Congress hall (Nuremberg)

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Congress hall
Southwest exterior facade of the congress hall

Southwest exterior facade of the congress hall

Data
location Dutzendteich (Nuremberg)
architect Ludwig Ruff , Franz Ruff
Architectural style Neoclassicism
Construction year 1935-1943
height 39 m
Floor space 75,000 m²
Coordinates 49 ° 26 '2 "  N , 11 ° 6' 46"  E Coordinates: 49 ° 26 '2 "  N , 11 ° 6' 46"  E

The congress hall is an unfinished building on the Nazi party rally grounds in Nuremberg . It is the largest surviving relic of National Socialist rulership architecture and, after Prora, the second largest surviving National Socialist monumental building . The congress hall has been a listed building since 1973 . In 2021 it hit the international headlines because the city of Nuremberg wants to accommodate its interim theater during the eight-year renovation of the opera house .

building

Northwest side
North-east side with the two stems
Southwest side
Inner courtyard, facing south-west
Detailed view of the inner courtyard: pillars were planned in the upper third (position: railing), the gate with light-colored bricks was not walled up until after 1961; at the concrete noses (under the handrail) the participant ranks, which continued down to the ground, would have been added

The U-shaped building, effectively placed on the Dutzendteich because of the mirroring of the facade , is designed in accordance with the tradition of ancient theaters: a round shape in the form of a half ellipse with a final transom of a stage area. Comparisons are made to the Marcellus Theater, which was partially exposed a few years before construction began on the Congress Hall in Rome. National Socialist propaganda named the Colosseum as a model, but this only appears to be reasonable for parts of the outer facade. Corresponding to the Marcellus Theater, the congress hall ends on the northeast side facing the Dutzendteich with two head buildings, whereby the orientation to the southeast was originally planned. The foundation stone was laid on September 11, 1935, but the construction remained unfinished; in particular, the roofing was no longer required.

The structure of the building was in three parts: the main building with a floor area of ​​275 by 265 meters and a height of 68.5 meters, two side halls 24 by 57 meters and a no longer started vestibule with a central wing.

The building consists of bricks , concrete and granite blocks . Executing companies for the shell construction were mainly the Siemens-Bauunion , Philipp Holzmann and Hochtief as well as hundreds of other companies and craft businesses.

The subsoil was compacted with around 22,000 acid-resistant ballast piles made of quartz sand and granite chippings, about ten meters long, as well as by vibrating 670 ballast pillars and secured with sheet piling towards the Dutzendteich. A concrete slab more than three meters thick was poured on top, for which 95,000 cubic meters of foundation concrete and approx. 5000 tons of round iron reinforcement were required. For the round building that still exists today, 27.2 million hard- fired bricks , 12.4 million bricks and 2.4 million hydraulic bricks , a total of 42 million bricks, were supplied by 135 brickworks . By the time construction was stopped, six wall rings in 16 uniform segments had been raised to a height of 39 meters up to the cornice on the second floor, and the walkway on the ground floor (with a hall-like cross vault ) was completed. The U-shaped building mainly contains the circumferential, wave-like staircase and two large, over eight meters high walkways. In between, there are mezzanines and rooms reserved for supply technology .

Since the interior was not completed, the brick masonry with (a few) concrete inserts is clearly visible in the inner courtyard. In addition to the grandstands and the central lectern with natural light illumination of the partially glazed roof, a huge organ was to be installed in the hall in order to further emphasize the impression of a sacred building

The two wing structures with a ground floor and a mezzanine floor reached a height of 16 meters by the time work was stopped. In the final stage, the total height of the building including the roof structure that was no longer started would have reached approx. 80 meters.

The outer facade consists of granite blocks combined with the brickwork behind. The granite came from more than 100 quarries from almost all German granite areas. Stones broken by forced laborers were no longer used in the parts that still exist today, as the relevant concentration camps were not yet able to deliver.

