Münsterländer Platt

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Westphalian is usually divided into
1. East Westphalian,
2. South Westphalian,
3. Münsterland,
4. West Münsterland .

Depending on the definition, the following are also added:
5. Achterhoeks,
10. Twents.
11. Grafschafter Platt,
12. Emsländer Platt,
13. Westerwolds.

Lower Saxon dialects of the Netherlands, which are not part of Westphalian:
6. Veluws
7. Sallands
8. Stellingwerfs
9. Drents.

The Groninger dialect, which differs from Westphalian, is not shown.

The Münsterländer Platt (Münsterland: Mönsterlänner Platt ), Münsterländisches Platt (Münsterland: mönsterlännsk Platt, Mönsterländsk Platt ) or Münsterländisch is a Westphalian dialect . Linguistically it belongs to the Lower Saxony or West Low German dialects and thus to the Low or Low German language (Münsterland: Plattdütsk, Plattdüütsk ). Not every linguistic classification makes the Münsterländer Platt one of the Westphalian dialects.

Until the middle of the 20th century, Platt was mostly learned as the first language (mother tongue) in the Münsterland . After the Second World War, Standard German became more and more popular among local families. As the language of everyday life it is i. d. Usually only used by the generation born before 1945 in the country. It is practically no longer passed on to younger generations, so that the Westphalian is threatened in its continued existence.

From the amalgamation of the Münsterländer Platts with Yiddish or Rotwelsch , the special language Masematte arose in Münster , independently of the Low German .

Linguistic characteristics

The Münsterländer Platt is one of four dialect groups in Westphalian alongside East Westphalian , South Westphalian and West Münsterland . Some Dutch dialects are also included in Westphalian. Like all Westphalian dialect groups, Münsterland is characterized by a strong diphthongization (pronunciation in […], [v] as in high German w , [ë] see below):

  • older vowels e / ä or i often became iä or ië: biätter [biätë] (better), Hiëge [hiëgë] (hedge)
  • analogous to o and u to uo or ue [uë]: buoben [buobën, buobm] (above), gued [chuët, chuëd-] (good)
  • also ö and ü to üö or üe [üë]: büöwerste [büövëstë] (supreme), gewüenen [chëvüën (ë) n] (to get used to)

(pronunciation of [E] corresponds here to a weak, dull e - the so-called schwa -. as in hochdt. sag e n - hence the emphasis on [IE, UE, UE] respectively on the first vowel iÄ at [, uo, üö] on the other hand more at the back).

These diphthongs date from the late Middle Ages (around 15th century), when in German, English and other Germanic languages, short vowels in general became “longer” in open stem syllables (= vowel ending); more precisely: it was not (initially) the vowel that was lengthened, but the syllable - by adding a secondary vowel to the short vowel, e.g. B. e > ea in br e -ken > br ea -ken (break - see also to break from older breken ).

In most languages ​​these secondary vowels were then adjusted to the original ones, so that ultimately a short vowel became a long vowel (e.g. [ee] or [ää]) - in the Westphalian dialects, however, this only happened with the a and the associated one Umlaut ä , z. B .:

  • [l a t]> [l aë t]> [l aa t] laat (late)
  • [l ä tër]> [l äë tër]> [l ää të (r)] läeter (later)

The other diphthongs, however, were preserved as such. T. only slightly changed aloud. They had developed from the former Mitteliederdt. Vowels e / o / ö developed, which denoted on the one hand "open" (close to [a]) sounds and on the other hand "closed" (tending to [i / u / ü]) sounds.

In Münsterland the “open” sounds became [iä / uo / üö] and the “closed” ones became [ië / uë / üë].

As a rule, the “open” sounds go back to older [e / o / ö], the “closed” to [i / u / ü]; there was also an umlaut from a :

