Lilium pardalinum subsp. pitkinense
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Lilium pardalinum subsp. pitkinense |
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| Lilium pardalinum subsp. pitkinense | ||||||||||||
| ( Beane & Vollmer ) MWSkinner |
Lilium pardalinum subsp. pitkinense , in English Pitkin Marsh Lily , is a very rare subspecies of Panther Lily from the family of the lily family . The subspecies is endemic to the coastal regions of California's Sonoma County . There are only two or three populations left, the total population that still exists today is estimated at a maximum of 300 specimens.
description
Lilium pardalinum subsp. pitkinense is a perennial , herbaceous plant . The onion is up to 5 inches high and up to 7.2 inches wide. It is characterized as approximately rhizomatic or occasionally also weakly branched runners , whereby smaller clumps gradually form. The numerous scales of the onions sit loosely on the onion slice , they are lanceolate to ovoid-lanceolate and more or less narrowly stretched towards the tip, 1.5 to 3 centimeters long, 0.7 to 1.5 centimeters wide and brownish-yellow Colour.
The slender, upright and smooth stem reaches a height of one to two meters and is up to 8 millimeters thick at the base. On it are the elliptical to slightly inverted-lanceolate, between 6.8 and 22.3 centimeters long and 1.2 to 3.6 centimeters wide, yellow-green and smooth leaves horizontally or pointing upwards. They are evenly distributed along the stem in two to five whorls or partial whorls of three to fourteen leaves each.
Flowering time is from June to July. The inflorescence is a cluster of one to eleven non-scented, nodding flowers that hang from 8.5 to 26.5 centimeters long and 1.5 millimeters thick, slender pedicels that curve upwards towards the flower . The bracts are similar to the foliage leaves, but with a maximum of 5 centimeters in length and 4 millimeters in width, significantly smaller, the bracts are even shorter. The strongly bent back, narrowly lanceolate bracts are orange-red to red on their outer edges, orange to yellow-orange towards the middle with small dark chestnut-brown points, between 4.9 and 7.1 inches long and 1 to 2.2 inches wide.
The six stamens protruding from the perigone are moderately bent apart at an angle between 9 ° and 18 °. The stamens are slender and around 3 millimeters long. The 6 to 20 millimeters long and 3 to 4 millimeters wide anthers are narrow, oblong, round and pink in color , the pollen is red to brown-orange. The pistil is 3.4 to 4.6 inches long, the stylus is 1.7 inches long. The scar is inconspicuously three-lobed, the ovary 1.2 to 1.9 centimeters long, cylindrical and longitudinally grooved. The capsule fruit is elliptical. The seed germinates in late autumn under cool conditions with a delay - hypogean .
From its more widespread relative, the nominate form Lilium pardalinum subsp. pardalinum , is Lilium pardalinum subsp. pitkinense is distinguished by shorter petals and anthers as well as narrower leaves, from the morphologically very similar Lilium pardalinum subsp. shastense, on the other hand, only because of their darker pollen color.
Distribution and ecology
Lilium pardalinum subsp. pitkinense is found exclusively in the swamps and wet meadows of California's Sonoma County at altitudes between 35 and 60 meters on permanently wet , sandy soil. There are only three known occurrences left in two locations, all within a radius of 13 kilometers. A small occurrence is in the outskirts of the city of Sonoma , the main occurrence of the plants is found in two locations in the Pitkin swamps near Sebastopol . At the edges of the latter there is a contact zone with the nominate shape.
The plant is mostly in full sun or slightly shaded, associated with plant species such as the western azalea ( Rhododendron occidentale ). Occasionally it also grows under Californian white oaks ( Quercus lobata ), where the plants, however, have a tendency to yellow . They are then pressed to the ground by the weight of the inflorescence and are then no longer accessible to the pollinators ( hummingbirds or butterflies of the genus Papilio ). Plants introduced by humans are Mediterranean blackberries ( Rubus ulmifolius ) and woolly honeydew grass ( Holcus lanatus ), both of which compete with Lilium pardalinum subsp. pitkinense .
The species used to be a little more widespread in the wetlands of Sonoma County, possibly as far as Laguna de Santa Rosa , but certainly on Americano Creek . At the end of the 19th century, the Pitkin swamps were also much larger and the plants could be collected by the poor, according to witness reports.