Arcade

The U-shaped part was to be surrounded by a surrounding staircase that would have led to the 435-meter-long arcade . Today, only subsequently attached, partially blocked, narrow stairs and raised ramps lead into the arcade corridor, which is characterized by granite arches and which encloses the semicircle of the congress hall on the ground floor. The approximately six meter high entrance doors, which are now walled up or closed by sober steel doors, would have allowed the 50,000 party members to enter the interior. The base or the basement of the entire building was originally intended to be covered by the outside staircase; in 1961 it was partially filled up and planted with greenery.

A quadriga and fountains in front of it were also planned above the middle wing, which was no longer started .

The cost of the construction torso until construction was stopped in 1943 amounted to 82 million Reichsmarks. When asked about the cost of the Monumetal buildings on the Nazi party rally grounds, Hitler told Speer that battleships would cost more and were quickly destroyed or would be “scrap” after ten years: “But this building will still be standing in centuries”. In fact, the battleship Bismarck , which was built at about the same time and was soon sunk, cost 196.8 million Reichsmarks.

Building history

Speer, Hitler and Franz Ruff in front of plans and partial models of the congress hall

The congress hall was built on an initiative by the city of Nuremberg. After Hitler designated the city as the future venue for all future Nazi party rallies in 1933 , this series of events was considered an important prestige event for the city administration under Lord Mayor Willy Liebel . In the early years, the Luitpoldhain was the central venue, which was later supplemented by the Zeppelin grandstand. The park of Luitpold grove was from 1933 to Luitpoldarena rebuilt. The so-called Luitpoldhalle , which offered space for up to 16,000 people, had stood there since 1906 . The party congresses took place there as part of the Nazi party rallies. It was now considered to be too small and its infrastructure was not considered appropriate. The city administration of Nuremberg therefore thought of building a much larger hall and leaned on a city hall project that was originally supposed to be implemented in the Cramer-Klett-Park . The Nuremberg architect Ludwig Ruff published his own draft for this in 1931 and even then favored the area of ​​what is now the Dutzendteich park .

After the death of Paul Ludwig Troost in January 1934, Albert Speer became head of the overall planning of National Socialist representative buildings. Lord Mayor Liebel first contacted the Reich Ministry of Finance and was able to obtain a commitment of 2.2 million Reichsmarks, which could be spent on further planning. Liebel then informed Speer that Hitler was also in favor of building the congress hall (which was probably not correct at the time), and on March 29, 1934 commissioned Ruff with the preliminary planning. According to Liebel's later, unconfirmed statement, Hitler had already asked for the congress hall to be rebuilt in November 1933 and had inspected some models in Nuremberg. After an initial consultation with Hitler - probably in April 1934 - Ruff designed a spatial program and the floor plan based on ancient models in theater architecture. In an appealing letter to Fritz Reinhardt , State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of Finance, Liebel no longer merely spoke of Hitler's approval of the new congress hall, but of his order to build it. On June 1, 1934, Liebel's deputy Walter Eickenmeyer, Gauleiter Julius Streicher and Ruff were able to personally present the plans to Hitler. Eickenmeyer reported on this: “The Führer declared that Ruff's design was excellent and that this building was actually worthy of being erected in Berlin itself; But it is also entirely justified that it should be built in Nuremberg, the city of the Nazi party rallies, especially since Nuremberg with monumental buildings has not yet been considered by the movement and the National Socialist government [...] According to this result, the city administration of Nuremberg is authorized by the Führer to let Professor Ruff continue to work on Ruff's project of the congress hall, renouncing any tendering ” . On August 15, 1934, Ludwig Ruff died unexpectedly. Nevertheless, six days later, on August 21, 1934, Hitler visited Ludwig Ruff's studio in the Nuremberg Academy of Fine Arts (today Nuremberg District Court ) and inspected the plans and that in the presence of his son Franz Ruff , Albert Speer, Lord Mayor Liebel and Gauleiter Streicher Model of the project in Nuremberg, and explained that the construction would be carried out as planned by Ludwig Ruff. Construction management was entrusted to the city's main building authority and Franz Ruff.