  • "open":
    • german./altsächs. e: br e kan > br e ken > br iä ken [briäkn] (to break)
    • later umlaut e: a rg- > e rgeren > iä rgern [iägën] (annoy)
    • german./altsächs. o: h o p- > h o p (p) en > h uo pen [huopm] (hope)
    • ö = u. a. Umlaut- o , see Duorp [duoëp] (village) / D üö rper [düöëpë] (villagers, belonging to the village)
  • "closed":
    • german./altsächs. i: bil i ban > ge-b (e) l e ven > bl ië ben [bliëbm] (stayed)
    • earlier umlaut e: st a di- > st e de > St ië de [stiëdë], next to it later St iä r [stiäë] (place, place)
    • german./altsächs. u: f u gl- > v o gel > V ue gel [fuëgël] (bird)
    • ü = umlaut- u , see Vuegel / V üe gel [füëgël] (birds)
  • Particularities:
    • In front of an r (today) there is never ië / ue / üe - hence shift to the “open” diphthong z. B. after changing from d (d) to r (r) , see above St ië de / St iä r (possibly the later vocalization of r (> [ë]) triggered this shift because there are now two [ë] -Vowels - iëë / uëë / üëë - gave next to each other). One case of analogous shift is Fr iä den (Frieden, german. Fr i du ), see tefr iä r (satisfied).
    • Occasionally surfaced iÄ / uo / üö closed in (today) (= consonant ending) syllables - before r or l , see above iär liked and D fluoro p / D üör by . Other examples: H iär t (heart), B üör ger (citizens) s fluoro gen (care), W IAEL d (world). In the latter case, the original word we-reld (see also althochdt. Weralt , oldgl. Woruld ) contained an open stem syllable - in the remaining cases it can only be assumed that the pronunciation of r and l, which was common at the time, often resulted in a scion vowel , which in older times also appeared occasionally in the typeface, e.g. B. old high dt. felga / fel a ha (rim), arm / ar a m (arm - even today in Scottish English film and arm are spoken like [fil ë m] and [ar ë m]). So z. B. german./altsächs. hert- > [her ë t]> [hear ë t]> Hiär-t .

In addition, there is the complete series of open long vowels (in High German only [aa] and [ää]):

  • aa: maken [maak (ë) n] (to make)
  • ää: later [läätë] (later)
  • ao: laoten [laot (ë) n] (let)
  • äö: Käörken [käöëk (ë) n] (small wagon / cart)

These long vowels originated from the older aë (> aa - originally a short vowel a in an open syllable, see above) and from the older aa (> ao ) and their respective umlaut (the pronunciation of ao lies between aa and oo (IPA: [ɔ:] ), those from äö between ää and öö (IPA: [œ:])).

Furthermore, the r at the end of a syllable / word or before a consonant has vocalized to ë (see also high German r ), so that the older open short vowels e / ä , o and ö , as far as they were before such a r and not to diphthongs (see above) have also developed to the above long vowels, e.g. B. Kerl / Kärl [kerl> käël> kääl] and the above Käörken .

As in English, the above r , which has meanwhile become [ë], is silenced after an unstressed e [ë]: see Büörgermester (mayor) = [büöëgëmestë]. In contrast, older dor (da, there)> daor [daoë] (not: dao ).

The diphthongs ai , au and (more rarely) oi remain to be mentioned; these come from older long vowels:

  • ee > ai , middle low. bleeken > blaiken (bleach), reep > raip (called)
    • on the other hand ee in words like anteekt (marked) u. a.
  • oo > au , middle low. boom > tree (tree), hochdt. Rose > Out
    • on the other hand no change in old German. oo in Blood , Moder [moodë] (mother), Broer [brooë] (brother), etc.
  • öö first> oi , then mostly shifted further to ai : middle low. böme > boime > baime (trees). One of the few words with a preserved oi is spoiled [schpoilt] (rinsed)
    • The öö as the umlaut of the German mentioned above was not changed . oo , e.g. B. in Bröers [brööës] (brothers).

Otherwise, in Münsterland - in contrast to East and South Westphalia - the Germanic long vowels are used

  • ii: mien [miin] (my)
  • uu: Huus [huus] (house)
  • later üü: trüü [trüü] (faithful)

preserved.

Another characteristic is the frequent weakening of vowels of single monosyllabic words or syllables when they are not emphasized, e.g. B .:

  • stressed to (zu) as in tomaken [toomaak (ë) n] (to close) becomes te in te maken [te_maak (ë) n] (to make)
  • daor- in daormet [daoëmet] (so) will DER in dermet way! [vech_dëmet] (Get rid of it!)
  • van- (from) to unstressed ven- in vendage [fëndaaghë] (today), venmuorn [fënmuoën] (this morning) etc.

