Karl Christian Friedrich Krause

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Karl Christian Friedrich Krause

Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (born May 6, 1781 in Eisenberg , † September 27, 1832 in Munich ) was a German author and philosopher .

He is the namesake of the so-called Krausismo , which was particularly important in 19th century Spain for the restructuring of state institutions.

Krause left a broad body of work on science , art and social formation .

Life

Monument to Karl Christian Friedrich Krause on Krauseplatz in Eisenberg
Grave of Karl Christian Krause in the old southern cemetery in Munich

Karl Christian Friedrich Krause received his first lessons from his father, who was a teacher and later a pastor in Nobitz . After attending schools in Eisenberg, Donndorf (from 1794) and Altenburg , he went to the University of Jena in 1797 , where he studied philosophy and mathematics . There he also heard lectures from Fichte and Schelling . From Fichte's lecture "Wissenschaftslehre nova methodo" in the winter semester 1798/99 he created a transcript, which was only found in 1980 and then published. In 1801 he obtained a doctorate in philosophy, and Krause also passed the theological candidate exam . In the spring of 1802 habilitated himself as a lecturer in Jena and held until mid-1804 lectures on logic , natural law , mathematics, natural philosophy and the entire system of philosophy. At that time he published textbooks on all of these sciences. At this point in time, the peculiarity of his system became apparent.

In 1804 Krause went to Rudolstadt , where he broke his university career and withdrew to private studies. A year later he moved to Dresden , where he was introduced by a friend to the Masonic lodge " Archimedes to the three drawing boards " on the way there in Altenburg . In the same year he was affiliated with the “ To the Three Swords ” lodge in Dresden .

In 1807 Krause published a travel guide for Dresden with Johann Karl Lebrecht Albanus .

In Dresden he also gave private lessons and from 1809 held a teaching position for map drawing, geography and German at the engineering academy. Due to his negative attitude towards the secrecy of the Freemasons, pressure from several grand lodges resulted in exclusion from the lodge in October 1810. In 1813 Krause left the city and moved to Berlin in the hope of being able to teach at the Berlin University to be founded there. Despite Fichte's support, however, he was denied this opportunity. He taught philosophy and mathematics as a private lecturer and was a co-founder of the Berlin Society for the German Language , which existed until around 1880 and was initially dedicated to linguistic purism . Without teaching at the university, he returned to Dresden in 1815 and set out on a trip through Germany, Italy and France in 1817 , studying art. In addition, he continued to work on his system and its design. In 1823 he left Dresden and completed his habilitation in March 1824 as a private lecturer in Göttingen , where he gave lectures from 1823 to 1830 and coined the term panentheism . In 1831 Krause decided to go to Munich , where Schelling allegedly prevented his admission to the university. The following year he died of a stroke and was largely buried alone.

On May 6, 1881, on the occasion of his 100th birthday, a memorial donated by Freemasons was inaugurated in his hometown of Eisenberg, a sandstone obelisk with the inscription "Love wins the day"; his former Dresden lodge revoked his forced expulsion in the same year. The city administration decided in 1902 that the former street at the Schlossgarten should be renamed Krauseplatz.

Teaching

Krause called his philosophy a doctrine of essence . From his own point of view, his system is an "evolutionary innovation in philosophy". In the context of the development of mankind, this extends beyond all previous efforts in the history of philosophy . Krause not only strived to revolutionize epistemology , logic, mathematics and the philosophy of language, he also believed that he could demonstrate deficiencies, one-sidedness and dangerous social consequences for the development of societies in all previous systems by identifying the archetypes derived from divine essentiality compared with the pragmatic-empirical social formations and enabled a peaceful development of history through model images.