Laying of the foundation stone, Reichshandwerkmeister Wilhelm Schmidt at the lectern , to the right of them Hess, Kerrl, Hitler and Streicher, behind Hitler Franz Ruff

The foundation stone was laid on September 1, 1935 during the "Reich Party Rally of Freedom" in front of 6,000 spectators. The city of Nuremberg had only shortly before handed over its role as the building owner of the Reichsparteigeländ to the Zweckverband Reichsparteitag Nuremberg, whose head was appointed Reich Minister Hanns Kerrl on March 29, 1935 , who accordingly signed the foundation stone document.

The congress hall and the entire Nazi party rally grounds subsequently had to give way to popular leisure facilities, in the case of the congress hall a lighthouse built for the national exhibition of 1906 and the (too) nearby old zoo . Due to the time pressure, 850 trees on the construction site were allegedly not removed with a saw, but with explosives (the statement presumably only relates to the root stocks). During the shell construction, 1400 people were employed in double shifts, up to 10 hours per shift, Sunday work and overtime were a matter of course. As part of the construction work, several large wooden models were erected on site or nearby, including a facade model on a scale of 1: 1 (56 meters long, 40 meters high), an interior column model, scale 1: 1 (25 meters high, 50 meters wide) and a wall hall model (70 by 70 meters).

In July 1939, the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Stahlbau Kongresshalle Nürnberg (ASKG) was founded from 12 companies, which was to produce the planned cantilevered roof as a steel structure of the main building with a glass skylight measuring 160 by 180 meters and the roofs of the two smaller side halls in the porches.

Great hall of columns. The installation of the columns made of Adnet marble was one of the last construction measures

With the beginning of the Second World War, the construction work came to a standstill. In the first few days the workforce fell from 1,400 to 700 due to drafts, and to 40 by December 1939, an orderly construction operation was no longer possible due to the failure of wagons and trucks. Apart from that, institutions important to the war effort made use of the large stocks of steel, wood, bricks and construction equipment at the congress hall construction site. Only minor masonry and stone carving work could be continued until October 1939, thus some approaches with regard to the interior fittings that were still completely missing at the beginning of the war. In October 1939, the workers erected twelve columns made of Adnet marble in the north wing (today part of the documentation center, currently closed) , and two columns made of Löbejun porphyry in a smaller room in front of it . By 1940, all ceilings in the main building and in the wing structures could also be temporarily closed; Since building materials for concreting were no longer available, wooden structures and roofing felt were used.

On June 25, 1940, the day the Compiègne armistice came into force , Hitler ordered the immediate resumption of the Nazi building program, expressly mentioning the building of the party congresses in Nuremberg. Speer was entrusted with the implementation; due to the labor shortage, prisoners of war from the nearby Langwasser camp were to be used. At the congress hall, however, the number was rather small and fluctuated between 200 and less than ten. The military situation meant that the sporadic construction work on the congress hall came to a standstill again in 1943, the prisoners of war were needed in production facilities that were important to the war effort.

In 1943/44, the construction management had external openings walled up as part of a security program and the entire shell was divided into sectors and departments with partition walls in order to limit possible fires and destruction. The premises were subsequently rented out by the Zweckverband to various authorities and other interested parties as storage space. The workforce of the construction management was between 20 and 30 until 1943, in 1944 it was reduced to five. In 1944, a 2-cm Flak-Vierling 38 served by anti-aircraft helpers was set up on the northern corner of the main building and an auxiliary hospital was set up, supplemented by an emergency first aid station since the beginning of 1945. Further window openings were closed, and attempts were made to build a line of defense between the congress hall and the nearby SS barracks . When the Americans attacked, the command post in the congress hall was hit, the wooden scaffolding of the facade partially caught fire; the outer facade was almost completely scaffolded at this point.

Towards the end of the Second World War , parts of the building were used by the Fürth aviation and armaments company Bachmann and by Blumenthal & Co. as an external warehouse.

On the morning of April 17, 1945, the City Medical Councilor Dr. Oster handed the auxiliary hospital in the congress hall to the Americans, the war in this area was over.

