Petershausen Monastery

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Territory of the imperial abbey Petershausen: Petershausen monastery and north the rule Herdwangen (yellow bordered = 5), further west the place Hilzingen (not on the map)

The Petershausen Monastery (Latin Abbatia Petridomus ) was an imperial abbey of the Benedictine order in Constance ( Petershausen district ), founded before 983, secularized in 1802. Its buildings, originally located at the gates of the city at the mouth of the Rhine , can be found today in the south of the after Petershausen district named monastery and accommodate, among other things, the central display collection of the Archaeological State Museum Baden-Württemberg .

history

Foundation phase

The Konstanz church landscape around the year 1000

Petershausen Monastery was founded by Gebhard II , Bishop of Konstanz , shortly before 983 and endowed with hereditary properties , especially in the Lake Constance area. In 983 the first monastery buildings and a church were built near Constance. It is the first traditional foundation stone laying of a church in the German-speaking area. The church was modeled on St. Peter's Basilica in Rome . Hence the Latin name Petri domus , which later became Petrihusa (first mentioned in 1099) and today's Petershausen . The location on the right bank of the Rhine was also chosen to be analogous to St. Peter's Basilica, after Gebhard's predecessor Konrad I had already built three churches based on the model of the Roman patriarchal basilicas . The Seerhein served as an equivalent to the Roman Tiber . The proximity to the Bishop's Church , the Konstanz Minster , made clear the importance of the new establishment as an episcopal own monastery .

The first monks of the monastery came from Einsiedeln monastery , a Benedictine reform foundation from 934. Bishop Gebhard already saw to it that the monastery was exempted . In principle, the convent could freely choose the abbot and the guardian bailiff of the monastery , but the Constance bishops and bailiffs of the bishopric always secured significant influence. On October 28, 992 which followed the consecration of the monastery church in honor of Pope Gregory the Great , whose main as a precious relic from Rome to Constance transferred had been. Bishop Gebhard II himself was buried in the monastery church and canonized in 1134 .

Reform and Imperial Freedom

In the 11th century the spirit of the order declined. Bishop Gebhard III. von Zähringen therefore turned to the Reformed Monastery of Hirsau . The local abbot Wilhelm von Hirsau sent his prior Theoderich to Petershausen, who as abbot (1086–1116) was able to reform the monastery and even give monks to other monasteries. 1086 failed to found a monastery in Andelsbuch ( Bregenz Forest ); it finally succeeded in 1092 in Mehrerau . As Bishop Gebhard III. was deposed in the investiture dispute in 1086, the brother of the successor Arnold von Heiligenberg pulled the bailiwick of the monastery to himself. Abbot Theodoric had to leave the monastery with some of his monks from 1103 to 1105 and seek refuge in the Kastl monastery until the old bishop was reinstated in 1105. Theodoric sent monks to Neresheim Monastery, which had been converted into a Benedictine monastery, and reformed the monastery in Wagenhausen .

In 1159 the Petershausen Abbey burned down and was rebuilt from 1162 to 1180 and later expanded several times.

In the late 12th century Petershausen came under the protection of the Hohenstaufen . Under Frederick II , the abbey was granted imperial freedom in 1215 and separated from the diocese by securing further imperial and papal privileges as an imperial abbey .

Council and Reformation

During the Council of Constance (1414-1418) King Sigismund was a guest in the monastery. Pope John XXIII , which the council later deposed, granted the Petershauser Abbot Johannes Frei (1392-1425) the right to bear the pontificals . On February 28, 1417, the provincial chapter of the Benedictine order province of Mainz-Bamberg met in the Petershausen Abbey. However, the period of the 14th and 15th centuries was also marked by a gradual decline in monastic life, which led to the deposition of Abbot Diethelm II. Wiss around 1443. At the beginning of the

The city of Constance tried repeatedly in the 15th and 16th centuries to gain control of the monastery. Bishop Hugo von Hohenlandenberg (1496–1529) also tried to re - incorporate the monastery and its possessions, which had been economically ruined after the abbatiate of Abbot Martin Brülin (1490-1495; † 1518) at the end of the 15th century, into the Prince Diocese of Constance , but was given by Maximilian I. prevented. The Petershausen conventual Johannes Merk succeeded first as coadjutor (1495−1518 / 19) and then as abbot (1518 / 19−24) in the reform of the broken convent. The monks were again bound more closely to their duties and debts were reduced.

The achievements of the reforms did not last long, as the Reformation prevailed in Konstanz during these years and the city council demanded an oath of allegiance from the monks in order to impose civil rights and civic obligations - above all the payment of taxes - on them. In 1528 Abbot Gebhart II. Dornsperger sought protection in Überlingen , where the monastery archives and church treasures were also moved. In 1530 the city expelled the convent and had part of the monastery demolished. The church was devastated in the iconoclasm . When the Habsburgs forced the city to recatholicize in 1548 , their soldiers looted the monastery. It was not until 1556 that the abbot and the convent returned to the badly devastated monastery buildings.

