Gustav Schickedanz

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Gustav Abraham Schickedanz (born January 1, 1895 in Fürth ; † March 27, 1977 there ) was a German manufacturer and entrepreneur .

Life

Youth and army time

Gustav Schickedanz was born on January 1, 1895 as the son of foreman Leonhard Schickedanz and the household helper Eva Elisabeth Schickedanz (née Kolb) in Fürth (Theresienstraße 23) as the second child. On September 2, 1901, he started school in the elementary school Schwabacher Strasse 86/88. In September 1905 he entered the “Royal Bavarian Realschule with Commerce Department” (later the Hardenberg Gymnasium ) at Hirschenstrasse 35, where Ludwig Erhard , who was two years younger, also went to school. With average performance, Schickedanz graduated from school there in July 1911 and obtained the "scientific qualification for one-year voluntary service ". On July 1, 1911 (according to other information already during school time, possibly as an intern), he began an apprenticeship at JW Spear & Sons , which he completed with a certificate dated September 26, 1913.

He began his military service on October 1, 1913 with the 21st Infantry Regiment , before the end of the First World War began. As part of the 6th Army , the regiment was involved in the border battles of the First World War. Schickedanz was injured in the lower leg on October 8, 1914. After a stay in a military hospital, he was first transferred to the headquarters of the Grafenwöhr military training area as fit for home service . After the war he worked as a "sub purser " in the Train barracks stationed in Fuerth, in March 1919, he asked for a desired additional service obligation. In April 1919, he said he was a member of the Workers 'and Soldiers' Council .

Career entry and business start-up

On May 20, 1919, however, he asked to be released from military service in order to pursue civilian employment. On June 30, 1919, he was discharged from military service and joined Otto Lennert's "wholesale haberdashery " in Fürth as an employee , where after some time he bought his way as a partner. On September 28, 1919, he married the "baker's daughter" Anna Babette Zehnder, and the marriage resulted in two children (Leo and Louise). On Dec. 7, 1922 (according to other data: January 6, 1923) was Schickedanz's own " wholesale with haberdashery in the" Commercial Register Enter. The place of business was Fürth, Moststrasse 35. It was advantageous that from November 20, 1923 the Rentenmark was issued in the German Reich and the hyperinflation ended. The annual financial statements for 1923 showed that the von Schickedanz company had assets of 10,604 Rentenmarks.

Development of the sales model

Since the establishment of the business, Schickedanz had again taken up his ideas about a shopping chain or bulk order, which he had already pursued at Lennert. The joint and correspondingly higher discounted purchase should not only be of use to the small traders involved, but also to the "final buyer" (end consumer ) through - albeit only a percentage - passing on of the discounts achieved . According to Schickedanz's concept, the positive effect for the entrepreneur was the resulting greater customer loyalty to their own business. Schickedanz hired a traveling salesman and also visited the general merchants in the villages and small towns of many rural areas throughout Northern Bavaria. Success was limited as retailers refused to believe that lower prices could lead to higher sales and higher profits.

In contrast, Schickedanz increasingly saw more successes and opportunities among end users. He was able to build his own customer base, which consisted primarily of women in rural areas. Because of the time required, these “country women” only came to town occasionally and then bought mainly goods from Schickedanz that the local small trader did not sell. Schickedanz increasingly sent price lists and information about new products to this group of customers. Above all, it made it possible to order by post, provided that the customers registered in a customer profile. In addition to the warehouse, the customer file was a central element of the relatively young mail order business at the time , which Schickedanz tailored to the specific needs of rural sections of the population.

At the beginning of December 1926 he named his company “Gustav Schickedanz Kurz & Wollwaren en gross” and moved from the relatively cramped conditions in Moststrasse to the large property at Königswarterstrasse No. 10 (where the current building is Königswarterstrasse 14-16), and also acquired from the Julius Cohn chicory factory opposite the office building at Hindenburgstrasse 10 (today Fürther Freiheit 10).

On January 1, 1927, fifteen-year-old Grete Lachner joined the company as the fifth apprentice.

