Lazare Hoche
Louis-Lazare Hoche (born June 25, 1768 in Montreuil near Versailles , today Quartier Montreuil , † September 19, 1797 in Wetzlar ) was a French Général de division of the revolutionary era , who, thanks to his prudent actions, in the suppression of the Vendée uprising in 1795 the "Pacificateur de la Vendée" became known.
In 1797 he received, in addition to the supreme command of the army in the occupied Rhineland, the responsibility for the civil administration of "the countries between the Rhine, Maas and Moselle". Until his death, he supported the efforts for a republican constitution and the establishment of the Cisrhenan Republic .
In 1797 - after centuries of feudal rule - Hoche was the first bourgeois head of government in the regions on the left bank of the Rhine, which in 1946 became part of the federal states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate with the decision of the British and French occupation .
Life
Hoche was the son of a former soldier and garde-chenil du roi (presumably the overseer of the royal hunting dogs). After his mother's untimely death, he was raised by an aunt who also paid him to attend school. A pastor from Saint-Germain-en-Laye noticed his schoolwork and intelligence; he gave him lessons in Latin and aroused in him an interest in the ancient writers and philosophers.
At the age of 15, Hoche became a stable boy in the écuries de Versailles (royal horse stables) and at 16 joined the regiment of the Gardes-Françaises . His background from a very humble background was no obstacle to an amazing career in the Revolutionary Army. At the age of 24 (according to the revolutionary calendar) he was already in the rank of general.
Hoche is said to have survived two duels and two assassinations. His domestic political opponents achieved that he was charged twice in Paris: 1792 for alleged complicity in Dumouriez's betrayal of the republic and change of front to the Austrians; In 1794 his presumably envious general colleague Pichegru intrigued against him at the radical revolutionary convent commissioner Saint-Just . Hoche was arrested in Nice in March on his way to a detachment in the Italian Army and charged with suspicion of treason and disobedience against the Republic and incarcerated in the Conciergerie . Only the fall of Robespierre and the change of government in August 1794 probably saved him from the guillotine.
In nineteenth-century biographies, he is described as exceptionally handsome, tall, and charming and courteous. He is said to have retained a scar on his face, from the forehead hairline to the right nostril (see picture below left) from a degenduell, it gave him a martial, attractive appearance. His educated, highly intelligent, but often quick-tempered nature is praised. His political attitude was formed in the discussions of the Paris republican clubs, his military knowledge he received in the seminars of the early École polytechnique of his "discoverer" Lazare Carnot . “His burning ambition and stormy temperament,” paired with strategic and organizational talent, had the government given him several commands over armies that were in a critical, often desolate situation.
He was married to Adélaide Dechaux from Thionville (German: Diedenhofen) since March 1794 . The only child was their daughter Jenny, born in 1796, a Comtesse des Roys who later married. Hoche died in 1797 of an acute lung or bronchial disease ("asthma convulsivum, whereby a growth on the windpipe had attached and inflamed"). His grave is in Germany in the General Hoche monument in Weißenthurm on the Rhine. From there he had started his last, successful campaign against the Austrian imperial troops.
Military career
" Hoche a été l'incarnation la plus brillante de la democratie francaise pendant la première époque de la Revolution ", judged a biographer in 1889 about Lazare Hoche. The steep, but also with some setbacks, short career of this military of the French Revolution can be explained, in addition to striking military talents, also with his firm conviction of the value of the revolutionary ideals and the fight against the "tyranny of all aristocrats", the enemies of the young republic.
In 1784, at the age of sixteen, Hoche began his military service in the Paris garrison of the Gardes Françaises . Police functions, such as hedge executions, personality protection, protection of institutions and public institutions during demonstrations and counter-revolutionary mob, were particularly in the early years of the revolution, the tasks of the Guard, 1789 - Hoche had become Sergeant - with General La Fayette to Guard National was. His good leadership of smaller units in critical situations was noticed; Lazare Carnot (co-founder of the later elite school École polytechnique ) promoted him in his cadre seminars.