(However, this weakening is often not evident in the writings of the Münsterländer Platt, as these, as templates for plays or for lectures in local associations, require a louder or "clearer" way of speaking than in a normal, fluid conversation and therefore more full vowels in contain unstressed syllables).

Another typical feature of Münsterland is the "Dutch" pronunciation of the g :

  • as voiceless [ch] in the initial and final as well as in the internal before voiceless consonants, e.g. E.g .: gaon [chaon] (to go), Wegg [wech] (way), naigste [naichstë]
  • as a voiced [gh] in front of vowels and voiced consonants, e.g. E.g .: naige [naighë] (near), moving [bëveghdë] (moving); the latter also spoken like [bëvechtë], likewise z. B. Legden [lecht (ë) n] (place name)

(There are, however, also places where the g is very voiced and thus generally spoken almost like high German g ).

Probably from Hochdt. the pronunciation of the original s before consonants was adopted as [sch], z. B. Spaigel [schpaigh (ë) l], Steen [schteen] (stone) and schmaken [schmaak (ë) n] (taste).

In addition, original sk has become sch [sch + ch] as in Schole [schchoolë] (school) or to schk [sch + k]: Wöschke [vöschkë] (laundry). The apparent exception pär sk e [pääskë] (peach) emerged from the disappearance of the original intermediate vowel i from persike (from Latin fructus persica ) (not, as is sometimes assumed, from French pêche ).

Otherwise, the same applies to the s as to the g :

  • in the first case as voiceless [s] like hochdt. ß , e.g. B. Seggen [seghe (ë) n] (say), Nöster [nöstë] (nests), Arms [aams] (arms).
  • in the second case as a voiced [z] as in hochdt. Sun , e.g. B. fraisen [fraiz (ë) n] (to freeze).

A t tends - similar to the t in English - to fade if it is followed by an l, m or n after an unstressed and ultimately silent e [ë] , e.g. E.g .: hoosten [hoostën> hoosn] (cough), Aom [aotëm> aom] (breath) - compare engl. castle [kastël> kaasl] and action [äktschën> äkschn].

In Münsterland - as in Low German in general - Hochdt are unknown. pf and c ; the latter has recently always been adopted as a voiceless s [s], e.g. E.g .: cigar (cigar)> sigar [sigarrë].

In this context, reference should also be made to the tens from 70 - siëben_sig, eight_sig, niëgen_sig - which were evidently only newly formed in modern times based on the example of the High German official language that has existed here since about the 17th century, see -zig , what on suggests an earlier 60s number system (once widespread in Europe) (with different formation of the numbers from 70, see also e.g. French soixante-dix = 60 + 10) and suggests that the old settlements in the Münsterland historically belonged to the dates back to pre-Germanic times; This is also supported by the fact that the settlement area of ​​the Brukterer mentioned by the Roman historian Tacitus practically corresponds to the distribution area of ​​today's Münsterländer Platt.

In the written form there are no standardized spelling rules, but is mostly written according to phonetic criteria. However, since the year 2000 there have been twelve strict rules with which every Low German dialect can be clearly spelled.

Language example

This article or section needs to be revised:

  1. A translation should also be given.
  2. On the one hand "dialect", "Formen" and on the other hand "dat mönsterlänskt", "de lüe", "jungs" - either these should be two examples that should be separated more clearly, or the case (upper or lower case of nouns) be unified.
  3. The Low German text contradicts itself: "Sunnerheten are diphthongs as [...] ao. Dat ao is aower egentliks een sölwstaoende Buukstaow" = "(special) features are diphthongs like [...] ao. The ao is actually a self-sounding letter [vocal , Vowel] ", that is to say, 'ao is also a diphthong, but ao is not a diphthong'. <ao> is a digraph and stands for a vowel sound.
    Please help to improve it , and then remove this flag.

Dat mönsterlänsk Platt is a westfäölskt dialect of nedderdüütsk un neddersask, as in Mönsterland it would be. Et giw twee forms, dat mönsterlänskt sölw and dat westmönsterläsk Platt. Sunnerhetes are diphthongs äs tB uo, üö, uë un ao. Dat ao is also egentliks een sölwstaoende Buukstaow, we tüschen dat aa un dat oo lig, so dat is, what int Austfreeske wul åå is. Bes ton tweden Wiäldkrieg what dat mönsterlänsk Platt de Spraok, we de most Kinner to Huus toeerst had learned, men danao wuord dat all meer dat Haugdüütsk.

