List of stumbling blocks in Tübingen

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List of stumbling blocks in Tübingen , with which the artist Gunter Demnig reminds of the fate of the people who were murdered, deported, expelled or driven to suicide under National Socialism .

The Evangelical Eberhard Church Community informed the administration of the university town of Tübingen in a letter dated June 28, 2010 that the local parish council supported the plan to lay stumbling blocks in the southern part of the city, especially for Johann Laubinger, Lilli Zapf and the Löwenstein family. Since donations for the project had already been collected by the parish and from a technical point of view there was nothing against the relocation of the stumbling blocks, the administration left the decision on how to proceed to the initiators.

In July 2018 and July 2020, more stumbling blocks were laid in downtown Tübingen .

List of stones

f1Georeferencing Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap

The table is partially sortable; the basic sorting takes place alphabetically according to the street name.

address People) information Laying date
Breuningstrasse 30
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Stumbling blocks in Tübingen Breuningstrasse 30.JPG

Stumbling blocks at Tübingen Breuningstraße 30 - Family Zivi.jpg
Else Zivi Else Zivi November 25, 2011
Eugenie Zivi Eugenie Zivi was (born November 4, 1883; died February 18, 1956) lived with her husband Josef Zivi and their two daughters at Tübingen's Breuningstrasse 30. In 1939 the family emigrated to Palestine . Her husband was a cantor in the Jewish community.

A scientific evaluation of the files in the State Office for Reparation in Tübingen shows the following: Your younger daughter Ruth Alexander, b. Zivi (* 1910) applied for restitution at the end of the 1960s, because Eugenie Zivi had already died at this point.

The file is incomplete and consists of only a few pages. We learn that Ruth Alexander, b. Zivi, received 82 DM emigration costs for her mother in 1958. She received the same amount for her father in a separate application. In addition, in 1959 she was awarded 16 DM “for damage by paying a fine”. “In March 1934, the persecuted woman was taken into protective custody for allegedly derogatory statements about a young people's leader. In order to obtain her release from prison, her husband Josef Zivi had to pay a so-called 'voluntary contribution' of 80 RM to the Winter Relief Organization. because he apparently made the payment in place of the persecuted due to his marital maintenance obligation.

There were claims under the BRüG, but this only emerges from a brief note from the Stuttgart Regional Finance Directorate from 1960: "With regard to the withdrawal of precious metal items, the bank balance of RM 2,453.30 and the amount of RM 500, -, which was deemed to be unpaid Delivery to the German Golddiskontbank was paid, reimbursement claims transferred to the land will not be asserted. "

November 25, 2011
Josef Zivi Josef Zivi November 25, 2011
Ruth Zivi Ruth Zivi November 25, 2011
Christophstrasse 1
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Stumbling blocks in Tübingen's Christophstrasse 1.JPG

Stumbling blocks in Tübingen Christophstraße 1 - Family Spiro.JPG
Edwin Spiro Edwin Spiro (born May 10, 1903; died March 10, 1943 in Auschwitz ) grew up in Tübingen's Christophstrasse and, after moving several times in Cannstatt, became a successful insurance officer who could afford a car with a chauffeur. He was arrested on Saturday, November 21, 1935, a week after an executive order for the so-called "Blood Protection Act" had been passed, by a Fellbach police superintendent and police sergeant in Fellbach's August-Brändle-Strasse. The Stuttgart district court sentenced him to six months in prison on January 28, 1936, because he was charged with violating the “Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor”, ​​according to the “extramarital relations between Jews and nationals German or related blood ”was forbidden. "As a full Jew, the accused had had a love affair with a married woman of German blood in Fellbach since the fall of 1932 and continued this after the appearance of the law against desecration," said the report in the Swabian Merkur of January 29, 1936.

During the Reichspogromnacht of November 9, 1938, Edwin Spiro was arrested again and taken to the Welzheim concentration camp , where he was held until January 31. He was arrested for the third time on February 20, 1942 and held in the Welzheim concentration camp until he was deported to Auschwitz on February 2, 1943, where he was killed on March 10, 1943. As part of the so-called reparation, the Federal Republic of Germany paid his wife 3,900 DM for suffering deprivation of liberty and 3,540 DM for damage in professional advancement.