Development of the mail order business

Schickedanz drew the conclusions from his considerations on direct sales (in the ideal form later partially realized: direct sales ) and on October 26, 1927 founded the "Versandhaus Quelle", limited liability company. Headquarters Fürth ” , business address was Königswarterstraße 10. The entry in the company register at the Fürth district court took place on November 7th, 1927. The general conditions of economic upturn and political calm in the so-called“ Golden Twenties ” were advantageous . The company focused on the "Shipping with short - and woolen goods and relevant articles". The share capital was 20,000 Reichsmarks .

Schickedanz initially tried not to cause any collisions with the interests of the retailers it also supplied with its mail order business to end consumers. The Schickedanz wholesale catalogs and the Quelle mail order catalogs initially only differed externally, the contents were identical. However, the focus shifted to mail order business, Schickedanz wrote about this in the 1940s: “The prosperous wholesale business had to give up all available amounts in order to enable new investments for the mail order business, which mainly and repeatedly went to advertising and building up an extensive, Customer files based on the American model were valid. ”Initially, Schickedanz concentrated on woolen goods and bought brand rights such as“ Ducat wool ”, which is already well established with consumers. Schickedanz increasingly succeeded in getting suppliers and producers to adapt to its "calculation requirements".

On July 13, 1929, Schickedanz's wife, son and father died in a traffic accident near Munich. He himself was badly injured and fell into depression. His sister Liesl Kießling took over the business for a time, and immediately after the so-called Black Thursday on October 24, 1929, he went back to work.

In 1932 Schickedanz bought an approx. 8000 m² factory building from the Bavarian state at Artilleriestraße 40 and 42 (today Merkurstraße) in Fürth. Schickedanz wrote: “These were urgently needed in order to be able to significantly increase my range of goods, so that the consumer would not be with me only the articles that were necessary for his clothing, but could buy everything that seemed desirable to him in his rural seclusion ”. The wholesale business remained at Koenigswarterstraße 10, the building complex had meanwhile largely been taken over by Schickedanz. In 1928 the editions for price lists and brochures were 10,000 to 30,000, in 1932 minimum editions of 150,000 were required, the customer base at the end of 1932 was 200,000. In spite of the German banking crisis , the Great Depression and high unemployment, sales rose from around 75,000 Reichsmarks in 1929 to 2.8 million Reichsmarks in 1932 and 7.2 million Reichsmarks in 1933.

time of the nationalsocialism

Schickedanz joined the NSDAP in Ihringen on November 1, 1932 , five days before the Reichstag elections on November 6, 1932 . On April 8, 1933 - shortly after the “ Jewish boycott ” at the beginning of the same month - the management had a notarized confirmation that it was a “purely Christian company” and that it was selling “German goods without exception”. This notarial declaration was printed on the title pages of various catalogs and publications of the mail order company, at times also the note "Aryan". On October 1, 1935, Schickedanz was appointed to the Fürth City Council for six years by the NSDAP.

Schickedanz's turnover doubled from 1933 to 1934 to 15 million Reichsmarks. Between 1933 and 1938, Schickedanz expanded his corporate and private property by buying up several objects from Jewish property: In April 1934 he acquired the majority of shares in the United Paper Works in Nuremberg (including the Tempo brand ) and in 1937 the Frankfurt bed spring factory Baum & Mosbacher. At the beginning of 1937 he acquired the majority of shares in the Geismann Fürth brewery , and on February 20, 1938 he acquired the large textile mail order company Ignaz Mayer. The properties and companies that Schickedanz acquired between 1933 and 1938 had previously been owned by Jews throughout, and this was also predominantly the case for his acquisitions during the war. The extent to which Schickedanz exploited the social framework conditions at the time (" Aryanization " and the flight and deportation of Jewish parts of the population ) and his party membership is controversial, as is his participation in "Aryanizations", which came about with political help and under threat of coercion. (see below: Discussion about behavior during the Nazi era ).

In April 1936 Schickedanz founded the Quelle-Fahrrad GmbH, the turnover of the entire company in 1936 with 1,800 employees reached 25.7 million Reichsmarks, in 1937 about 30 million Reichsmarks. On June 14, 1937, the company was renamed "Quelle L. Kießling & Co GmbH", Elisabeth Kießling, Schickedanz's sister, was temporarily appointed as a further managing director. The reasons for the renaming are unknown.