In the First Coalition War
In April 1792, France declared war on Emperor Franz II and Prussia . Hoche was a lieutenant in the 33 e régiment d'infantry in the Ardennes army of General Dumouriez . The First Coalition War began with the invasion of Prussian and Austrian troops under the command of the Duke of Brunswick Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand in the east of France.
In the successful defense of the Lorraine fortified city of Thionville (German: Diedenhofen) on the Moselle, which was besieged by Prussian artillery , Hoche distinguished himself under General Le Veneur through his nocturnal raids on the Prussian positions. After the cannonade at Valmy , Prussia had to withdraw from France, and the main theater of war became the Austrian Netherlands, today's Belgium and the Netherlands. When the fortress of Namur was conquered, Hoche was captain . He was wounded on March 18, 1793 in the Battle of Neerwind , his first open field battle.
Le Veneur, who registered Hoches leadership qualities, his negotiating skills and his care for the troops subordinate to him, made him his adjutant responsible for the "forage", the supply of the soldiers who deal with arbitrary requisitions and brutal looting in the occupied country had to take care of themselves. In letters and memoranda, Hoche complained about the disputes over competence between the responsible political commissioners and army suppliers. Many letters made him enemies in Paris because they contained violent allegations of anti-republican, corrupt behavior by these agencies. "He can wield the pen as well as the saber," is how one judges him.
After the overturn plans of General Dumouriez in command and his "change of front" to the Austrians in April 1793 became known, Hoche was ordered to report on the situation of the Northern Army before the welfare committee in Paris. Together with Le Veneur, he was suspected of agreeing to the Dumouriez overturning plans against the Republican government.
The Douai Revolutionary Tribunal exonerated him. Presumably his convincingly presented plans for the reorganization of the troops and for the defense of the republic on the northern border were decisive. The Paris Welfare Committee stated: “ Voilà un officier d'infantrie qui fera du chemin ”. Hoche became Chief of Staff (Chef d'etat) of General Duhamel and successfully defended Dunkirk against the Duke of York's English in September 1793 with a battalion of the Northern Army .
First high command
His proven leadership skills helped him in November 1793 to the high command as Général de division over the 15,000-20,000-strong Moselle Army. He was able to change their desolate condition (" mal armés, mal équipés, avec l'indiscipline partout " in contemporary French description) through desertions, insufficient supplies, arbitrary requisitions, looting and violence against the population of the West Palatinate and Saarland in a short time. From November 28th to 30th he attacked the Prussians under the Duke of Braunschweig near Kaiserslautern with a rush and consequently with heavy losses of his own. He left a corps on the Saar to cover his march, crossed the Vosges with 12,000 men in order to operate together with the Rhine Army under General Pichegru (which, however, the general colleague sabotaged) and penetrated as far as the right wing of the Austrians under General Wurmser . At the end of December it broke through the so-called Weissenburger Linien , a defense system along the border with the southern Palatinate. The Austrians had to give up Alsace and move to the other side of the Rhine. At the same time, the Prussians gave up their blockade of the Landau Fortress and withdrew to Oppenheim am Rhein and Mainz. Hoche occupied the land between Worms and Kreuznach, today's Rheinhessen, in order to provide winter quarters and supplies for his troops. Against the government instruction to continue the campaign, he raised objections because of "complete exhaustion of the soldiers, the winter and difficult, bled terrain". He wrote to the War Department: “ Je manque absolument du tout. Envoyez-moi au plutôt des souliers ... »(Analogous translation:" I lack everything. Above all, send me shoes. ") He then became his - and probably also because of ongoing disputes with Pichegru, who is on the same front Released high command and replaced by General Jourdan .
In March 1794 he was given command of the Italian Army, which France should secure the Kingdom of Savoy . On the way there he received charges and incarceration for treason and arbitrary actions against the republic. The months ago, strategic defeat of Kaiserslautern should have been part of the allegations. During this time, Robespierre's reign of terror ruled , which fought domestic political opponents with brutal terror . There was no trial - Robespierre and his Jacobins were ousted and Hoche was released from prison on August 4, 1794.