In the context of his philosophy, his examination of the systems of Kant and Hegel , which he criticized in detail, is therefore of particular importance. He developed an epistemology that specified Kant's epistemology, relativized its categories and, in particular, contained "instructions for the knowledge of the absolute and infinite basic being", which is sometimes referred to as an " essentialist turn". Provided that the reader succeeds in this knowledge, the basic science expands before him the absolute and infinite categories of divine essentiality , which represent the constitutive and regulative principles for the foundation of all knowledge. Krause sees these categories as a new beginning for philosophy.

Krause wants to overcome the foundations of the logic of his time as well as that of Hegel's content logic , which is also fundamental in Marxism, in a new "synthetic logic" with which, in his opinion, fundamental changes should also result for the natural sciences.

Krause believed that his basic science was also constitutive for the redesign and perfection of all other sciences and arts. Krause's catalog raisonné shows the areas for which he believed he could do this himself: ethics, aesthetics , sociology (outlines of all-harmonic social formations, archetype of humanity and human bond), philosophy of language with new aspects for pragmatics , semantics and syntactics , legal philosophy with the development of new categories of human rights , a new state theory , outlines of a European confederation and a global confederation of the earth , philosophy of religion ( panentheism ), evolution theory of social systems, criticism of the history of philosophy and natural philosophy.

Krause was not very influential in Germany. However, his influence was greater in the Romansh, especially in the Spanish-speaking cultural area (as the namesake for Krausismo ), where Krause - whose work, which conveyed the basic ideas of German idealism , was translated into French by his student Ahrens (e.g. "Cours de philosophy ", 1836 and 1838) - in the 19th century was at times considered the greatest German philosopher. He developed an idea of ​​the human league and published his own magazine “Tagblatt des Menschenleben” (1811). Krause propagated his ideas particularly in the text “Archetype of Humanity” (1811).

Works

  • Dissertatio philosophico-mathematica de Philosophiae et Matheseos notione et earum intima conjunctione . Jenae, apud Voigtium, 1802.
  • Basis of natural law, or the philosophical outline of the ideal of law. First division . Jena, Gabler ( Cnobloch ), 1803.
  • Floor plan of the historical logic for lectures, along with two copper plates, on which the relationships between the terms and the conclusions are completely presented in terms of combinations. Jena, Gabler (Cnobloch), 1803.
  • Basis of a philosophical system of mathematics; first part, containing a treatise on the concept and division of mathematics, and arithmetic, first division; for self-teaching and for use during lectures, with 2 copper plates. Jena and Leipzig, Gabler (Cnobloch), 1804.
  • Factors and prime number tables, recalculated from 1 to 100,000 and appropriately set up, along with instructions for use and a treatise on the theory of factors and prime numbers, in which this theory is dealt with according to a new method, and the question about the law of the series of prime numbers has been decided. Jena and Leipzig, Gabler (Cnobloch), 1804.
  • Design of the system of philosophy; first section, containing general philosophy, together with instructions on natural philosophy. For lectures. Jena and Leipzig, Cnobloch, 1804. (The second section should contain the philosophy of reason or spirit, the third the philosophy of humanity.)
  • Attempt to scientifically justify moral doctrine , Leipzig: Reclam, 1810 ( digitized version )
  • The three oldest art documents of the Freemasonry Brotherhood, communicated, edited and through a representation of the nature and the purpose of Freemasonry and the Freemasonry Brotherhood, as well as through several liturgical attempts, explained by Br. Karl Christian Friedrich Krause, the speaker of the two united just and perfect lodges to the three heavy parents and the true friends of Dresden , Dresden: Arnoldi, 1810 ( digitized version )
  • Daily newspaper of human life ; first quarter of 1811, Dresden in the Arnold'schen Buchhandlung and with the editor D. Krause. Along with 26 pieces of a literary scoreboard. (Contains several of the editor's scholarly treatises on mathematics, natural law, history, geography, music.)
  • The archetype of humanity. An attempt , Dresden: Arnold, 1811 ( digitized ) - Second edition Göttingen, in commission of the Dieterich'schen Buchhandlung, 1851
  • Textbook of combination theory and arithmetic as the basis of the teaching lecture and self-instruction, along with a new and comprehensible presentation of the doctrine of the infinite and finite, and an elementary proof of the binomial polynomial theorem, edited by L. Jos. Fischer and D. Krause, according to the plan and with a preface and introduction to the latter. First volume. Dresden, Arnold'sche Buchhandlung, 1812.
  • Oratio de scientia humana et de via ad eam perveniendi, habita Berolini 1814.
  • From the dignity of the German language and from its higher education in general, and as a scientific language in particular. Dresden, 1816.
  • Detailed announcement of a new, complete dictionary or original words of the German vernacular. Dresden, Arnold, 1816.
  • Theses philosophicae XXV , Gottingae, 1824.
  • Outline of the system of philosophy, first division . For his audience, 1825. In the book trade: Göttingen, in commission of the Dieterich'schen Buchhandlung, 1828.
  • Representations from the history of music together with preparatory lessons from the theory of music. Göttingen, Dieterich'sche Buchhandlung, 1827.
  • Outline of the system of logic for his audience, 1825. Second edition, enlarged with the metaphysical foundation of logic and a third lithographic tablet. Ibid., In Commission, 1828.
  • Demolition of the system of legal philosophy or natural law. Ibid., In Commission, 1828.
  • Lectures on the system of philosophy. Ibid., In Commission, 1828.
  • Lectures on the basic truths of science, at the same time in their relationship to life. In addition to a brief presentation and appreciation of the previous systems of philosophy, especially the most recent ones from Kant, Fichte, Schelling and Hegel, and Jacobi's teaching. For educated people from all backgrounds. Ibid. in Commission, 1829.
  • (Anonymous) Spirit of the teaching of Emanuel Swedenborg . From his writings. With a catechetical overview and a complete subject index. Edited by Dr. IMCG predominance. Munich, EA Fleischmann, 1832.