In the years 1933 to 1938, Quelle became the most successful German mail-order company; in 1938, sales reached 40 million Reichsmarks, and the workforce numbered 600. The special successes in 1938 were allegedly also due to the large influx of new customers from Austria and the Sudetenland, who were annexed by Germany in 1938.

On June 8, 1942, Schickedanz married his employee Grete Lachner , with whom he had had an intimate relationship since 1931. Their daughter Madeleine was born on October 20, 1943 ; the family had already moved to Hersbruck , which was less threatened by aerial bombs .

During one of the comparatively rare air raids on Fürth on August 10 and 11, 1943, almost all of the company's buildings on Artilleriestraße were destroyed, and most of the customer database, which is central to the mail order business, was also lost. The emergency operation was organized from the new headquarters at Nürnberger Straße 91/95 (Fürth).

post war period

After the end of the war, Schickedanz was banned from working as a laborer on December 21, 1945, and his private property was requisitioned for American command authorities. During this time he lived with his wife with the Brunner family in Stöppach near Hersbruck, with whom he was in contact until the end of his life. The reason given was that Schickedanz had joined the NSDAP in 1932 without coercion, thus counting as an activist and "securing one's own advantage through party membership". His operations were placed between September 10, 1945 and May 4, 1946 under a trusteeship ordered by the military government and resumed operations in this form. The trustee Fritz Steinmann - formerly a buyer for Schickedanz - calculated a value of the Gustav Schickedanz company and the mail order company Quelle of 1.9 million Reichsmarks and bank assets of over one million Reichsmarks.

In the verdict of March 31, 1949, Schickedanz classified the arbitration chamber proceedings at the main arbitration chamber in Nuremberg as a “ fellow traveler ”, and the verdict became final on April 7th. On April 29, 1949, the major parts of his company were released from the trusteeship.

The last property, which later became the main administration at Nürnberger Strasse 91 to 95, (since June 1, 2010, Bavarian State Office for Statistics ) was only released in the course of 1952. On June 22, 1949, Schickedanz opened the first Quelle department store on Fürther Freiheit. Schickedanz was faced with a variety of restitution claims under Law No. 59 of the American Military Government . In total, after various proceedings, mostly concluded in a settlement, Schickedanz paid around 8 million marks - which were then written off for tax purposes - for goods that he had acquired in connection with the "Aryanization".

In the first full business year of 1950, the Schickedanz company had sales of 40 million marks, in 1951 it was already 90 million with around 1 million customers, and in 1952 sales reached 100 million marks. On June 6, 1953, Schickedanz was awarded the Federal Cross of Merit (1st Class Cross of Merit). Shortly before his 60th birthday, on December 22, 1954, Schickedanz also received the golden citizen medal of the city of Fürth , and in the summer of 1955 he received honorary citizenship of the city of Hersbruck , where he lived during the war until December 1954, and then after the war Temporarily requisitioned Fürth property at 12 Fuchsstrasse to return.

In 1954, Schickedanz had sales of 164 million marks, making it the front runner in the mail-order business, which at the time had a total turnover of 2 billion marks in Germany, of which 800 million came from the trade in textiles.

In the summer of 1954, the Quelle catalog appeared for the first time, successively replacing its predecessors such as the latest Quelle news. The customer base was 2 million, allegedly the customer base also increasingly belonged to the urban population. Laundry and wool accounted for up to 70 percent of sales. A year later, Schickedanz obtained a significant preliminary injunction from the regional court against its competitor Neckermann: Quelle had tracked down five products in the Neckermann catalog that did not correspond to the quality described in the catalog and obtained the ban on sales.

On March 24, 1956, the automated dispatch system went into operation in a new company building on Fürther Strasse in Nuremberg, which was equipped with electronic data processing from Standard Elektrik AG at the end of 1957 . As early as the 1956 Christmas business, up to 63,000 shipments could be processed per day. The turnover at that time was about 250 million marks, the workforce 4,400, in the high season from September to December the number of employees was significantly higher.