November 25, 2011
Elfriede Spiro Elfriede Spiro (born April 21, 1894 in Bad Dürkheim ; declared dead on January 23, 1943 in Auschwitz) attended the secondary school for girls in Tübingen. After her mother's death, her father, Ludwig Spiro, ran the household until he died on March 23, 1941. On August 20, 1942, she was arrested in Tübingen and taken to the assembly camp on Stuttgart's Killesberg . From there she was deported to Theresienstadt two days later . In 1943 she came to Auschwitz, where she was probably killed immediately upon arrival. November 25, 2011
Hans Spiro Hans Spiro (born July 15, 1898 in Landau in the Palatinate ; died March 19, 1943 in Auschwitz) was baptized Protestant with his sister Elfriede Spiro in the Stuttgart collegiate church when his father, Ludwig Spiro, converted to the Protestant faith. He began an apprenticeship as a banker in Tübingen, which he had to interrupt during the First World War . In 1916 he was drafted to the Western Front . After being seriously wounded, he was sent to the passport control center in Lille , France , but was drafted again to the front in the last months of the war. After the war he completed his bank training and first worked as a bank clerk in Tübingen, later as an authorized signatory.

In 1923 he married the Christian Klara Teckemeyer in Bochum and had their daughter Liselotte with her. After he was banned from working in 1936, he worked illegally as an accountant for the road construction company Wilhelm Hahn in Tübingen, as an advertising specialist in Reutlingen and as an advertising specialist for the Reutlinger Generalanzeiger . During the Reichspogromnacht on November 10, 1938, Hans Spiro was arrested and taken to Dachau , where he was held for about a month. In mid-December 1938 he returned to Tübingen from Dachau, short-cropped and emaciated. In November 1939, Hans Spiro was arrested again and taken to prison first in Tübingen, then in Stuttgart, from which he was released. On December 4, 1942, Spiro was arrested for the third time and deported to Welzheim concentration camp . From there he was deported to Auschwitz on January 27, 1943, where he was killed on March 19, 1943.

November 25, 2011
Lieselotte Spiro Lieselotte Spiro (* 1924) was a daughter of Ludwig Spiro. In the summer of 1939 she was brought to safety in the south of England on a Kindertransport operated by the Stuttgart Jewish Community, where she went to boarding school in Bournemouth . She spent the rest of her life in England. November 25, 2011
Ludwig Spiro Dr. Ludwig Spiro studied in Tübingen and Munich and received his doctorate in philosophy in 1897. As a high school professor, he taught Latin and French first in Tübingen and later in Schwäbisch Gmünd . He converted to the Protestant faith in Stuttgart on January 6, 1902, but his wife Jertha (d. 1929) retained her Jewish faith all her life. He was the father of Hans and Elfriede Spiro

Ludwig Spiro was a renowned Goethe researcher and owned a nationally known Goethe library. In 1939 he was excluded from the Weimar Goethe Society , of which he had been a student since student days. As the last guest student, after there were no more registered Jewish students in Tübingen, he was also forbidden to enter the University of Tübingen after the summer semester of 1940. His death on March 23, 1941 after a long illness spared him deportation. Immediately after his death, his apartment was sealed and his extensive library was auctioned.

November 25, 2011
Christophstrasse 15
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Stumbling blocks in Tübingen's Christophstrasse 15.JPG

Stumbling blocks at Christophstrasse 15 in Tübingen - Löwenstein family.JPG
Emil Löwenstein Emil Löwenstein November 25, 2011
Karoline Löwenstein Karoline Löwenstein November 25, 2011
Fürststrasse 7
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Stumbling blocks in the Tübingen Fürststraße 7.JPG

Stumbling blocks in Tübingen Fürststraße 7 - Erlanger family.JPG
Fanny Erlanger Fanny Erlanger November 25, 2011
Helmut Erlanger Dr. Helmut Erlanger (born July 9, 1908 in Buchau am Federsee ; † January 9, 1982 in San Francisco ) studied law and received his doctorate in Tübingen in 1932. He worked as a trainee lawyer at the Tübingen regional court. Erlanger became head of the socialist youth organization "Rote Falken" and acted in the republican "Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold". As an anti-fascist speaker for the SPD, he was in political conflict with the National Socialists. He was arrested at the end of March 1933 and held in the Heuberg concentration camp on the Swabian Alb until August 7th . He lost his job in the judicial service and remained under police supervision after his release.

Immediately after his release from the concentration camp, he wanted to leave Germany as soon as possible, as he feared being arrested again and being sent to the concentration camp. He was one of the first Tübingen Jews to receive the clearance certificate required to apply for exit papers to the USA. Before these even arrived, he had to flee Germany and traveled without a residence or work permit from his brother in Switzerland via Strasbourg to Toulouse, where he worked as a construction assistant. After a physical breakdown, he received an entry visa to the USA in Zurich. In November 1934 he reached San Francisco. He earned his living as a truck driver, cleaner, warehouse clerk and office worker. After three years of evening law studies at the University of San Francisco, Helmut Erlanger opened his own law practice there in 1949. In 1959 he was awarded the title of District Court Councilor as part of the reparation payments of the Federal Republic of Germany. D.