In the civil war of the Vendée and Brittany
The National Convention sent Hoche to the western provinces to fight the uprising in the Vendée , where a bloody civil war that had lasted since 1793 between the republic and peasants loyal to the church and nobility loyal to the king could not be ended with terror. General Louis Lazare Hoche, "used to the great war [...], saw himself desperately condemned to lead a civil war where there was neither generosity, nor profound calculation, nor fame," a 19th century German translation describes his resistance to this command. For the government, the honest, loyal Republican Hoche, due to his extraordinary military and political qualities, was the person who was able to put down the state-threatening uprising in the West, while winning the population over to the republic.
The government, which was now moderate after the end of Robespierre and des Terreurs , was convinced that the uprising could not be ended with military means alone. Also in order to drive as few Bretons and Vendées as possible into the arms of the expected invasion of the British-supported royalist emigrant army, the leaders of the uprising to end the civil war were to be brought with a cleverly offered peace.
To this end, Hoche had to rebuild the army of Cherbourg , and later that of Brest , which had become representatives of the republic who had to be plundered, murdered and often defeated due to the “rampant civil war”, into a disciplined army. He impressed on his officers that “politics must play a major role in this war. Let us alternately apply humanity, virtue, justice, violence and cunning, but always assert the dignity through which Republicans are supposed to assert themselves. ”In the spring of 1795, the republican representatives of the people secured the rebels the end of“ de-Christianization ”, freedom to practice religion, pensions for pastors, exemption from compulsory military service and taxes for ten years.
Since some leaders of the Vendée and the majority of the "chiefs" of the Chouans did not go far enough with these concessions and their willingness to resist was known, Hoche realistically saw the agreements as only a pseudo peace and intensified his efforts to win the war-weary mass of the population for the republic to separate them from their "stubborn" generals and clan chiefs. “These people cannot be without priests, let us leave them for them because it is their wish! Many have suffered badly and sigh when they return to their field work; support them in restoring their leaseholds. As for those who have become accustomed to the craft of war, […] they must […] be incorporated into the armies of the Republic. They will make excellent soldiers for the avant-garde and their hatred of the allied powers (meaning the emigrants, royalists and English), by whom they were not supported, vouches for their loyalty. "
Despite the peace agreements, there were intensive and little-kept secret contacts between the insurgents, the British government and the emigrated nobility for a counter-revolutionary invasion. Hoche, on the other hand, was only able to muster a poorly armed, thinned-out army of 12,000 men (according to A. Thiers), with which he was supposed to secure possible landing sites from Normandy to the Loire estuary (his colleague Cancleaux controlled the Vendée), with the Chouannerie guerrilla war at his back .
Victory at Quiberon
The expected invasion came in June 1795 on the Quiberon peninsula in southern Brittany . With three cannon-equipped ships of the line and two frigates, several cannon barges and barges, 6,000 emigrated officers and soldiers of the former army of Louis XVI landed . Weapons and ammunition for 80,000 men and uniforms for 60,000, gold worth two million francs and fake assignats for ten million francs were also transported. Several thousand Chouans, some with families, gathered in the Morbihan department and expected to be supplied, equipped and uniformed. The mostly aristocratic emigrants distanced themselves from the Chouans, "whose language was incomprehensible and [...] who were used to war but badly armed and dressed, did not march in rank and file and were more like robbers than soldiers."
The Chouans were first able to drive out the few republican coast guard troops and the emigrants succeeded in conquering Fort de Penthièvre , but disagreement, disorganization and lack of coordination among each other caused chaotic conditions in the invasion area. Hoche was able to retake the fort in the Battle of Quiberon . The rest of the invading forces were crushed. Those who still succeeded fled to the British ships. Prisoners who were found guilty by the court courts of "having turned arms against the fatherland" were executed. The Convention's laws on this had already been applied in the previous battles in the Vendée. Sources speak of around 750, but also of up to 2000 executions. The victory over the invasion, which was apostrophized as the "crusade against the regicide", is counted among Hoches' major military successes.