Uses and concepts 1945 to 2021

Since 1953 the Nuremberg Volksfest has been taking place directly in front of the congress hall

The Americans initially set up a large food depot in the congress hall, but the city of Nuremberg was allowed to rent out the inner courtyard as storage space as early as 1945 and decided in 1946 to use the semicircle of the congress hall (i.e. not the inner courtyard intended as the actual hall) as an exhibition hall. It was made available free of charge for the 1949 German Building Exhibition. The city of Nuremberg itself, as the host, presented itself primarily as a victim of the aerial warfare ; the history of the "exhibition construction" was neither discussed in the fair itself nor in contemporary press criticism. During the fair, the short-lived Königshof café was set up on the second floor, remains can still be seen today. After all, 300,000 people visited the fair, which was open from September 1 to 18, 1949, over 500 companies were involved and former war opponents such as France were also represented. The following anniversary exhibition "900 Years of Nuremberg" was unable to build on this success, which in turn blocked out the Nazi past, which at least caught the eye of the Süddeutsche Zeitung: Nuremberg itself went "with icy silence over these historic thousand years" at this location. With this exhibition, the use of the congress hall as an exhibition building was largely ended. There were still a few smaller exhibitions and events, but the inhospitable and provisional character of the rooms no longer met the demands that had increased during the time of the economic miracle . Nearby, but as an independent location, the Nuremberg Exhibition Center was established in 1974 . In 1953 the Nuremberg fair moved directly in front of the congress hall and has been held there ever since.

In the 1950s, the city of Nuremberg examined possible uses of the congress hall, which would continue to be used as an exhibition hall. From 1949 to 1955 the city had spent 880,000 DM for the maintenance and use of the building, in 1955 the city administration presented "proposals for possible uses of the former congress hall". A mass accommodation with 7,000 beds and a football stadium for 82,000 spectators were listed as suggestions. The head structures should be used as a venue or for exhibitions. The city council and city administration continued to pursue the stadium plans. In 1959 it was decided to upgrade to a stadium, but the high costs led to delays, and in 1961 the Americans gave back the municipal stadium . The roofing of the inner courtyard - as planned in the Nazi era - was checked again and again, which would have created a hall for up to 120,000 people. However, there was no big solution.

Entrance to the Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra in the south end of the building

In the early 1960s, a recording studio with the most modern technical equipment available at the time was set up on the upper floor of the southeastern head building , the Colosseum recording studio . Directly below and with a line of sight to the studio, the Franconian State Orchestra (today: Nürnberger Symphoniker ) moved into the building as the orchestra's rehearsal hall in 1962 . The rehearsal room and studio are wired directly to one another and over the decades a large number of recordings have been made there, with a focus on film music and soundtracks . (today Colosseum Music Entertainment GmbH ) In addition to the administration, this part of the building houses the serenade courtyard for open-air events; the latter was planned as an adjoining hall during the Nazi era. In 2008 the Symphony Orchestra expanded the rehearsal hall into a new concert hall with almost 500 seats. From June 2008 to 2010, the concert hall served the theater of the State Theater in Nuremberg as an alternative venue during the general renovation of the main building. The north-western head building was initially used by civil protection and the technical relief organization .

In 1969 the city of Nuremberg invested several million marks in maintaining the building; from 1972 to 2006 the Quelle mail order company (whose owner and founder Gustav Schickedanz was a NSDAP city councilor) used large parts of the rotunda as the main warehouse.

In the 1980s, in the courtyard, a parking area for confiscated and towed vehicles was housed, including the car park was here Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann landfilled.

In 1987, a group of investors planned to build an adventure and shopping center in the congress hall; In the first political reactions, the question of whether such commercialization could be an appropriate way of dealing with a building relict of National Socialism did not play a role. The concerns were more related to urban planning problems. In July 1987 the city council rejected the plans, the SPD and the Greens now saw the danger of a "possible historical mistake [es] that could result from commercial use of the congress hall torso".

In the 1980s the attitude in Nuremberg to the Nazi party rally grounds and the congress hall changed in general, the former non-location was increasingly integrated into the tourist offer and that of the historical work. In the 1990s, the idea of ​​setting modern architectural signals against the National Socialist ruling architecture gained influence, and several proposals were discussed.