November 25, 2011
Martin Erlanger Martin Erlanger (born December 19, 1868 in Buchau am Federsee ; died August 24, 1954 in San Francisco ) joined the horse business his father founded in 1911 after completing a commercial training in Ulm in 1885. With stables in Buchau and Ravensburg, each with space for thirty horses, it was an important supplier of military horses during the First World War . For health reasons Erlanger gave up the business temporarily in 1928 and moved with his family to Tübingen. He resumed operations in September 1933, but anti-Jewish measures made his work increasingly difficult. On June 17, 1937, the National Socialists expropriated Martin Erlanger. Erlanger emigrated to San Francisco to see his son Helmut Erlanger, who was already living there. Without knowledge of English, however, it was not possible for him to work commercially in America. He therefore had to earn his living doing cleaning work and as a packer, among other things. November 25, 2011
Walter Erlanger Walter Erlanger (born January 19, 1911 in Buchau am Federsee ; died May 6, 1972 in Dubrovnik ) was a Jewish curative educator, bookseller and publisher. He broke off his law studies in Tübingen because he was not allowed to take the exams because of his Jewish origins. He emigrated to Arlesheim in Switzerland around 1934 . From there he moved to Zeist in the Netherlands, where he hid in the attic of a family friend during the war years to avoid being arrested by the Nazis. November 25, 2011
Hechinger Strasse 9
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Stumbling blocks in Tübinger Hechinger Strasse 9.jpg

Stumbling blocks at Tübinger Hechinger Straße 9 - Löwenstein and Marx families.jpg

Elfriede Löwenstein Elfriede Löwenstein November 25, 2011
Use Löwenstein Ilse Löwenstein was unemployed by the National Socialists and could not visit the theater, cinema or museums. All she could do was go for a walk and from time to time a little excursion. Ilse Löwenstein wrote about it: “I'll be going back to Stuttgart next. I'm looking forward to it, because it's a really nice change. I also keep learning my languages ​​(I started over in Spanish), and when I still have time, I read a little or do some manual work. And so the time goes there. "

In 1943 Ilse Löwenstein and her husband Oscar Bloch were abducted from Stuttgart to Theresienstadt . In Theresienstadt they met their mother Sofie again. Together with her mother she was deported to Auschwitz. There she and her mother were murdered.

November 25, 2011
Max Lowenstein Max Löwenstein (born 1874 in Rexingen ; died June 5, 1944 in Theresienstadt ) was a cattle dealer. In 1903 he married the daughter of the cattle dealer Heinrich Liebmann. In 1908 the family came to Tübingen and lived there in the Gasthof König. The brothers Max and Emil Löwenstein ran the Löwenstein brothers cattle business there until they moved to a shop at Hechinger Strasse 9 in 1925.

By 1925 there were already anti-Semitic incidents. The Löwensteins were harassed while giving their animals health certificates, and false suspicions were made to try to ruin their reputation and reputation. The boycott of Jewish shops across Germany on April 1, 1933 hit the Löwensteins along with other cattle dealers. Farmers only bought from them secretly, in the late evening hours and fearful of denunciation, so that there was a drop in sales. In 1937 Max Löwenstein had to give up his cattle business. Max and Sofie Löwenstein sold their business to the Tübingen master baker Christian Lieb, with a considerable financial loss.

Max Löwenstein predicted in 1937: "It won't be that bad here in Tübingen" when he visited his children Walter and Elfriede, who had already emigrated to Israel, for the first and only time there. At that time, his son Siegfried had already emigrated to the USA.

Max Löwenstein, his wife Sofie and their daughter Ilse stayed in Tübingen. The visit to Palestine would have given Max Löwenstein an opportunity to emigrate from Germany. But Max Löwenstein did not want to leave his wife and daughter behind. In his firm belief in God, he hoped for an improvement. When the family wanted to emigrate from 1939, they did not succeed in leaving. Max and Sofie Löwenstein were brought from Tübingen to Theresienstadt in 1942. Max Löwenstein died there on June 5, 1944. In 1943 his daughter Ilse Löwenstein came to Theresienstadt from Stuttgart with her husband Oscar Bloch. Together with her mother, she was deported on to Auschwitz in autumn 1944 and murdered there.

November 25, 2011
Siegfried Lowenstein Siegfried Löwenstein (born November 2, 1904 in Rexingen; died March 20, 1976 in Memphis, Tennessee, USA). Siegfried Löwenstein emigrated to the United States at the end of 1936 and arrived on

January 8, 1937 in New York. He applied for US citizenship in 1939 and lived in Memphis, Tennessee until his death.