On September 3, 1956, the “Großversandhaus Quelle L. Kießling & Co” was renamed “Großversandhaus Quelle Gustav Schickedanz KG”. In October 1959, the Vestenbergsgreuth store appointed Gustav Schickedanz and his sister Liesl Kießling honorary citizens , the maternal grandparents came from there, in In December 1959, Fürth granted him honorary citizenship five years after the Golden Citizen Medal. Schickedanz was the first to receive this award - according to Mayor Bornkessel - "because of his great contribution to the development of Fürth's economic life". From 1960 to 1972 Schickedanz also operated gas stations, the last 25 gas stations were sold on March 1, 1978 to the American Conoco Inc. (Continental Oil Co.). In 1960 the turnover of the source reached 826 million marks, together with the production companies Schickedanz had a turnover of more than one billion marks. In 1960 the number of parcels sent was almost 12 million, with up to 94,000 orders a day. In 1961 there was a general settlement between Neckermann and Quelle regarding numerous competitive disputes. In 1961 Schickedanz became Greek Honorary Consul in Nuremberg, in the same year he was awarded the Bavarian Order of Merit. After numerous other companies were incorporated into the group, sales in 1972 were already more than 5 billion German marks .

When Schickedanz died in 1977, he left behind a group of companies that had a turnover of around 8.3 billion DM, 750 million of them abroad. More than 43,000 people were employed at Schickedanz, most of them in the trading group, which achieved a turnover of a good 7.3 billion DM.

Around 25,000 people said goodbye to Schickedanz. Numerous celebrities took part in the funeral service in the Fürth St. Paulskirche.

Foundation, endowment

In addition to their business activities, Gustav and Grete Schickedanz were active as sponsors and initiators of numerous foundations and received numerous awards for this. He founded the Gustav Schickedanz Foundation on January 1, 1965 on the occasion of his 70th birthday.

The foundation mainly supports students of all disciplines who have been living in Bavaria for at least 5 years , if they are in need. Many streets and institutions also bear their names.

Discussion about behavior in the time of National Socialism

Neither the US military government, nor the Main Arbitration Board, nor the Reparation Chamber found that the acquisitions were made to the detriment of the previous Jewish owners. The appraiser at the State Commissariat for Racially, Religiously and Politically Persecuted Persons also remarked: “Despite the many possibilities available, Schickedanz did not take an excessive advantage in the various Aryanizations, which in view of the numerous large and small beneficiaries of Aryanizations in the particularly anti-Jewish Gau Franconia detailed consideration of all circumstances must be expressly established. ”This is one of the reasons why Schickedanz was exposed to harsh accusations from local party leaders. For example, the Nuremberg Chamber of Industry and Commerce President judged the purchase price in the Mayer case: "Throwing 2 million marks into the throat of the Jew Mayer would be irresponsible." In March 1939, the SS security service noted that Schickedanz was "devoid of any National Socialist convictions or responsibility as operator ".

The damaged Jewish owners saw these "Aryanizations" differently. So expressed z. B. Oskar Rosenfelder, owner of the United Paper Works Heroldsberg with the established brand “Tempo” until 1934 : “… Gustav Schickedanz [was] able to get the majority of shares into his possession completely free of charge […], and even achieve a considerable profit, at the time so-called Aryanization … ”Johann Wilhelm Ehrlich, on the other hand, whose property Schickedanz had bought in Fürth in Flössaustraße in 1937, did not claim any reimbursement after 1945,“ because Mr Schickedanz behaved fairly towards [him] and also paid a price for the property that was reasonable under the circumstances at the time . ”However, Ehrlich noted critically that Schickedanz was in“ voluntary personal contact with Julius Streicher etc. ”and“ that ... people like Schickedanz did not need to make common cause with those brothers [...] because if the criminals were not from to which, in a sense, decent people would still have been proclaimed, they would not have come so far ”.