Temporary pacification of the Vendée
After the victory at Quiberon, Hoche received the supreme command of all three armies of the West, which became the Armée de l'Océan with 120,000 men - the largest revolutionary army in France - because the most important generals of the rebels had remained inactive in the Affaire de Quiberon and tried to lead their followers to a new uprising.
He occupied all important points of the rebellious Vendée and pacified the region with a tactic of targeted occupation and fighting of the resistance centers. His “disarmament line” strategy, which he had coordinated with the government, with which he confiscated cattle and seeds from the mostly peasant rebels and only returned them if they exchanged their weapons for them, had substantial success. He gave his troops the urgent instruction that this was a political operation and not an act of war. The farmers are to be treated fairly and correctly. With his strategy of harshness against the militant insurgents and mildness towards the population, Hoche managed to build trust in the republic and to withdraw their supporters from the insurgent leaders like Charette and Stofflet .
At the end of September 1795 an English fleet with 5,000 emigrants and English soldiers and the Comte d'Artois , the brother of the executed King Louis XVI, landed again on the Île d'Yeu . Because Hoche controlled the entire stretch of coast, the invaders gave up and returned to England after a month. Nevertheless, the leaders of the Vendée managed to mobilize a few troops at short notice, smashed the Hoche one after the other and had their leaders persecuted and executed. He then went with 15,000 men across the Loire against the Chouans who rebelled there and also pacified the country from the Loire to Normandy.
After years of brutal mutual cruelty, devastation and impoverishment of entire regions and the loss of almost a quarter of the population, the Directory declared on July 15, 1796: " ... les troubles dans l'Ouest sont apaisés ", which is particularly good for the Chouannerie should turn out to be too hasty.
Expedition to Ireland
In late 1796, Hoche was commissioned to lead an invasion of the United Kingdom . The plan was to initiate a kind of chouannerie against the rich nobility and the monarchy, to disrupt traffic and trade and to divert the British government from its support of French royalists and its coalition military aid to Austria. A contingent of more than 50 ships with 15,000 soldiers started from Brittany at the end of January. The stronger 1st Légion des Francs was supposed to land in Southeast Ireland. The only 1400 strong 2nd Légion des Francs under the Irish-American Colonel Tate had the south coast of Wales as their destination. General Hoches' written instructions on the course of the operation and the measures required after landing prove his above-average military and organizational competence.
The venture, which can be classified as daring, failed: storms and fog drove the invasion fleet apart. Hoches Schiff ended up below the Loire estuary, the 1st Legion under Generals Chérin and Grouchy reached Bantry Bay in Ireland, but returned to Brest after a week of undecided waiting for Hoche. Colonel Tate with the smaller 2nd Legion was captured while attempting to capture the Welsh port of Fishguard .
1797 - political defeats, military successes and death
Although the invasion of the British Kingdom led by Hoche was a complete failure, he was given a new command on the Rhine shortly afterwards. The Sambre and Maas Army under General Jourdan , which had penetrated into the Würzburg area in autumn 1796, had to retreat behind the Rhine. That winter it was under the command of General Moreau , as a self-sufficient, meanwhile hated occupation army, in a largely impoverished region that had been plundered by French, Austrian and Prussian troops since 1792. The political leadership in Paris expected a positive turnaround on the left bank of the Rhine, similar to how General Bonaparte had succeeded in northern Italy. They expected a disciplined army, efficient civil administration and, last but not least, higher contributions from a country that was increasingly seen as a legitimate part of France.
