Haiti Empire (1804–1806)

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Empire d'Haïti (French)
Anpi an Ayiti (Haitian)
Empire of Haiti
1804-1806
Flag of Haiti
flag
Motto : Liberté ou la Mort!
( French for "Freedom or Death!" )
Official language French , Haitian
Capital Port-au-Prince
Form of government monarchy
Head of state , also head of government Emperor
Jacques I (1804-1806)
currency Haitian livre
independence Declared by France on January 1, 1804, established on September 22, 1804
resolution October 17, 1806
Haiti Empire in the western part of Hispaniola island
Haiti Empire in the western part of Hispaniola island

Emperor Jacob I.

Haiti Empire ( French Empire d'Haïti , Creole : Anpi an Ayiti ) was the name of the Haitian state during its constitution as a monarchical state from 1804 to 1806.

History of the First Empire of Haiti

On January 1, 1804, the former French colony of Saint Domingue declared its independence and from then on bore the name Haiti (spelling initially: Hayti). On 22 September the same year was Jean-Jacques Dessalines , the Governor General of Haiti, to the Emperor exclaim. He called himself Jacques I. (German Jakob I. ). He was on 6 October 1804 by the French Capuchin priest , the Dessalines for this purpose especially for Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Brelle archbishop had appointed crowned . The new state was not recognized by France, which influenced other states, nor by the United States.

On May 20, 1805, Jacob I proclaimed the new constitution of the empire . It was essentially designed by his secretary Juste Chanlatte and the historian Louis Félix Mathurin Boisrond-Tonnerre . The empire was an elective monarchy ; the emperor had the right to determine the heir to the throne . In contrast to later successors, Dessalines did not create a new class of nobility.

The country was divided into six military districts ( divisions militaires ), whose commanders ( généraux de division ) were appointed by the emperor. Almost all whites who survived the turmoil and massacre of the Haitian Revolution had to leave the country. Exceptions were white women as well as Germans and Poles who had been granted citizenship.

The increasingly evident despotic rule of the emperor soon aroused resistance. On the orders of General Henri Christophe and with the approval of General Alexandre Pétion , two comrades in the Haitian Revolution, James I was killed in an ambush on October 17, 1806 on the way to Port-au-Prince . The murder of Jacob I was followed by the division of the country: Pétion fell to rule in the south and Christophe to rule in the north ( northern Haiti ).

organs

The emperor's organs were a Council of State (Conseil d'Etat) as the legislature, consisting of the generals and influential officers of the military districts, the State Secretary Juste Chanlatte, who belonged to the private advisory group of the emperor, and two ministries, the Ministère des finances et de l'intérieur under General André Vernet and the Ministère de la guerre et de la marine under General Etienne-Elie Gérin , aside.

Administrative division

The regional division is based on a decree of July 18, 1805, which divides the country into six divisions (military districts) of two arrondissements each . The parishes correspond to the parish of the same name.

1st Division du Nord:

2nd Division du Nord:

1st Division de l'Ouest:

2nd Division de l'Ouest:

1st Division du Sud:

2nd Division du Sud:

The second empire of Haiti

After almost half a century, in 1849, President Faustin Soulouque proclaimed Haiti to be an empire for the second time. The second Haiti Empire lasted for ten years, until 1859. Haiti has been a republic ever since .

literature

  • Louis-Joseph Janvier : Les Constitutions d'Haïti (1801-1885). C. Marpon et E. Flammarion, Paris 1886, pp. 26-42. (PDF on gallica.bnf.fr ; 26.3 MB)
  • Thomas Madiou : Histoire d'Haïti. Volume 3. Imprimerie de J. Courtois, Port-au-Prince 1848. (PDF, 38.1 MB; standard work)
  • Franz Sundstral: From the black republic. The Negro uprising on Santo Domingo or the history of the origins of the state of Haiti. Leipzig 1903.
  • Justin-Chrysostome Dorsainvil: Manuel d'histoire d'Haïti. Frères de l'Instruction Chrétienne, Port-au-Prince 1934, pp. 156–196.
  • Karin Schüller: slave revolt, revolution, independence: Haiti, the first independent state in Latin America. In: Rüdiger Zoller (ed.): Americans against their will. Contributions to slavery in Latin America and its consequences. (= Latin American Studies. 32). Vervuert, Frankfurt 1994, ISBN 3-89354-732-0 , pp. 125-143.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ J. Verschueren: La République d'Haïti . Volume 1: Panorama d'Haïti. Le pays et la mission . Ed. Scaldis, Wetteren 1948. p. 57.
  2. ^ Robert Debs Heinl, Nancy Gordon Heinl, Michael Heinl: Written in blood. The story of the Haitian people, 1492-1995 . University Press of America, Lanham 1996. ISBN 0-7618-0229-0 . P. 126f.
  3. ↑ In German translation printed in the Kurpfalzbaierischen State newspaper from Munich , September 9, 1805 (p 852f.), 10 September 1805 (S. 857f.) And 11 September 1805 (S. 861f.)
  4. ^ Thomas Madiou: Histoire d'Haïti . Volume 3. Port-au-Prince 1848. p. 214.
  5. ^ Thomas Madiou: Histoire d'Haïti . Volume 3. Port-au-Prince 1848. p. 220.
  6. ↑ Article 13 of the Constitution of May 20, 1805.
  7. ^ Thomas Madiou: Histoire d'Haïti . Volume 3. Port-au-Prince 1848. p. 325.
  8. ^ Louis-Joseph Janvier: Du Gouvernement civil en Haiti. Bigor, Paris 1905, pp. 22–24 : Décret qui fixe les circonscriptions militaires du territoire d'Haïti. Retrieved June 2, 2014, in French.

Coordinates: 19 °  N , 72 °  W