Entrance to the documentation center in the northern porch

On November 4, 2001, the Documentation Center of the Nazi Party Rally Grounds opened , architecturally it was designed by Günther Domenig , who won the international competition in 1998 with the proposal to pierce the northern end of the building diagonally with a walk-in “pole” made of glass and steel, thus closing the original architecture bust. The Documentation Center of the Nazi Party Rally Grounds gradually took up the entire front building in the following years.

In 2003 a photovoltaic system with 295 kWp was installed on the roof of the Nuremberg congress hall. With this system, the city of Nuremberg generates around 300,000 kWh of green electricity per year.

The renovation of the congress hall on the ground floor is now mostly used as a storage room for various users, the two upper floors are empty. In the base or basement, among other things, a small, only temporarily used police station, a branch of the property office and the office of the South German Association of Traveling Showmen and Traders eV are housed. Small parts of the inner courtyard are used as storage space, at times for the market stalls of the Nuremberg Christkindlesmarkt and, until recently, for granite slabs to repair Grosse Strasse . When there are high numbers of visitors, such as at the folk festival, the inner courtyard is released as a parking area.

By 2020 there was a broad consensus in Nuremberg about the importance of the congress hall as a place of learning and history, as the then mayor Ulrich Maly put it in the foreword of a publication on the congress hall in 2014: “The zeppelin grandstand and zeppelin field are just like the unfinished congress hall with its unparalleled Manorial architecture authentic learning locations of outstanding importance in the national and international landscape of remembrance. We know that many people need to come to terms with the past, especially in such places. This also opens up other approaches to conveying history. The further the Nazi era moves, the greater the importance of these visible and accessible buildings. "

Discussion about the opera house interim 2021

The plan adopted by the Nuremberg City Council on December 15, 2021 to use the congress hall as an alternative location for the Nuremberg Opera House, which was in need of renovation, led to controversial discussions . For the opera house interior in the congress hall, costs of over 106 million euros were initially in the range at the end of October 2021: around 40 million euros for the actual performance hall, which is to be built in the inner courtyard of the congress hall, and 66 million euros for the fixtures such as offices, practice rooms and cloakrooms in the congress hall. A few months later, the cost estimate was raised to 130 million euros.

Mayor Marcus König , CSU, SPD and Greens agreed to this solution, and the Nürnberger Nachrichten, the local newspaper with the highest circulation, commented on this option several times. The financial benefits are said to outweigh the financial benefits of not having to pay rent for the site because it is owned by the city. In addition, there is no fixed contract term, so the city can react flexibly to the actual construction time. In addition, the orchestra board of the State Philharmonic Nuremberg and the staff representatives of the State Theater Nuremberg urged the congress hall to be used as an opera house, an alternative is not seen. They advocate “a responsible cultural use of the congress hall and thus also an interim venue in the congress hall - precisely because we dare to engage in artistic confrontation in the sense of a culture of remembrance”, according to the staff representatives of the approx. 650 employees. The State Theater employees cannot be blamed for the fact that time is now pressing because important and uncomfortable decisions have been "dragged on for decades".

Historians from various institutions took a stand against its use: the congress hall was one of the most important building blocks of National Socialism in Germany and not a property that could be used at will, and culture should not dilute the function of the place of remembrance. The Bavarian State Association for Homeland Care stated in a statement: “It is a memorial that is not a crime scene, but a perpetrator. It is therefore not a property like other old buildings, where conversion or continued use is usually desirable ”. Before playing operas “at this Nazi jubilee site”, a detailed debate must be held as to whether and how this is appropriate at all. It is difficult to imagine that one could perform there, for example, “works by the anti-Semitic opera composer Hans Pfitzner ” or Wagner's Meistersinger , whose overture served the National Socialists as parade music .

The History for All Association , which has been doing historical work on site for decades with historical tours and publications, is also critical .

literature

  • Hans-Christian Täubrich (Ed.): The Nuremberg Congress Hall. Architecture and history. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2014. ISBN 978-3-86568-995-5 .