In February 1797, Hoche received extensive powers of revision, abolished all existing French administrative institutions, dismissed incompetent officers, divided the country between the Meuse, Moselle and Rhine into six arrondissements instead of the previous 80 territories, and established a new one in Bonn in March State government. With a reinstatement of civil servants and members of the overthrown electoral and aristocratic governments, the highest possible contributions should be achieved with less effort. It was also hoped that the Rhenish population would gain more sympathy for a republican constitution and the separation from Reich territory (which had already been agreed with Prussia in secret negotiations).
Influenced by von Hoche (and General Bonaparte's) much too optimistic assessment of the will of the population for the establishment of a republican state, the Directory asked him at the beginning of April 1797 to do everything necessary for the formation of a République separée on the left bank of the Rhine. "Hoche was pleased with the idea of a Rhenish satellite republic based on the cisalpine model, as he hoped it would compensate for the Italian power base of his possible rival Bonaparte."
The formation of this new state structure on the left bank of the Rhine under the responsibility of a young general inexperienced in administrative matters - and often not very diplomatic - was difficult for a variety of reasons and only came to a temporary end in autumn 1797 with the proclamation of a Cisrhenan republic . The financially weak economy of the predominantly agrarian Rhineland made the required contributions a persistent point of contention between Paris and Hoche, which repeatedly made it clear to the government that the Rhenish population was overwhelmed with unrealistic demands and could not be won over to republican ideas.
The domestic political discussions with the government in Paris (there, hostile commissioners accused him, among other things, of mismanagement and embezzlement of funds), the dispute over competencies with his colleague General Moreau of the Rhine and Moselle Army, who consistently opposed any jurisdiction of Hoches for his occupied area south of the Moselle, Deficiencies in quality and organization in the German authorities reinstated by him and the subliminal opposition of his largely annexionist officer corps created the difficult environment for the preparations for a new campaign.
In April 1797, Hoche had terminated the armistice with the Austrians and began the new campaign with a Rhine crossing and the subsequent Battle of Neuwied on April 18, 1797, which should bring France into a more favorable position in the expected peace negotiations. He got the upper hand over the Austrians in three battles and five meetings and advanced as far as Friedberg in the Wetterau. On April 22nd he received news of the preliminary peace of Leoben that Bonaparte had concluded in Frankfurt . Hoche had to break off the advance and set up his headquarters in Wetzlar, Hesse . In May, "one of the Irish rebel leaders reported to him there about a current situation (presumably in Ireland) that was particularly favorable for a new expedition". Hoche probably saw this as an opportunity to forget about his previous, failed expedition against England. He convinced the Paris Directory of a new expedition, even though the British government was trying to negotiate peace with France during these days.
At the end of June, Hoche received an order from the Minister of the Navy, Laurent Truguet , to deploy an 8,000-10,000-strong expeditionary force from the Rhine to Brest. In Paris, a power struggle between moderate, “royalist” and the republican, revolutionary members of the Directory and the Council of Five Hundred escalated . Hoche was probably informed of this by Barras, a member of the board of directors , and had instructions to lead his army on the way to Brest on the outskirts of Paris in order to stand ready with his troops against the hated opponents of the revolution in the event of a coup. Despite his youth, Hoche was appointed Minister of the Army (according to the constitution only possible from the age of 30). The expected coup did not come about. The moderate government protested against the constitutionally prohibited presence of Hoches Army near Paris and his appointment as Minister of the Army. He was accused of acting arbitrarily - and Barras did not defend him. The whole action was presented as a mistake by a war commissioner and no longer found support. Disappointed about the scheming policy of the board of directors, he refused the appointment to army minister and, already suffering from a chronic cough, returned to his army in Germany.
In July 1797 he was given supreme command of all armies on the German western border. However, he died in his headquarters in Wetzlar on September 18 or 19, 1797 of a respiratory infection. The decision of the board of directors of September 16, 1797 against a Cisrhenan republic and for an annexation of the conquered areas - and thus the end of his previous policy - did not reach him. During his autopsy, two large defects were found in the lungs. It is no coincidence that this form of the disease was called galloping consumption . This finding was first published in the Deutsches Ärzteblatt. General Hardy's order for an autopsy was also to counter rumors of poisoning Hoches by his enemies in the government.