Since Schickedanz was not only a member of the NSDAP and, from 1935, also of the Fürth city council, but had also acquired part of his assets as part of "Aryanizations", most of his assets were confiscated after the war and he was forbidden to run his company and to enter. The fiduciary administration was u. a. in the hands of his sister Liesl Kießling. According to the complaint from 1949, over 7 million originally belonged to Jews from the entrepreneur's property valued at 9.3 million DM. Schickedanz transferred most of the assets to close relatives between 1943 and 1945, when "it had become clear that the war was lost," as the plaintiff interpreted the procedure. The Spruchkammer I / Main Chamber Nuremberg, responsible for the “ denazification ” of Schickedanz, compiled 41 affidavits from witnesses who defended the entrepreneur without exception. However, this was part of the common practice in front of the ruling chambers. It was mostly easy for the dignitaries in particular to produce certificates of repute with which they could exonerate themselves in front of the ruling chamber. Even the stylization of resistance fighters, which also occurred in the case of Schickedanz, was a widespread phenomenon.

Ludwig Erhard said at the request of the Spruchkammer zu Schickedanz, among other things: “It is Mr Schickedanz's fault that, in order to keep a free hand for his business activities and to save his work, he made compromises with the National Socialists and because of his party membership believed to be able to secure economic freedom of movement. So it was a certain amount of political stupidity, weakness, maybe even cowardice, that led Mr Schickedanz to join the party. "