Web links

Commons : Kongresshalle Nuremberg  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Eckart Dietzfelbinger: Big delusion built out of stone. Construction history of the congress hall 1935 - 1945 . In: Hans-Christian Täubrich (Ed.): The Nuremberg Congress Hall. Architecture and history. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2014. ISBN 978-3-86568-995-5 , p. 25 ff.
  2. ↑ Alexander Schmidt: The Nazi party rally grounds in Nuremberg. Sandberg Verlag, Nuremberg 2017. ISBN 978-3-930699-91-9 , pp. 35 ff., 55.
  3. ↑ Alexander Schmidt: The Nazi party rally grounds in Nuremberg. Sandberg Verlag, Nuremberg 2017. ISBN 978-3-930699-91-9 , p. 51.
  4. ↑ Albert Speer: Memories . Ullstein, Berlin 1969, ISBN 3-549-07184-1 , p. 82.
  5. ↑ Eckart Dietzfelbinger: megalomania built out of stone. Construction history of the congress hall 1935 - 1945 . In: Hans-Christian Täubrich (Ed.): The Nuremberg Congress Hall. Architecture and history. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2014. ISBN 978-3-86568-995-5 , p. 25 f.
  6. ↑ Eckart Dietzfelbinger: megalomania built out of stone. Construction history of the congress hall 1935 - 1945 . In: Hans-Christian Täubrich (Ed.): The Nuremberg Congress Hall. Architecture and history. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2014. ISBN 978-3-86568-995-5 , p. 26 ff.
  7. ↑ Eckart Dietzfelbinger: megalomania built out of stone. Construction history of the congress hall 1935 - 1945 . In: Hans-Christian Täubrich (Ed.): The Nuremberg Congress Hall. Architecture and history. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2014. ISBN 978-3-86568-995-5 , pp. 28, 50.
  8. ↑ Eckart Dietzfelbinger: megalomania built out of stone. Construction history of the congress hall 1935 - 1945 . In: Hans-Christian Täubrich (Ed.): The Nuremberg Congress Hall. Architecture and history. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2014. ISBN 978-3-86568-995-5 , p. 30 ff.
  9. ↑ Eckart Dietzfelbinger: megalomania built out of stone. Construction history of the congress hall 1935 - 1945 . In: Hans-Christian Täubrich (Ed.): The Nuremberg Congress Hall. Architecture and history. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2014. ISBN 978-3-86568-995-5 , p. 35 f.
  10. ↑ Eckart Dietzfelbinger: megalomania built out of stone. Construction history of the congress hall 1935 - 1945 . In: Hans-Christian Täubrich (Ed.): The Nuremberg Congress Hall. Architecture and history. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2014. ISBN 978-3-86568-995-5 , p. 26 ff.
  11. ↑ Eckart Dietzfelbinger: megalomania built out of stone. Construction history of the congress hall 1935 - 1945 . In: Hans-Christian Täubrich (Ed.): The Nuremberg Congress Hall. Architecture and history. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2014. ISBN 978-3-86568-995-5 , p. 39 f.
  12. ↑ Eckart Dietzfelbinger: megalomania built out of stone. Construction history of the congress hall 1935 - 1945 . In: Hans-Christian Täubrich (Ed.): The Nuremberg Congress Hall. Architecture and history. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2014. ISBN 978-3-86568-995-5 , p. 38.
  13. ↑ Alexander Schmidt: "A rock that stands in the area". The congress hall after 1945 . In: Hans-Christian Täubrich (Ed.): The Nuremberg Congress Hall. Architecture and history. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2014. ISBN 978-3-86568-995-5 , p. 92 f.
  14. ↑ Wolf-Werner von Blumenthal's diary, entry from May 23, 1945 .
  15. ↑ Alexander Schmidt: "A rock that stands in the area". The congress hall after 1945 . In: Hans-Christian Täubrich (Ed.): The Nuremberg Congress Hall. Architecture and history. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2014. ISBN 978-3-86568-995-5 , p. 93.
  16. ↑ Alexander Schmidt: "A rock that stands in the area". The congress hall after 1945 . In: Hans-Christian Täubrich (Ed.): The Nuremberg Congress Hall. Architecture and history. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2014. ISBN 978-3-86568-995-5 , p. 93 ff.