Hoche was first buried near the grave of General Marceau, who also died young, on the Petersberg in Koblenz-Lützel . The construction of the fortress Kaiser Franz after 1816 by Prussia left the grave untouched. Here Hoche rested under a simple stone slab until 1919. In the course of a solemn transfer of his remains to Weißenthurm on July 7, 1919 to the General Hoche monument, begun in 1797 , the French Army on the Rhine also moved the grave slab from the Petersberg in Koblenz.
Honors
His name is entered on the triumphal arch in Paris in the 3rd column. One of the great Parisian streets leading to the Arc de Triomphe is Avenue Hoche . There are monuments with statues of the general in Quiberon , in Versailles and on the Rue Rivoli in Paris , in the outer wall of the Louvre . In the first place, Aimé-Jules Dalou (1838–1902) cast him in bronze, not as a stormy, youthful hero, but thoughtful, rather resigned.
An honor during his lifetime was the praise made public by the government for being the “Pacificateur de la Vendée”, combined with the gift of a pair of fine horses for his carriage and a pair of pistols from the most famous Parisian arms manufacturer.
Obituaries and honors that were dedicated to Hoche after his death came from both the republican and royalist, conservative sides. Both political currents that struggled for power in post-revolutionary France in 1797 until the anti-royalist coup d'état of September 4th (22nd Fructidor V) praised him as the "Bonaparte du Rhin" who died too early.
- " Général en chef à 24 ans - an I "
- « Il débloqua Landau - an II »
- « Il pacifia la Vendée - to III et IV »
- « Il vainquit à Neuwied - an V »
- « Il chassa les fripons de l'armée - to V »
- « Il déjoua les conspirateurs - to V »
Divisions General Championnet had these five dates written on a sign ('pavois antiquisée') that was placed at the grave for Hoche's funeral ceremony. For his comrades in the Sambre and Maas Army, these were the most memorable deeds. At the funeral service organized by the government on the Paris Champ de Mars a few days later, it was not his military merits that were praised on a pyramid, but his human qualities: “ Il fut humain dans la guerre et clement dans la victoire ”.
Both funeral ceremonies were celebrated with great ceremony: 30 generals are said to have been present in Koblenz, French and Austrian artillery fired salute salvos from the crossing of the funeral procession over the Rhine to the burial on the Petersberg.
In Paris on October 1, 1797, all regiments stationed in the city, generals, dignitaries, government representatives and the Hoche family celebrated a memorial service in the style of a Roman-classical honor for the dead : " Il vécut assez pour la gloire, et trop peu pour la patrie ".
The soldiers of his Sambre and Maas army donated him a monumental grave monument on the Rhine, opposite Neuwied , where he had started his last campaign against Austria. The General Hoche monument is one of the largest early classicist structures in France in Germany today.
The last major honor took place on July 7, 1919 when his remains were transported to Weißenthurm. French and American troops (the Rhineland, lying north of the Moselle line, was an American zone of occupation until 1922) formed a line from Koblenz-Lützel to Weißenthurm, some 20 km away. The most senior military officers of the Allied occupation forces , Marshal Foch and US General Allen, were present. Army gunboats fired salutes on the Rhine when Hoches urn was transferred to the tomb of the grave monument.
Hoche in the judgment of his contemporaries
"He was enthusiastic about his fatherland, of heated character, remarkable bravery, of energetic, somewhat restless ambition, but he did not know how to wait for events and he threw himself into danger through hasty undertakings", quoted General Gourgaud in Napoleon in 1825 . The memoirs of his life the judgment of the emperor.
Elsewhere in Gourgaud's (French original edition), Napoleon's judgment of Hoche is cooler, probably not entirely free from jealousy: « Hoche est différent, je ne sais comment il se serait conduit, il avait une ambition active, avec beaucoup de moyens, et mon ambition, à moi, était froide; je ne voulais rien risquer ».