November 25, 2011
Sophie Lowenstein Sophie or Sofie Löwenstein was the wife of Max Löwenstein. With him and their four children, she built her life in Tübingen. For many years the family lived at Hechinger Strasse 9. From there the children went to school every day and later to work. But from 1933 the family was gradually excluded from everyday and working life. Both spouses lost their jobs due to exclusion and boycott measures by the National Socialists. This forced the Löwenstein children to emigrate to Palestine and the USA.

Sophie could not attend the wedding of her son Walter and his bride Hilde in Palestine and could only express her congratulations and her blessings in writing. Her letters tell of deep sadness to be so far away and of the longing to be part of the life of her children. A letter from Sofie says: “Of course we are very sorry that we cannot be there, but today we have to renounce so many things, so we have to accept it. You know that you have my motherly blessing for the success of your marriage! "

November 25, 2011
Walter Lowenstein Walter Lowenstein November 25, 2011
Marga Marx Marga Marx November 25, 2011
Ruth Marx Ruth Marx (born July 12, 1933) was deported as an eight-year-old child and shot a little later near Riga . November 25, 2011
Victor Marx Victor Marx was a textile merchant who lived with Marga Marx geb. Rosenfeld was married and had their daughter Ruth Marx with her on July 12, 1933 in Tübingen. Victor Marx was arrested during the Reichspogromnacht in Stuttgart and was sent to a concentration camp in Welzheim for a year . Meanwhile his daughter was sent to live with her grandmother in France.

The family lived together again from 1939, but was deported to Haigerloch in 1941 . On December 1, 1941, the family was deported to Riga via the Killesberg assembly camp, where they stayed in the Jungfernhof camp until March 26, 1942, after which they were separated. The father was to be moved to a labor camp, his wife and daughter, like all other women and children , were to go to Dünamünde , but instead came to the high forest of Riga , where they were shot.

Victor Marx was a slave laborer in Riga until 1944. He survived five concentration camps. He was released shortly after the end of the war in 1945 and returned to Stuttgart. There he met Hannelore Kahn, who had suffered a similar fate, and married her on December 25, 1945. In May 1946 he moved with his new wife to New York , where they began a new life with their son Larry. By erecting a memorial stone on the Jewish cemetery in Wankheim , Victor Marx was one of the first to remember the victims of the Nazi regime, among them his wife Marga and daughter Ruth.

November 25, 2011
Hirschgasse 1
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Rosalie Weil Rosalie Weil, b. Herrmann July 10, 2018
Philippine Reinauer Philippine Reinauer July 10, 2018
Holzmarkt 1
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KMD Pastor Richard Gölz, Collegiate Church Tübingen.jpg

Richard Goelz In the Tübingen collegiate church , a stumbling block in the floor of the vestibule indicates that the Wankheim pastor Richard Gölz was arrested here on December 23, 1944 and brought to the Welzheim concentration camp . October 31, 2012
Holzmarkt / Neue Strasse
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Jakob Oppenheim Jakob Oppenheim July 10, 2018
Karoline Oppenheim Karoline Oppenheim, b. sailor July 10, 2018
Heinz Oppenheim Dr. Heinz Oppenheim July 10, 2018
Dorothee Oppenheim Dorothee Oppenheim, b. Hayum July 10, 2018
Gertrud Oppenheim Gertrud Oppenheim, married. Eagle July 10, 2018
Albert Schäfer Albert Schäfer July 10, 2018
Selma Schäfer Selma Schäfer, b. sailor July 10, 2018
Herta Schäfer Herta Schäfer, married. Meinhardt July 10, 2018
Lieselotte Schäfer Liselotte Schäfer married. Wager July 10, 2018
Rosalie Weil Rosalie Weil, b. Herrmann July 10, 2018
Kelternstrasse 8
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Charlotte Pagel Charlotte Pagel July 10, 2018
Dr. Albert Pagel Dr. Albert Pagel July 10, 2018
Keplerstrasse 5
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Rosa Pollak Rosa Pollak, married. Cap maker, m. Ostrich July 10, 2018
Therese Kappenmacher Therese Kappenmacher, married. star July 10, 2018
Clara Pollak Clara Pollak, married. Dreyfuss July 10, 2018
Mathilde Pollak Mathilde Pollak, married. Fechenbach July 10, 2018
Selma Pollak Selma Pollak July 10, 2018
Keplerstrasse 9
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Pauline Pollak Pauline Pollak, b. Heidelberg July 10, 2018
Klara Wallensteiner Klara Wallensteiner, b. Reichenbach July 10, 2018
Mauerstrasse 25
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Sofie Reinauer Sofie Reinauer July 10, 2018
Albert Pagel Dr. Albert Pagel July 10, 2018
Schönbergstrasse 1
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Stumbling blocks in Tübingen Schönbergstrasse 1.JPG