  17. ↑ Alexander Schmidt: "A rock that stands in the area". The congress hall after 1945 . In: Hans-Christian Täubrich (Ed.): The Nuremberg Congress Hall. Architecture and history. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2014. ISBN 978-3-86568-995-5 , p. 98 ff.
  18. ^ Colosseum Records .
  19. ↑ Colosseum Records at Discogs
  20. ^ Museums of the City of Nuremberg, Documentation Center Nazi Party Rallies: Nuremberg - Place of the Nazi Party Rallies. Staging, experience and violence. (Exhibition catalog). o. O., o. J., p. 12.
  21. ↑ Alexander Schmidt: "A rock that stands in the area". The congress hall after 1945 . In: Hans-Christian Täubrich (Ed.): The Nuremberg Congress Hall. Architecture and history. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2014. ISBN 978-3-86568-995-5 , p. 107 ff.
  22. ↑ Alexander Schmidt: "A rock that stands in the area". The congress hall after 1945 . In: Hans-Christian Täubrich (Ed.): The Nuremberg Congress Hall. Architecture and history. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2014. ISBN 978-3-86568-995-5 , p. 110.
  23. ↑ Alexander Schmidt: A "spear in a spear". The architecture of the Documentation Center Nazi Party Rally Grounds . In: Hans-Christian Täubrich (Ed.): The Nuremberg Congress Hall. Architecture and history. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2014. ISBN 978-3-86568-995-5 , p. 113 ff.
  24. ↑ www.phovo.de: Photovoltaic examples from all German cities! Retrieved December 16, 2021 .
  25. ↑ Ulrich Maly: For guidance . In: Hans-Christian Täubrich (Ed.): The Nuremberg Congress Hall. Architecture and history. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2014. ISBN 978-3-86568-995-5 , p. 7.
  26. ↑ Michael Reiner: Nuremberg city council decides to move the opera to the Nazi building . BR24 from December 15, 2021 (accessed: September 15, 2021).
  27. ↑ Northern Bavaria editorial team: Too many unanswered questions! Historians are calling for a postponement of the opera interim in the congress hall . Nürnberger Nachrichten of November 24, 2021 (accessed December 14, 2021).
  28. ^ Andre Fischer: Nuremberg: renovation of the opera house should cost 500 million euros . Nürnberger Nachrichten of October 21, 2021 (accessed December 14, 2021).
  29. ↑ Isabel Lauer: Interim quarters in the congress hall City council gives the green light: Opera house moves to Nazi site during renovation . Nürnberger Nachrichten of December 15, 2021 (accessed December 15, 2021).
  30. ^ André Fischer: CSU, SPD and Greens agree. The congress hall is used culturally: That's right! Nürnberger Nachrichten of December 9, 2021 (accessed December 14, 2021); Michael Husarek: Victory of Reason. Interim in the congress hall: culture gets along well with Nazi heritage . Nürnberger Nachrichten of December 9, 2021 (accessed December 14, 2021).
  31. ^ Nürnberger Nachrichten of December 9, 2021: Opera House: State Philharmonic in favor of an interim venue in the congress hall . (Accessed: December 16, 2021); Nürnberger Nachrichten / dpa of November 28, 2021]: Opera house: Criticism of alternative accommodation in the congress hall does not tear down . (Accessed: December 16, 2021); Thomas Heinold: State theater workers demand a quick decision in favor of the congress hall as an opera interim . Nürnberger Nachrichten of November 26, 2021 (accessed: December 16, 2021).
  32. ^ Deutsche Welle of December 15, 2021: Arias in the Nazi building: Nuremberg Opera moves into the congress hall of the NSDAP . Access: December 16, 2021).
  33. ↑ Süddeutsche Zeitung of October 28, 2021: Warning of a quick opera house decision . (Accessed December 14, 2021).
  34. ↑ History for everyone: News : The empty inner courtyard is a place of learning and a memorial. Article dated October 4, 2021 (accessed: December 15, 2021).