Board member Paul de Barras on Hoche's effect on the ladies of Paris society (he also attributed a relationship with Joséphine de Beauharnais , who later became Napoleon's wife and Empress): “This was our first warrior and one of the most beautiful men, from Shape more Hercules than Apollo ", and about Hoches' proposals for the reorganization of the administration and army in the occupied Rhineland at the beginning of 1797:" This beautiful work is that of a man who knows war as well as politics; the plan is admired and unanimously approved ”.
In the 1820s, Adolphe Thiers quotes the social significance of the important Parisian salons after the joyless period of the Terreurs (for example that of Director Barras or Madame Tallien): “The salons were teeming with generals who would complete their education and happiness in two years had made [...]. Here in the first row shone young Hoche, who had risen from a simple soldier of the French Guard in a campaign to become Commander-in-Chief and had given himself the most careful upbringing in two years. Beautiful, full of delicacy, famous as one of the first generals of his time, and at the age of 27, he was the hope of the Republicans and the ideal of these women who love to be captured by beauty, talent and fame. ”Thiers mentions especially the ladies Beauharnais , de Staël and Tallien .
Marshal Soult wrote in his memoir: “ Le général Hoche possédait les qualités qui constituent le grand capitaine, et il les faisait ressortir par le dons extérieurs les plus séduisants. Son port noble et majestueux, sa physionomie ouverte et prévenante, attiraient la confiance à la première vue, comme sur les champs de bataille, toute son attitude commandait l'admiration ».
literature
- Hansgeorg Molitor: From subject to administrator. Institute for European History Mainz Vol. 99, Verlag Steiner Wiesbaden 1980
- Online library of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, gallica.bnf.fr keyword Lazare Hoche
- Peter Clavadetscher: Des Elends Sohn , from 2008 a novel-like life story of General Lazare Hoche 1768 - 1797, in 7 individual chapters with extensive sources, available as PDF files at http://db.peterclavadetscher.ch/
- Robert Garnier: Lazare Hoche ou l'honneur des armes. Paris 1986
- Jochem Rudersdorf: The last campaign of the French general Lazare Hoche and the end of the coalition war in 1797 . In: Nassauische Annalen 109. (1998), pp. 229-264
- Joseph Hansen : Sources on the history of the Rhineland in the age of the French Revolution. Volumes III and IV, Bonn 1938 (letters and documents from Hoche, mostly in the French original)
- Procès-verbal de la céremonie funèbre en mémoire du général Hoche, le 10 Vendémiaire to VI. (official protocol of the commemoration) Paris, printing house of the Republic October 1797
- Adolphe Thiers , History of the French Revolution, 6 volumes, Paris 1823–1827, trans. v. A. Walthner, Mannheim 1844
- Rhenish antiquarian. Middle Rhine III, Section, Volume 2, Koblenz 1854
- Alexandre Charles Omer Rousselin de Corbeau, Comte de Saint-Albin: Vie de Lazare Hoche, Général des armées de la république. in Desene and Barrois 1798, volumes 1 and 2 (in volume 2 correspondence from Hoche)
- Collection des mémoires relatifs à la Révolution française - Guerre des Vendéens et des Chouans contre la République Française ou Annales des départements de l'Ouest par un officier supérieur des armées de la République. Collection of files from the Welfare Committee, the Ministry, the Revolutionary Commissioners, the generals involved, etc. Baudoin Frères Paris 1825
- Edouard Bergounioux: Essaie sur la vie de Lazare Hoche. Paris 1852
- Baudrillart and Dugast-Marifeux: La veuve du general Hoche. Paris 1859
- Georges Girard: La vie de Lazare Hoche. Gallimard, Paris 1926
- The circular painting of the most beautiful point of the Middle Rhine, from Ehrenbreitstein to Hammerstein, painted by the brothers Simon and Niklas Meister: enlivened by the fourth Rhine crossing of the French under General Hoche in 1797, topographically and historically explained; with a clear historical introduction and outlines of a biography of General Hoche . Bachem, Cologne 1841 digitized
- Jean-Noël Charon: Louis-Lazare Hoche (1768-1797) - French General on the Rhine , Verlag Dietmar Fölbach, Koblenz 2018, ISBN 978-3-95638-415-8
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Claude Desprez: Lazare Hoche, d'après sa correspondence et ses notes. Paris 1858.