In addition, there are numerous publications from the handwritten estate. The material is processed in the Krause Digital Research Project (see web links). The written estate of Krause, comprising 468 volumes and capsules, is kept in the Saxon State Library - Dresden State and University Library.

See also

literature

sorted alphabetically by author

expenditure

  • Johann Gottlieb Fichte : Science teaching nova methodo. College postscript K. Chr. F. Krause 1798/99. Edited by Erich Fuchs. Hamburg: My 2nd edition 1994, ISBN 3-7873-1159-9
  • Selected Writings. Edited by Enrique M. Ureña and Erich Fuchs. Stuttgart: Frommann-Holzboog 2007 ff., ISBN 978-3-7728-2340-4
    • Vol. 1: Draft of the system of philosophy. The first section contains general philosophy, together with instructions on natural philosophy. Edited by Thomas Bach and Olaf Breidbach. 2007, ISBN 978-3-7728-2341-1
    • Vol. 2: Philosophical-Masonic Writings (1808–1832). Edited and introduced by Johannes Seidel, Enrique M. Ureña and Erich Fuchs. 2008, ISBN 978-3-7728-2342-8
    • Vol. 3: Mixed writings. 2014, ISBN 978-3-7728-2343-5
    • Vol. 5: The archetype of humanity. One try. Dresden 1811. 2018, ISBN 978-3-7728-2345-9
  • Basis of natural law. Edited by Siegfried Wollgast . Freiburg: Haufe Verlag 2003, ISBN 3-448-04614-0
  • Lectures on the system of philosophy. Unchanged reprint of the Göttingen 1828 edition with a foreword and notes. Published by Siegfried Pflegerl, self-published, Breitenfurt 1981.

