Livistona
| Livistona | ||||||||||||
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Livistona australis , illustration |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Livistona | ||||||||||||
| R.Br. |
Livistona is a genus of palm within the palm family (Arecaceae). The species are mainly native to Southeast Asia and Australia. Several species are planted as ornamental plants. The leaves are used to make roofs and umbrellas, and the fibers are used to make ropes and cloth. The wood of the trunks is also used.
description
Appearance
The Livistona species are usually large, single- stemmed fan palms . But there are also some dwarf species. They are reinforced or unreinforced. The trunk is erect and initially hidden by the permanent leaf sheaths . Later the trunk becomes bare or remains covered with the leaf bases. The leaf scars are ring-shaped.
leaves
The leaves are induplicate and fan-shaped (palmat) or costapalmat. After they die, they remain on the plant (marzescence) or fall under their own weight. Sometimes a "dress" forms from dead leaves. The leaf sheath breaks down into a conspicuous, often fabric-like reddish-brown mass of broad and fine fibers. The petiole is well developed, furrowed or flat on the top, rounded or angular on the underside. At the base, the stem is sometimes widened or thickened like an onion. The edges of the petiole can be covered with inconspicuous to massive horizontal spines or teeth. The adaxial hastula is clearly pronounced, the abaxial hardly or not at all.
The leaf blade is divided along the adaxial ribs to different depths, resulting in segments that are simply folded and, less often, multiply folded. The segments are further divided for short to long distances along the abaxial folds. The adaxial cracks seldom reach almost to the hastula or the costa, in which case the segments are always simply folded and very narrow. The segments are stiff to pendulous. There is scattered hair along the rib, sometimes there is wax on the underside, even more rarely on both sides of the leaf. The midribs are clearly visible.
Inflorescences
The Livistona species are mostly hermaphroditic, rarely dioecious, separate sexes ( diocesan ), but always flowering several times.
The inflorescences stand individually between the leaves (interfoliar) and are branched up to five times. Sometimes the inflorescence divides into three branches at the base, so that three "inflorescences" are in a common cover sheet , whereby each part also has its own cover sheet (for example with Livistona rotundifolia ). The peduncle is long. The cover sheet is two-keeled, tubular, with a tight-fitting sheath, and can be covered with various types of hair. There are one to a few bracts on the stem . These are tubular and resemble the cover sheet. The inflorescence axis is usually longer than the stem. Their bracts are hairy differently with indument, each has a side branch of the first order. The bracts of the higher order lateral axes are mostly inconspicuous. The flower-bearing axes (rachillae) are upright, hanging or protruding, glabrous or hairy, usually numerous. They carry the flowers in a spiral arrangement. These stand individually or in coils of up to five flowers. They are seated or stand on low elevations or on slender stems. Each group stands in the axilla of a small bract, each flower has a tiny bracteole.
blossoms
The flowers of most representatives are hermaphroditic. They are small to very small and mostly cream-colored. The calyx often forms a short, broad stem with the receptacle . The overlying part of the chalice is tubular and ends in three triangular corners. These are sometimes imbricat at the base . The crown is flat, tubular at the base, and ends in three triangular, valvate tips. The six stamens are epipetal. Their filaments are fused together and form a fleshy ring on which short, slim, free filaments stand. The anthers are medifix, rounded to oblong, and open to latrors. The gynoeceum consists of three carpels, these are wedge-shaped, free in the area of the ovules and fused in the distal area, so that a common, slender stylus is created. At the top there is a punctiform or slightly three-lobed scar . The ovule is basal and anatropic.
In the case of diocesan representatives, either the stamens or the gynoeceum are missing. Otherwise the flowers resemble the hermaphrodite.
The pollen is ellipsoidal, bisymmetrical, sometimes slightly asymmetrical. The germ opening is a distal sulcus.
Fruits and seeds
The fruits usually develop from just one carpel . They are spherical to ovoid, pear-shaped or ellipsoidal; small to medium in size, and of various colors: green, scarlet, blue-green, blue-black, black, or dark brown. The scar remains are apical, sterile carpels are basal. The exocarp is smooth, dull, or shiny, often with a wax coating. The mesocarp is thin or thick, fleshy or dry, somewhat fibrous, and can usually be easily detached from the bony or woody endocarp . The seed is ellipsoidal or spherical, is attached basally. The hilum is circular or rather elongated. There are few or no raphenous branches . The endosperm is homogeneous. The embryo sits laterally.
Sets of chromosomes
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 36.
Distribution and locations
The main distribution area is in Southeast Asia . The northern border stretches from the Himalayas to the Ryūkyū Islands . To the south it includes Indochina and Malesia and extends to New Guinea , the Solomon Islands and Australia . One species, Livistonia carinensis , is found in the Horn of Africa and Arabia .
The species inhabit very different locations: fresh water and swamp forests ( Livistona saria ), mountain forests ( Livistona tahanensis and jenkinsiana ), understory of tropical rainforests ( Livistona exigua ), dry savanna trees ( Livistona humilis and lorophylla ) ravine soils in deserts with continuous water supply ( Livistona mariae and australis ), and subtropical forests (such as Livistona rotundifolia ). Many species grow in groups.