Baroque period

The Benedictine Abbey Petershausen in 1627
Book of arms around 1680

In 1575 Petershausen Abbey was accepted into the Swabian Imperial Prelate College, where it took seventh place. This college represented the interests of the monasteries in the Reichstag on the Swabian prelate bank . In 1583 and finally in 1597, as a replacement for the damage suffered in the wake of the Reformation, the union with the almost extinct St. Georgen Abbey in Stein am Rhein and the Propstei Klingenzell took place . As a result of this and other acquisitions, the monastery remained economically viable until secularization. In 1603 the Petershausen Abbeys and Weingarten founded the Upper Swabian Benedictine Congregation .

During the Thirty Years' War, the monastery suffered from acts of war, but also from the city of Konstanz, which levied taxes on fortress construction. Several abbots were deposed by the bishop during this time, allegedly because of poor leadership. After the war, the monastery experienced an upswing thanks to the Counter Reformation . Contracts with the cities of Constance and Überlingen as well as the German Order Commander Mainau were concluded. In 1671 Abbot Wunibald founded the Angel Brotherhood to convert sinners in order to promote the practice of confession. Some monks of the 17th and 18th centuries made a name for themselves as preachers and scholars . Among them was the learned Father Johann Georg Übelacker (* around 1740), who provided the design for the new monastery, which was created in 1769.

secularization

The monastery in the early 18th century
Document of the seizure of the monastery by the sons of the Margrave of Baden (1802)

The monastery was secularized in 1802 and fell to the Margraviate of Baden . The abbey buildings initially served as the residence of the sons of Margrave Karl Friedrich von Baden , who called themselves "Counts of Petershausen" at times, until their small county was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1807 . From 1813/14 the monastery buildings served as a military hospital, from 1850 as barracks . The church was closed in 1819 and demolished in 1832. The monastery library was bought by the University of Heidelberg and transferred to the University Library of Heidelberg , where works such as the Petershausen Sacramentary and the Casus monasterii Petridomus ( Chronicle of the Petershausen Monastery) can also be viewed online as digital copies as part of the Codices Salemitani .

Military use

The monastery was used from the middle of the 19th century, first by Baden , then German and, after the Second World War, by French troops until 1977. Constance belonged to the French occupation zone after the Second World War .

Todays use

The east wing of the former Petershausen Monastery with the extension of the State Archaeological Museum

The city ​​archive has been in the west wing since 1984. Since 1992, the monastery buildings in the east and middle wings have housed the central exhibition of the State Archaeological Museum . For the exhibits on Lake Constance shipping , a representative modern extension, a construction made of steel and glass, was created in front of the east wing of the museum facing the Sternenplatz.

In addition, the Constance Police Department , parts of the District Office and a music school are housed in the monastery buildings.

In 1990 the well-known garden architect Gunnar Martinsson designed the inner courtyard based on baroque cloisters; In 2018, the northern half of the facility was removed in order to gain space for urban horticulture . Since 2018, a steel sculpture (the "New Petershauser Portal") has been reminiscent of the Romanesque sculpture portal of the demolished Petershauser monastery church, which is now in the Badisches Landesmuseum .

Monastery territory

For Monastery area belonged next to the actual monastery grounds the municipality Hilzingen and the rule Herdwangen - a total of three quarters of a square mile .

List of the abbots and imperial abbots of Petershausen

  1. Periger-Bezelin (993, 996)
  2. Ellimbold († around 1003)
  3. Walther (1003/04)
  4. Siegfried
  5. Erchimbold
  6. Folmar (1043)
  7. Adalbert (ca.1044, 1058-1060 †)
  8. Siggo (1061/62 †)
  9. Arnolf (discontinued 1064)
  10. Meginrad (1079, resigned 1080/81)
  11. Liutold (discontinued 1085)
  12. Otto (1085/86)
  13. Theodoric (1086–1116 †)
    • Werner (counter-abbot, 1103/04)
  14. Bertholf (1116–1127, deposed)
  15. Conrad I (1127–1164 †)
  16. Gebhart I. (1164–1171)
  17. Henry I (1171–1182)
  18. Eberhard (approx. 1195, 1200-1218, approx. 1222)
  19. Conrad II. (1225-1248)
  20. Ulrich I (1248–1258)
  21. Henry II (1259)
  22. Henry III. (1289)
  23. Diethelm von Kastel (1292–1321)
  24. Ulrich II. (1321-1329)
  25. Conrad III. In the yard (1329-1339?)
  26. Burkhart I. (1339-1342?)
  27. John I (1340-exz)
  28. John II (-1352/53)
  29. Heinrich Ivon (1354-1360)
  30. Burkhart II. Lützler (1360-1386)
  31. Heinrich von Sämli (1386-1391)
  32. Johann III. Frey (1392-1425)
  33. Johann IV. Am Feld (1426–1427)
  34. Diethelm II. Wiß (1427, deposed in 1443)
  35. Johann V. Hüw (1443-1451)
  36. Nikolaus Roschach (1451–1473)
  37. Johann VI. Sünderstorff (1473–1489)
  38. Martin Brülin (1489/90, 1495, † 1518)
  39. Johann VII. Merk (1495–1518 / 19 coadjutor, 1518 / 19−1524 abbot)
  40. Andreas I. Berlin (1524-1526)
  41. Gebhart II. Dornsperger (1526–1556)
  42. Christoph Funk (1556–1580)
  43. Andreas II. Öxlin (1580 / 81-1605)
  44. John VIII. Stephani (1605-1608)
  45. Jakob Renz (1608–1621)
  46. Benedikt Pfeiffer (1623-1638 / 39)
  47. Wilhelm Rotbach (1639–1671)
  48. Wunibald Saur (1671–1685)
  49. Franz Öderlin (1685-1714)
  50. Placidus Weltlin (1714–1737)
  51. Alphons Strobel (1737-1750)
  52. Michael Sautter (1750–1761)
  53. Georg Strobel (1761–1786)
  54. Joseph Keller (1786 / 87-1802)

