th from the left

Like Rosa Luxemburg and Leo Jogiches , Unschlicht was a member of the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL) and had already met Lenin in 1907 . He was also condemned to be exiled to Siberia .

Unschlicht was tried in Moscow in 1916, but was liberated by the turmoil of the February Revolution in 1917 .

In April 1917 Unschlicht became a member of the Petrograd Soviet . In the October Revolution he was treasurer on the Military Revolutionary Committee . The committee consisted among other things, Molotov , Antonov-Ovseyenko , Mekhonoshin, Trotsky , Joffe , Sverdlov , Uritsky , Gusev, Dzerzhinsky and Lenin.

On March 6, 1919, he signed the Manifesto of the Communist International in Moscow as the representative of the Communists of the Second Polish Republic . In addition to him, signed as representatives for Germany: Max Albert (pseudonym of Hugo Eberlein ), for Russia: Lenin (pseudonym of Wladimir Uljanow), for German-Austria: K. Gruber (pseudonym of Karl Steinhardt ), from Sweden: Otto Grimlund , from Switzerland: Fritz Platten , from the United States of North America: B. Reinstein, Finland: Yrjö Sirola , from Latvia: Karl Gailis and as a representative of the German Volga colonists : Gustav Klinger .

Later Unschlicht was also a candidate (1925–1937) of the Central Committee (ZK) of the WKP (B) .

In 1920 he was deployed in the Polish-Soviet War with the troops of the Western Front of the Red Army under the command of Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky as a member of the Revolutionary War Council (War Commissioner).

But at the end of July he was delegated to the Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee in the Białystok area occupied by the Red Army . Under the leadership of Julian Marchlewski and Felix Dserschinski, Feliks Kon , Edward Próchniak and Josef Unschlicht, the committee worked on the implementation of socialism in Poland. But the crushing defeat of the Red Army at Warsaw put an end to this.

As deputy to Trotsky in Revolutionary Military Council to Unschlicht 1923 went illegally to Germany in the KPD the coup attempt of the German October bring. For example, he was supposed to oversee the formation of the Red Army in Germany.

Unschlicht later appeared as vice chairman of the Chinese Commission.

In March 1926, General Hans von Seeckt and Major General Otto Hasse on the German side and People's Commissar for War Unschlicht on the Soviet side led negotiations on military cooperation in Berlin. These talks culminated in a secret armaments cooperation between the German Reich government and the Soviet Union in April 1926 .

Under his chairmanship as deputy commissioner of war two formed a committee in 1928 which took the decision to immediately icebreaker to rescue the North Pole expedition of Umberto Nobile to send.

From 1930 to 1935 Unschlicht was a member of the Supreme Economic Council of the Soviet Union and from 1933 to 1935 he was head of the main administration for civil aviation and then secretary of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union .

From April 1935 to June 1936, Unschlicht was head of the main intelligence office in the absence of Jan Karlowitsch Bersin .

family

Nothing is known about his sisters Zofia Unschlicht ( Zofia Unszlicht-Osińska ) (1881–1937), Stefanie Brun ( Stefania Unszlicht-Brunowa ) (1888–1947) and Helen Unschlicht. His cousin Julian Unschlicht (1883-1944) was a journalist. He later converted to Catholicism and became a priest.

His nephew Max Maximov-Unschlicht headed the Soviet military intelligence service GRU in the German Reich for 3 years . He was also a victim of the Stalinist purges in 1937.

death

During the Stalinist purges also Unschlicht was arrested on 11 June 1937, on 29 July 1938 on the firing range Kommunarka near Moscow shot .

In 1956 he was rehabilitated together with Marshals Vasily Konstantinowitsch Blücher and Alexander Ilyich Jegorow .

literature

Web links

Commons : Josef Unschlicht  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. Żydowscy komuniści w aparacie terroru i ludobójstwa (Polish)
  2. Дзержинский. Памятник и человек , p. 10;
  3. ^ Rosa Luxemburg : Letters to Leon Jogiches , p. 319.
  4. Hermann Weber: Der deutsche Kommunismus , p. 26.
  5. Braunthal: History of the International , Volume 2, p. 183.
  6. Manifesto of the Communist International
  7. Boris Meissner: Russia under Khrushchev , p. 58.
  8. OFFENSIVE: Stalin's contributions to Marxist-Leninist military theory and military policy
  9. CONTEMPORARY HISTORY »Conquering the World« . In: Der Spiegel . No. 44 , 1995 ( online - 30 October 1995 ).
  10. GERMAN OCTOBER 1923. A PLAN OF REVOLUTION AND ITS FAILURE. ( Memento of July 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 1.6 MB)
  11. Page no longer available , search in web archives: Johannes Rogalla von Bieberstein: Jüdischer Bolschewismus – Mythos und Reality , 2002, Edition Antaios.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / images.fapipa.multiply.multiplycontent.com
  12. CPSU (B), Comintern and the Soviet Movement in China , Volume 1, p. 86
  13. Michael Geyer: Armament or Security , p. 154.
  14. Leonid Breitfuß: The Nobile North Pole Expedition with the Airship . In: Petermann's geographical communications . tape 75 , no. 3 , 1929, pp. 73 .
  15. ^ Pierre de Villemarest: GRU, le plus secret des services soviétiques 1918–1988; Éditions Stock Paris 1988; ISBN 2-234-02119-7 .
  16. Margarete Buber-Neumann : As prisoners with Stalin and Hitler , p. 63.
  17. Milorad M. Drachkovitch, Branko M. Lazić: The Comintern; historical highlights, essays, recollections, documents , p. 46.
  18. Józef Warszawski: Studia nad wyznaniowością religijną marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego , p. 491.
  19. ^ Walter Krivitsky : In Stalin's Secret Service. "Memoirs of the first soviet master spy to defect." , Enigma Books, 2000, p. 213.
  20. Carl-Heinz Boettcher, Helmuth Scheffler: A ghost resigns in Europe , p. 168.