Lieste

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Lieste
Senegalliest (Halcyon senegalensis)

Senegalliest ( Halcyon senegalensis )

Systematics
Sub-stem : Vertebrates (vertebrata)
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Rockers (Coraciiformes)
Family : Kingfishers (Alcedinidae)
Subfamily : Lieste
Scientific name
Halcyoninae
Vigors , 1825
Brown-winged kingfisher, Sundarbans
Brown-winged liest, Sundarbans, West Bengal, India

The Lieste or tree kingfishers (Halcyoninae) are the largest of the three subfamilies of the kingfishers in terms of number of species with around 70 species in 12 genera , including several species of the Jägerlieste . The subfamily appears to have first appeared in Indochina and the East Indies ; later it spread to many areas of the world. Lieste are widespread in Asia and Australasia , but are also found in Africa and on the islands of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. They colonize a wide range of different habitats from tropical rainforests to open forest landscapes.

Systematics

The Lieste subfamily is often referred to as the Daceloninae, a scientific name introduced by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1841 . However, the name Halcyoninae, introduced by Vigors in 1825 , is the older and therefore valid.

The subfamily Halcyoninae is one of three subfamilies of the kingfishers , alongside the Alcedininae and the Cerylinae . the subfamily contains about 70 species in 12 genera. The current grouping into genera is supported by molecular analyzes, although the relationship between individual genera is still unclear.

Genera and species

Brown coat
Braunreads

features

Kingfishers are short-tailed, large-headed, stocky birds with long, pointed beaks. Like other rocket birds, they are vividly colored. The Lieste are medium-sized to large species, usually appearing to be typical on the outside, even if the frog's beak has a conical beak and the Tanysiptera species ( paradise kingfishers ) have elongated control feathers. Some species, especially the Jägerlieste , show a sexual dimorphism .

distribution and habitat

Most Liest species occur in the warm climates of Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and Australasia. Not a single representative is common in America. Tropical Australasia is believed to be the origin of the subfamily, where most species can be found. This is not entirely plausible: Moyle (2006) points out that on one hand "Australasia" two - by the Wallace Line separate - biogeographic regions comprises, on the other hand indomalaiische archipelago until early Miocene did not exist, so long after the first fossil kingfishers occurred in Eocene Europe and North America.

Lieste use a range of habitats from tropical rainforests to open forest landscapes and thorn bush savannah . Many species are not closely tied to water bodies and can also occur in arid habitats in Africa and Australia.

behavior

Brood

Fire reads

Lieste live monogamous . They behave territorially, even if some species, including three hunters, have established a system of community breeding with the involvement of young from previous broods. A tree cavity serves as a nest (either of natural origin or after-use by woodpecker holes); the caves may also have been hollowed out in soft or rotting wood by the Lieste itself. Some species dig holes in termite nests . No nesting material is entered; A litter layer can nevertheless have built up over several years. Both partners incubate the eggs and feed the young. The eggs are laid at one-day intervals. If there is a shortage of food, only the older nestling is fed. The chicks are naked, blind and helpless when they hatch and - in contrast to the adult birds - crouch on their heels.

nutrition

Although Lieste like the Kappenliest occasionally visit wetlands, there are no specialized fish catchers among them. Most species are raised hide hunters who pounce on their prey - mostly slow invertebrates or small invertebrates - from a branch. The frog beak digs in the litter for worms and other prey; the brown belly read only eats insects and spiders. Various other species of the West Pacific are also mainly insectivorous and hunt insects, some in flight. As with the other subfamilies of the kingfishers, the insectivorous species tend to have red, flattened beaks that aid in insect hunting.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Walter J. Bock: History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names  (= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History), Volume Number 222. American Museum of Natural History, New York 1994, p. 118.
  2. ↑ a b Rollers, ground rollers & kingfishers . In: World Bird List Version 7.2 . International Ornithologists' Union. 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
  3. ^ A b Robert G Moyle: A molecular phylogeny of kingfishers (Alcedinidae) with insights into early biogeographic history . In: Auk . 123, No. 2, 2006, pp. 487-499. doi : 10.1642 / 0004-8038 (2006) 123 [487: AMPOKA] 2.0.CO; 2 .
  4. ↑ del Hoyo, J., Collar, N. & Kirwan, GM (2017). Black-headed Paradise-kingfisher (Tanysiptera nigriceps). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, DA & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (accessed from http://www.hbw.com/node/467410 on September 18, 2017)
  5. ↑ a b Woodall, PF (2017). Kingfishers (Alcedinidae). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, DA & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (accessed from http://www.hbw.com/node/52271 on September 18, 2017)
  6. ^ C. Hillary Fry, Kathie Fry, Alan Harris: Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers . Christopher Helm, London 1992, ISBN 978-0-7136-8028-7 , pp. 6-11.
  7. ^ C. Hillary Fry, Kathie Fry, Alan Harris: Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers . Christopher Helm, London 1992, ISBN 978-0-7136-8028-7 , pp. 21-22.
  8. ^ A b C. Hillary Fry, Kathie Fry, Alan Harris: Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers . Christopher Helm, London 1992, ISBN 978-0-7136-8028-7 , pp. 12-13.
  9. ^ C. Hillary Fry, Kathie Fry, Alan Harris: Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers . Christopher Helm, London 1992, ISBN 978-0-7136-8028-7 , pp. 17-18.

Web links

Commons : Lieste (Halcyoninae)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files