literature

  • Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe: 1000 years of Petershausen. Contributions to the art and history of the Benedictine Abbey Petershausen in Constance. Stadler, Konstanz 1983, ISBN 3-7977-0109-8
  • Manfred Krebs : Petershausen . In: Lexicon for Theology and Church. 2nd edition, 8th volume. Herder, Freiburg i. Br. 1960.
  • Ilse Miscoll-Reckert: Petershausen Monastery as an episcopal Constance monastery. Studies on the relationship to the bishop, the nobility and reform from the 10th to the 12th century (= research on the history of the Upper Rhine region. Volume 24). Karl Alber Verlag, Freiburg i. Br. 1973, ISBN 3-495-49924-5 .
  • Paul Motz : The new buildings of the former Benedictine and imperial abbey Petershausen near Konstanz in the 18th century. A contribution to monastery architecture in southern Germany. In: Writings of the Association for the History of Lake Constance and its Surroundings. 79th year 1961, pp. 26-51 ( digitized version ).
  • Franz Quarthal (arrangement): The Benedictine monasteries in Baden-Württemberg (= Germania Benedictina. Vol. 5). EOS-Verlag, Ottobeuren 1975, ISBN 3-8043-0070-7 , pp. 484-502
  • Ralph Röber (ed.): Monastery, village and suburb Petershausen. Archaeological, historical and anthropological studies (= research and reports on the archeology of the Middle Ages in Baden-Württemberg. Volume 30). Theiss, Stuttgart, 2009, ISBN 978-3-8062-2337-8 .
  • Hansmartin Schwarzmaier : Imperial prelate monasteries . In: Meinrad Schaab , Hansmartin Schwarzmaier (Hrsg.): Handbook of the history of Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: The Territories in the Old Kingdom. Edited on behalf of the Commission for Historical Regional Studies in Baden-Württemberg . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-608-91466-8 , pp. 591-594.
  • Helmut G. Walther : Founding history and tradition in the Petershausen monastery before Constance. In: Writings of the Association for the History of Lake Constance and its Surroundings. 96th year 1978, pp. 31–68 ( digitized version )

Web links

Commons : Petershausen Monastery  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ Enno Bünz: "I myself laid the foundations on May 18th ...". Bishop Thietmar and the Merseburg Cathedral 1000 years ago. In: Andreas Ranft, Wolfgang Schenkluhn (Hrsg.): Dominion landscape in transition. 1000 years of Merseburg Cathedral. Regensburg 2017, pp. 113–138, here: p. 119.
  2. ↑ a b Constance in focus. Edition 2011/12, Norbert Höpfinger Verlag, Konstanz, pp. 12–13
  3. ^ UB Heidelberg: Monastery Libraries Salem and Petershausen
  4. ↑ Constance in focus. Edition 2011/12, Norbert Höpfinger Verlag, Konstanz, p. 12.
  5. ↑ Harald Derschka : The "New Petershauser Portal". A modern steel sculpture is reminiscent of an outstanding Romanesque work of art. In: Konstanzer Almanach. Vol. 65, 2019. Stadler, Konstanz, 2018, ISBN 978-3-7977-0743-7 , pp. 50–52.
  6. ↑ Hansmartin Schwarzmaier: Imperial prelate monasteries . In: Meinrad Schaab, Hansmartin Schwarzmaier (ed.) U. a .: Handbook of Baden-Württemberg History. Volume 2: The Territories in the Old Kingdom. Edited on behalf of the Commission for Historical Regional Studies in Baden-Württemberg. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-608-91466-8 , pp. 591-594, here: p. 594.

Coordinates: 47 ° 40 ′ 4.8 ″  N , 9 ° 10 ′ 42.6 ″  E