- ^ Hippolyte Maze: Les Généraux de la Republique Française. Chapter Hoche. Paris 1889. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5553379x.langDE
- ^ Hippolyte Carnot : Lazare Hoche. Paris 1874, p. 3 ff.
- ↑ Joseph Hansen: Sources ... Vol. III. P. 877.
- ↑ LHA Koblenz, Best. 403, No. 14027, files for the renovation of the Hoche monument in Weißenthurm
- ^ Georges Duruy: Barras Memoirs III. P. 37 ff.
- ↑ General Le Veneur de Tillières was in command on site . Hippolyte Maze, Les généraux de la République. Kléber, Hoche, Marceau , Paris 1889, p. 103, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5553379x/f104.image.langDE
- ^ Rousselin de Saint-Alban: Lazare Hoche. Vol. 2, p. 372 ff.
- ↑ Louis ML Hennequin: La campagne de 1794 entre Rhin et Moselle, Kaiserslautern. Paris 1909, p. 41 ff.
- ^ Thankmar von Münchhausen: Call for destruction. FAZ supplement, Pictures and Times from September 25, 1993, Frankfurt 1993
- ^ A. Thiers: History of the French Revolution. Vol. 4, p. 313 ff.
- ↑ A. Thiers: Gesch. der Franz ... Vol. 4, p. 525.
- ↑ Thomas de Closmadeuc: Quiberon 1795. Interrogations et Jugements, Commissions militaires. Paris 1899, p. 549 ff.
- ↑ A. Thiers: Gesch. the French Revolution. Vol. V, p. 53 ff.
- ↑ Gen. Lazare Hoche, Instructions to Colonel Tate, Authentic Copies in the beginning of 1797 , London 1798, ECCO Print Editions British Library London, LaVergne USA 2011
- ^ Dan Cruickshank, Napoleon, Nelson and the French Threat, BBC-History 2011
- ^ Molitor: Vom Untertan ... p. 11, counts 84 dominions for the area of the later Rhine-Mosel department.
- ↑ Molitor: From the subject ... p. 132.
- ↑ For example, he made his brother-in-law Karl Friedrich Durbach the general contractor for the collection of duties for the maintenance of the army. Quoted in Hansen: Sources ... Vol. 3, pp. 912 ff.
- ↑ Joseph Hansen: Sources ... Vol. III, p. 1052 ff.
- ↑ Alain Pigeard: Les Étoiles de Napoléon. Éditions Quatuor, Paris 1996, p. 398.
- ↑ Detailed, contemporary description of the funeral at: www.dilibri.de, Die Franzosen in Koblenz 1794 to 1797 , by Prof. Minola, Koblenz, edited by Dr. Hermann Cardanus, Koblenz 1916
- ↑ Vol. 3, Ed .: Friedrich Wenker-Wildberg, Berlin 1930, p. 254.
- ^ Also in Georges Duruy: Memoirs Barras. Vol. II, p. 269 ff.
- ↑ A. Thiers: Gesch. the French Revolution. Vol. 5, p. 78 ff.
- ↑ Also at Alain Pigeard: Les Etoiles ... S. 398th
| predecessor | Office | successor |
|---|---|---|
| Claude Louis Petiet |
Minister of War of France July 15, 1797 - July 22, 1797 |
Barthélemy Louis Joseph Scherer |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Hoche, Lazare |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Hoche, Louis-Lazare |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | French general of the revolutionary era |
| DATE OF BIRTH | June 25, 1768 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Montreuil |
| DATE OF DEATH | September 19, 1797 |
| Place of death | Wetzlar |