Stumbling blocks in Tübingen Schönbergstrasse 1 - Walter Löwenstein.jpg
Walter Lowenstein Walter Lowenstein November 25, 2011
Stauffenbergstrasse 27
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Adolph Bernheim Adolph Bernheim July 10, 2018
Hanna Bernheim Hanna Bernheim, b. Brook July 10, 2018
Doris Bernheim Doris Bernheim, married. Doctor July 10, 2018
Hans Bernheim Hans Bernheim July 10, 2018
Steinlachallee 66

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Stumbling stone in Steinlachallee Tübingen.jpg

Kurt Tichauer Kurt Tichauer November 25, 2011
Woehrdstrasse 23
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Josef Wochenmark Dr. phil. Josef Wochenmark July 10, 2018
Bella weekly mark Bella Wochenmark geb. Freudenthal July 10, 2018
Alfred Wochenmark Alfred Wochenmark July 10, 2018
Arnold weekly mark Arnold Wochenmark July 10, 2018

Web links

Commons : Stolpersteine ​​in Tübingen  - Collection of pictures

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Committee for Culture, Integration and Equal Opportunities of the University City of Tübingen: Stolpersteine ​​in der Südstadt . Department of Culture, template 90/2011 of February 23, 2011.
  2. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Peter Steinle: 26 stumbling blocks for victims of National Socialism in Tübingen's southern part. Gunter Demnig's art is considered the world's largest decentralized memorial. ( Memento of the original from June 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Press release of the Evangelical Church of Württemberg from November 25, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.elk-wue.de
  3. a b Carmen Matussek: chicane of “reparation”.
  4. History workshop Tübingen (ed.): Destroyed hopes. Paths of the Tübingen Jews. Stuttgart 1995, p. 413.
  5. Act of woman Zivi (Stas Wü 33 T1 no. 6294).
  6. ^ A b Rainer Redies: Edwin Spiro: Rassenschande in Fellbach .
  7. Swabian Mercury. January 29, 1936 (digitized version)
  8. a b c d Andrea Hoffmann: Has it now become a certainty? The obituary for Hans Spiro. In: Destroyed Hopes. Paths of the Tübingen Jews. (= Contributions to the history of Tübingen. Volume 8). Edited by the history workshop in Tübingen. Tübingen 1995, pp. 397-400. Quoted in a token of remembrance ( Memento of the original from July 6, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.zeichen-der-erinnerung.org
  9. Destroyed hopes. Paths of the Tübingen Jews. (= Contributions to the history of Tübingen. Volume 8). Edited by the history workshop in Tübingen. Tübingen 1995, v. a, p. 53f. u. 278-280. Quoted in Helmut Erlanger: Under constant fear. ( Memento of the original from July 6, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.zeichen-der-erinnerung.org
  10. ^ Lilli Zapf: The Tübingen Jews. A documentation. 3. Edition. Tübingen 1981, p. 128f. Quoted in remembrance . ( Memento of the original from July 6, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.zeichen-der-erinnerung.org
  11. Nel Lievegoed-Schatborn: Walter Erlanger . Research Center Kulturimpuls, Dornach.
  12. a b c d Esther Buck: From letters from the Löwenstein family in Tübingen: In memory of November 9, 1938.
  13. ^ History of the Jews: Max Löwenstein (1874–1944).
  14. ^ Simone Sterr: Tübingen citizens of the Jewish faith: Max Löwenstein (1874–1944). In: Schwäbisches Tagblatt. November 4, 2008.
  15. ^ Federal Archives Residententlist, US Social Security Death Index (via ancestry.com) and Tennessee, Naturalization Records, 1888–1992 (via ancestry.com)
  16. Peter Steinle: 26 stumbling blocks for victims of National Socialism.
  17. Ruth Marx on TÜpedia.
  18. ^ Franziska Beck, Charlotte Jautz, Ana Stevanovic: Tübingen citizens of the Jewish faith: Ruth Marx (1933–1942). In: Schwäbisches Tagblatt. November 3, 2008.
  19. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Brochure: Stolpersteine ​​in Tübingen, published on July 10, 2018 See also: Stolpersteine ​​in Tübingen Downtown .
  20. ^ "Stumbling block" for Richard Gölz. ( Memento from January 3, 2015 in the web archive archive.today )