Systematics
The genus Livistona was 1810 Robert Brown set up . The lectotype species is Livistona humilis R.Br. The generic name honors the Scottish nobleman and traveler Patrick Murray, Baron Livingstone (1632–1671), who had laid out a garden on his property in Livingstone, west of Edinburgh .
The genus Livistona R.Br. belongs to the subtribe Livistoninae from the tribe Trachycarpeae in the subfamily Coryphoideae within the family Arecaceae . The relationships within the tribe Trachycarpeae have long been controversial.
In order to obtain a monophyletic genus Livistona , CD Bacon and WJ Baker placed species in the reactivated genus Saribus Blume (Syn .: Pritchardiopsis Becc. ) In 2011 :
- Livistona brevifolia Dowe & Mogea → Saribus brevifolius (Dowe & Mogea) Bacon & WJBaker
- Livistona chocolatina Dowe → Saribus chocolatinus (Dowe) Bacon & WJBaker
- Pritchardiopsis jeanneneyi Becc. → Saribus jeanneneyi (Becc.) Bacon & WJBaker
- Livistona merrillii Becc. → Saribus merrillii (Becc.) Bacon & WJBaker
- Livistona rotundifolia (Lam.) Mart. → Saribus rotundifolius (Lam.) Flower
- Livistona papuana Becc. → Saribus papuanus (Becc.) Kuntze
- Livistona surru Dowe & Barfod → Saribus surru (Dowe & Barfod) Bacon & WJBaker
- Livistona tothur Dowe & Barfod → Saribus tothur (Dowe & Barfod) Bacon & WJBaker
- Livistona woodfordii Ridl. → Saribus woodfordii (Ridl.) Bacon & WJBaker
In the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , the following species have been recognized since 2011:
- Livistona alfredii F. Muell. : It occurs in northwestern Western Australia.
- Livistona australis (R.Br.) Mart. : It occurs in eastern and south-eastern Australia.
- Livistona benthamii F.M.Bailey : It occurs from southern New Guinea to northern Australia.
- Livistona boninensis (Becc.) Nakai : It occurs on the Ogasawara Islands .
- Livistona carinensis (Chiov.) J.Dransf. & NWUhl : It occurs in Djibouti , southern Yemen and northern Somalia.
- Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R.Br. ex Mart. : It occurs originally from southern Japan to China.
- Livistona concinna Dowe & Barfod : It occurs in northeast Queensland.
- Livistona decora (W.Bull) Dowe (Syn .: Livistona decipiens Becc. ): It occurs in eastern Queensland.
- Livistona drudei F. Muell. ex Drude : It occurs in northeast Queensland.
- Livistona eastonii C.A.Gardner : It occurs in northern Western Australia.
- Livistona endauensis J.Dransf. & KMWong : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula.
- Livistona exigua J.Dransf. : It occurs in Borneo.
- Livistona fulva Rodd : It occurs in Queensland.
- Livistona halongensis T.H. Nguyên & Kiev : It occurs in northeastern Vietnam.
- Livistona humilis R.Br. : It occurs in the Australian Northern Territory.
- Livistona inermis R.Br. : It occurs in Australia from the Northern Territory to Queensland.
- Livistona jenkinsiana handle. : It occurs from Bhutan to Thailand.
- Livistona lanuginosa Rodd : It occurs in northeast Queensland .
- Livistona lorophylla Becc. : It occurs from northern Western Australia to the northwestern Northern Territory.
- Livistona mariae F. Muell. : It occurs in the southern Northern Territory .
- Livistona muelleri F.M.Bailey : It occurs from southern New Guinea to northern Queensland.
- Livistona nasmophila Dowe & DLJones : It occurs in northeastern Western Australia .
- Livistona nitida Rodd : It occurs in east-central Queensland.
- Livistona rigida Becc. : It occurs from the northern Northern Territory to northwestern Queensland.
- Livistona saribus (Lour.) Merr. ex A.Chev. : It occurs from Indochina to Malesia.
- Livistona speciosa In short : It occurs from southern China to the Malay Peninsula.
- Livistona tahanensis Becc. : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula.
- Livistona victoriae Rodd : It occurs from north-eastern Western Australia to the north-western Northern Territory.
Livistona mariae, which is endemic to the Australian outback, is genetically almost identical to Livistona rigida and has only been genetically isolated from the latter for 9,000 to 31,000 years, which led to the assumption in 2012 that seeds from outside Australia were brought to Australia by immigrant Aborigines ; it is therefore a single species.
supporting documents
- John Dransfield, Natalie W. Uhl, Conny B. Asmussen, William J. Baker, Madeline M. Harley, Carl E. Lewis: Genera Palmarum. The Evolution and Classification of Palms . Second edition, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2008, ISBN 978-1-84246-182-2 , pp. 260-263.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]
- ↑ Christine D. Bacon, William J. Baker: Saribus resurrected. Palms. In: Journal of the International Palm Society , Volume 55, 2011, pp. 109-116. Full text PDF.
- ^ Saribus in the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , last accessed on February 8, 2016.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Livistona. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 3, 2018.
- ^ Toshiaki Kondo et al .: Not an ancient relic: the endemic Livistona palms of arid central Australia could have been introduced by humans. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B , online advance publication of March 7, 2012, doi: 10.1098 / rspb.2012.0103