See also

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Theo Reubel-Ciani: Gustav Schickedanz and his century . Nuremberg 1995, p. 42 ff .; Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz Biography of a Revolutionary , Berlin 2010, p. 24 ff.
  2. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin 2010, p. 38.
  3. ^ Theo Reubel-Ciani: Gustav Schickedanz and his century. Nuremberg 1995, p. 63 ff .; Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin 2010, p. 33 ff.
  4. ^ Theo Reubel-Ciani: Gustav Schickedanz and his century. Nuremberg 1995, p. 76/77, evidenced by a pictured message in the Nordbayerische Zeitung. "6. January 1923 "according to Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin 2010, p. 44
  5. ^ Theo Reubel-Ciani: Gustav Schickedanz and his century. Nuremberg 1995, p. 83.
  6. ^ Theo Reubel-Ciani: Gustav Schickedanz and his century. Nuremberg 1995, p. 84 ff. Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin 2010, p. 47 f.
  7. ^ Theo Reubel-Ciani: Gustav Schickedanz and his century. Nuremberg 1995, ill. P. 95. Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin 2010, p. 49.
  8. ^ Theo Reubel-Ciani: Gustav Schickedanz and his century. Nuremberg 1995, p. 89; Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin 2010, p. 46.
  9. ^ Theo Reubel-Ciani: Gustav Schickedanz and his century. Nuremberg 1995, p. 89; Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin 2010, p. 50.
  10. ^ Theo Reubel-Ciani: Gustav Schickedanz and his century. Nuremberg 1995, p. 93 f
  11. ^ Theo Reubel-Ciani: Gustav Schickedanz and his century. Nuremberg 1995, p.
  12. ^ Theo Reubel-Ciani: Gustav Schickedanz and his century. Nuremberg 1995, p. 105
  13. ^ Theo Reubel-Ciani: Gustav Schickedanz and his century. Nuremberg 1995, p. 113
  14. ↑ a b Die Zeit : Miss Gretel von der Quelle , June 5, 2003
  15. ^ Theo Reubel-Ciani: Gustav Schickedanz and his century. Nuremberg 1995, p. 114.
  16. ^ Theo Reubel-Ciani: Gustav Schickedanz and his century. Nuremberg 1995, p. 125.
  17. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz biography of a revolutionary, Berlin 2010, p. 66.
  18. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin 2010, p. 68.
  19. ↑ a b c Süddeutsche Zeitung of July 24, 2009, p. 12
  20. ^ Theo Reubel-Ciani: Gustav Schickedanz and his century. Nuremberg 1995, p. 110 .; Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin 2010, p. 83.
  21. ↑ Rüdiger Dingemann, Renate Lüdee: The source story - a German company in the mirror of the times. Munich 2007, p. 51.
  22. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin 2010, p. 106.
  23. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin 2010, p. 86 ff.
  24. ↑ Klaus-Dietmar Henke, Johannes Bähr, Dieter Ziegler, Harald Wixforth: The Dresdner Bank in the Third Reich. Volume 2: The Dresdner Bank and the German Jews. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-486-57781-6 ( online in the Google book search)
  25. ↑ Hartmut Berghoff , Cornelia Rauh- Kühne: Fritz K. A German Life in the Twentieth Century. Stuttgart / Munich 2000. pp. 119–154 (Chapter 6: Kiehn and Gustav Schickedanz in the 'Aryanization race').
  26. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz biography of a revolutionary, Berlin 2010, p. 111 f., 121.
  27. ^ Theo Reubel-Ciani: Gustav Schickedanz and his century. Nuremberg 1995, p. 134 ff.
  28. ^ Theo Reubel-Ciani: Gustav Schickedanz and his century. Nuremberg 1995, p. 142 f .; Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin 2010, p. 166.
  29. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin 2010, p. 173.
  30. ^ Theo Reubel-Ciani: Gustav Schickedanz and his century. Nuremberg 1995, p. 138; Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin 2010, p. 172 ff.
  31. ^ Theo Reubel-Ciani: Gustav Schickedanz and his century. Nuremberg 1995, p. 143 f .; Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin 2010, S, 179 f.
  32. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz biography of a revolutionary, Berlin 2010, p. 206 f.
  33. ^ Theo Reubel-Ciani: Gustav Schickedanz and his century. Nuremberg 1995, p. 148 f., Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin 2010, p. 209.
  34. ↑ History of the State Office ( Memento of the original from April 30, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.statistik.bayern.de
  35. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz Biography of a Revolutionary Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2010, pp. 210, 216.
  36. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz Biography of a Revolutionary Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2010, p. 229 ff.
  37. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz - Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2010, p. 233.
  38. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz - Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2010, p. 236.
  39. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz - Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2010, p. 245.
  40. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz - Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2010, p. 246.
  41. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz - Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2010, p. 249.
  42. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz - Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2010, p. 287.
  43. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz - Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2010, pp. 252 f., 254 ff.
  44. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz - Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2010, p. 260.
  45. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz - Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2010, p. 281 f.
  46. ↑ Handelsblatt : “Want! Weigh! Wagen! ” , March 31, 2006
  47. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz - Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2010, p. 282.
  48. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz - Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2010, p. 270 f.
  49. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz - Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2010, p. 272.
  50. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz - Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2010, p. 288.
  51. ↑ http://www.nordbayern.de/region/nuernberg/konsulin-schickedanz-hort-auf-1.552307
  52. ^ Schardt: Gustav Schickedanz. Page 42
  53. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Why the source dried up . In: sueddeutsche.de . May 3, 2017, ISSN  0174-4917 ( sueddeutsche.de [accessed May 8, 2017]).
  54. ↑ His successors never stood a chance . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, October 20, 2009. Schickedanz is buried in his family's grave in the main cemetery in Fürth.
  55. ↑ Judith Dauwalter, Bayerischer Rundfunk: Gustav Schickedanz: The patriarch of mail | BR.de . March 26, 2017 ( br.de [accessed May 8, 2017]).
  56. ↑ a b Gustav-Schickedanz-Stiftung: Der Stifter ( Memento of the original from June 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gustav-schickedanz-stiftung.de
  57. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz: His successors never had a chance , In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of October 20, 2009.
  58. ↑ Eckart Dietzfelbinger: Why brown spots do not remain a blemish: Comments on the Gustav Schickedanz case. In: transit. Journal of Politics and Contemporary History. No. 2. Nuremberg 2008. p. 32.
  59. ↑ cit. after Gregor Schöllgen: Gustav Schickedanz - Biography of a Revolutionary, Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2010, p. 218 f.
  60. ↑ Cicero : The Madonna , December 2005
  61. ↑ Peter Zinke: "He threatened the Gauleitung again" - Gustav Schickedanz and the Aryanizations, in: nurinst 2008, p. 63.
  62. ^ Hans Woller: Society and politics in the American zone of occupation. The Ansbach and Fürth region. Munich 1986.
  63. ↑ Eckart Dietzfelbinger: Why brown spots do not remain a blemish: Comments on the Gustav Schickedanz case, p. 35. In: Transit. Journal of Politics and Contemporary History. No. 2. Nuremberg 2008.

Web links

personal data
SURNAME Schickedanz, Gustav
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Schickedanz, Gustav Abraham (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German manufacturer and entrepreneur
DATE OF BIRTH January 1, 1895
PLACE OF BIRTH Fuerth
DATE OF DEATH March 27, 1977
Place of death Fuerth