Danger
The main cause of the decline to the three still existing locations was above all the development of their habitats as pastureland and the associated overgrazing . Reports from 1956 describe a site made up of eleven plants that was clearly damaged by deer, horses and rabbits, which was only painstakingly preserved by barbed wire and of which only a single plant survived in 1957.
Despite being placed under protection in the meantime, both Pitkin swamp populations are threatened. The decline in the smaller population was intensified, among other things, by changes in the moisture regime as a result of fillings, but the main reasons were collections by collectors and the picking of the flowers with the accompanying soil compaction. The second, larger population near California State Route 116 between Sebastopol and Forestville now suffers primarily from competition from partially invasive dogwood , willow and Rubus species and from continued grazing by cattle. The zone of intergradation with Lilium pardalinum subsp. pardalinum , which is considered to be much more robust ecologically. However, current plans to develop the immediately neighboring country with a large complex of buildings that also endanger another rare endemic, the Carex albida sedge, are currently considered to be the greatest threat .
Status and protection
For the first time in 1978, the plant was officially classified as "endangered" by the State of California. In 1997 the federal government also placed the subspecies under protection. However, since all three deposits are on private property, protective measures can only be implemented in consultation with the owners.
Since 1975 no scientist has been allowed to visit the site in the outskirts of the city of Sonoma . Although it is generally assumed that the occurrence there still exists, this cannot be said with certainty, and neither information on the number of individuals nor on population development can be given.
The two deposits in the Pitkin swamps near Sebastopol grow on two properties, the owners of which in an agreement in 1989 granted the California Department of Fish and Game a general right of way, which at least enables unimpeded control of the stocks and maintained their willingness to support protective measures . The larger population here comprises around 200 to 300 plants, the smaller only 2 to 10.
Systematics
Lilium pardalinum subsp. pitkinense was first described in 1955 by Lawrence Beane & Albert Michael Vollmer as a separate species Lilium pitkinense based on a collection from July 20, 1954, the epithet honors Sarah Ann Pitkin, the owner of the Pitkin swamps at the time. In 2002 it was classified as a subspecies of the panther lily by Mark W. Skinner .
The relationship to Lilium occidentale , originally thought possible by Beane and Vollmer and often cited in the literature , is rejected today, and an occasionally mentioned variety var. Fiski , which is characterized by a pink flower, is generally rejected.
proof
- Flora of North America , 26, pp. 189-190, online
- WB Turrill: A Supplement to Elwes' Monograph of the Genus Lilium , Part IX, 1962, pp. 3-4
- Mark W. Skinner: Nomenclatural Changes in North American Lilium (Liliaceae) , in: Novon, Vol. 12, No. 2., 2002, pp. 253-261.
- Federal Register , 62, No. 204, October 22, 1997, Rules and Regulations, p. 55794, PDF Online
Individual evidence
- ^ Edward A. McRae: Lilies. A Guide for Growers and Collectors. Timber Press, Portland, 1998, ISBN 0-88192-410-5 , p. 177
- ↑ Victoria Matthews: Lilies , Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1989, ISBN 0-600-55766-9 , p. 88
- ^ Jepson Manual , University of California Press (1993)
- ^ Environmental Impact Report for the proposed Roblar Road Rock Quarry , Earth Metrics Inc. Report 7673, prepared for Sonoma County and the California State Clearinghouse, September, 1989
- ↑ Eric Mayell, in: RHS Lily Year Book 1958 , 21, 74, 1957, quoted from: WB Turrill: A Supplement to Elwes' Monograph of the Genus Lilium , Part IX, 1962, p. 4
- ↑ Eric Mayell, in: RHS Lily Year Book 1958 , 21, 74, 1957, quoted from: WB Turrill: A Supplement to Elwes' Monograph of the Genus Lilium , Part IX, 1962, p. 4
- ↑ Sonoma County Audubon Society Online ( Memento of the original from February 16, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Habitat Conservation Planning Branch: Conservation profile of Pitkin Marsh lily . 2006. Archived from the original on February 14, 2007. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved August 27, 2007.
- ^ Mark W. Skinner: Nomenclatural Changes in North American Lilium (Liliaceae) , in: Novon, Volume 12, No. 2 (Summer, 2002), pp. 253-261