Biographical

Introduction of

  • Benedikt Paul Gätze : The Panentheism of Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (1781-1832). From Transcendental Philosophy to Metaphysics. Peter Lang, New York 2018. ISBN 978-3-631-74689-9
  • Benedikt Paul Gätze: Everything in God? On the topicality of the panentheism of Karl Christian Friedrich Krause . Pustet, Regensburg 2012. ISBN 978-3-7917-2430-0
  • Benedikt Paul Gätze: God and the world? Comments on Karl Christian Friedrich Krause's system of philosophy . In: Theology and Philosophy. Vol. 87 (1), 25-45. 2012.
  • Benedikt Paul Gätze: On the Importance of Karl Christian Friedrich Krause's Panentheism . In: Zygon Vol. 48 (2), 364-379. 2013
  • Stefan Groß : The metaphysics of Karl Christian Friedrich Krause in its relationship to religion, ethics and aesthetics . Berlin 2008. ISBN 978-3-631-57564-2
  • Klaus-M. Kodalle (ed.): Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (1781–1832). Studies on his philosophy and on Krausismo = writings on transcendental philosophy, Vol. 5. Felix Meiner Verlag, Hamburg 1985. ISBN 3-7873-0626-9
  • Rogelio García Mateo: German thinking and modern Spain. Panentheism as a system of science with Karl Chr. F. Krause. Its interpretation and history of impact in Spain: Spanish Krausism . Peter Lang, Frankfurt 1982. ISBN 978-3-8204-7275-2
  • Enrique M. Ureña: KCF Krause: philosopher, freemason, cosmopolitan. A biography . Frommann-Holzboog, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt 1991. ISBN 3-7728-1393-3

Krause's legal philosophy

  • Wolfgang Forster: Karl Christian Friedrich Krause's early legal philosophy and its intellectual history background . Aktiv Druck & Verlag, Ebelsbach 2000. ISBN 3-932653-05-X
  • Peter Landau: Levels of Justice. On the legal philosophy of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Karl Christian Friedrich Krause = Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Philosophical-historical class, meeting reports, year 1995, issue 7. Munich 1995.
  • Bettina Wirmer-Donos: The criminal law theory of Karl Christian Friedrich Krause as the theoretical basis of Spanish correctiveism . Peter Lang, Frankfurt 2001. ISBN 3-631-38078-X .

Single topics

  • O. Carlos Stoetzer: Karl Christian Friedrich Krause and his influence in the Hispanic World . Böhlau, Vienna 1998. ISBN 3-412-13597-6
  • Stefan Grosz: Karl Christian Friedrich Krause. On the aesthetic-philosophical and social premises of the country's beautification . In: Die Gartenkunst  16 (2/2004), pp. 311–317.
  • Christine Susanne Rabe: Equality of man and woman: the Krause School and the bourgeois women's movement in the 19th century . Böhlau Verlag 2006. Dissertation ( limited preview in the Google book search).
  • Enrique M. Ureña: Philosophy and Social Practice. Effects of the philosophy of KCF Krause in Germany (1833–1881) . Frommann-Holzboog, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt 2001. ISBN 3-7728-2165-0
  • Enrique M. Ureña: The Krause reception in Germany in the 19th century. Philosophy - Religion - State . Frommann-Holzboog, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt 2007, ISBN 3-7728-2349-1
  • Siegfried Pflegerl : KCF Krauses archetype of humanity. Standard of a universalistic globalization. Commented original text and current world system analysis . Peter Lang, Frankfurt 2003. ISBN 978-3-631-50694-3

Web links

Commons : Karl Christian Friedrich Krause  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Description of the Royal Saxon residence city of Dresden and the surrounding area edited for foreigners. ( online @ slub-dresden.de); Johann Georg Meusel : The learned Germany. Vol. 17, Lemgo 1820, p. 10
  2. ↑ See e.g. B. Victor Strauss (Hrsg.): Foundations of the general theory of music according to the principles of the essence theory of K. Chr. F. Krause . Göttingen 1838 ( digitized in the Google book search).
personal data
SURNAME Krause, Karl Christian Friedrich
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German philosopher
DATE OF BIRTH May 6, 1781
PLACE OF BIRTH Eisenberg (Thuringia)
DATE OF DEATH September 27, 1832
Place of death Munich