In plattdüütsk wet aals tosammen küert un like säch to de lüe: "Kiek de äs wier in, woar i places and drinks and fiern fun mäck un woar use weighters and boys küernt up flat."

Eenes good days what Schulte Brömmelkamp it like up Besöök - or "Fisiete", de Lüde would say earlier - be his sweet, in the gray city. Un wu'm so comood bineener full, kamm de Küerie auk up the never rabbit stable in'n Gaorden, waor jüss twee rabbits insatten - un dat was't then auk, because again there was nothing, no rabbit blages ... "Dat müe 'wi us faorts ankieken “say Schulte Brömmelkamp un göng met de heele Familge there. And then sööch he dat Malöör - daor full twee Kärls in. “Nää”, föng he an te laugh, “that can't be anything!” - “Why not?” Ask your daughter-in-law. "Ik segg Di wat", so Schulte Brömmelkamp to iär, "do it daor'n Möerken bi - then you will get to Togg." - "Do you really think that helps? They have already had carrots ... "

theatre

Theatrical performances take place once or twice a year in almost every municipality in Münster. Mostly it is comedies and comedies that are played almost without exception in Mönsterlänner Platt . The theater groups are usually organized in local homeland and traditional associations or in mostly Catholic associations. In Riesenbeck, theater plays such as B. De Vögnöögte Tankstiär performed by the Kolping Family Riesenbeck theater group .

In Münster there is also the Low German stage at the Münster City Theaters . It was founded on May 12, 1919 (charter). The first chairman was Friedrich Castelle , one of the co-founders Karl Wagenfeld .

The first name was the Low German Stage of the Münster Literary Society in Westphalia , today it is called NDB at the Münster Municipal Theaters .

The Niederdeutsche Bühne Münster has around 70 members; around 25 of them are active. Its aim is to promote, maintain and cultivate the Low German language using the means of the theater. One piece is performed per season. In the course of this, around 40 samples are required. The actors play free of charge.

The following are and have been played: Comedies, dramas, rascals, musicals, science fiction pieces, detective pieces, fairy tales , classics and the most modern authors, one-person pieces and productions with the largest cast. Much played authors: Wagenfeld, Schurek, Homann, Mehring, Aulke, Hinrichs.

  • The chairmen:

Friedrich Castelle (from 1919), Bernd Bietendüwel (from 1938), Johannes Göttker-Schnetmann (from 1958), Wilhelm Vernekohl (from 1964), Heinrich Füser (from 1967), Hannes Demming (from 1974), today: Elisabeth Georges

  • The directors:

Frank Wahl, Hanns Niedecken-Gebhart, Willi Wahl, Wolrad Rube, Benno Haffesen, Fritz Settgast, Heinz Kottkamp, ​​Walter Kordt, Paul Pape, Reinhold Ockel, Rolf Weidenbrück, Friedrich Karl Wittich, Werner Brüggemann, Hannes Demming

writer

A typical literary form of the Münsterländer Platt are so-called Döönkes , short humorous stories, jokes and anecdotes . “Somebody is telling Döönkes ” means colloquially in the Münsterland that the stories are not to be taken too seriously.

Well-known authors

  • Augustin Wibbelt , priest and local poet (1862–1947)
    Poems such as Dat Pöggsken (The     Little Frog ) can still be quoted by many Münster countries today.
  • Heinrich Schulze-Spüntrup
    Schulze-Spüntrup is known for his satire Alls dat blots för de Katt (Everything for the cat).
    A cat has run away from a farmer and while looking for his cat he comes across experts whose advice drives the farmer into the mill of bureaucracy and alienates him from his actual concerns. In the end he is even supposed to become an organ donor, but daughter Mariechen now realizes: All the farmer lacks is a cat.
  • Werner Heukamp (born May 20, 1929 in Hörstel)
    The Catholic priest and local researcher is best known for his "Plattdütsket Gebiädbook" (1996).
  • Hannes Demming
    Hannes Demming is the author of the Low German fable book "Die Fabel-Fibel" (Aschendorff-Verlag Münster 1989), translator of the Asterix volume "Asterix un de Kuopperpott" (Stuttgart in 2000), translator of many radio plays (including for WDR) into Low German and some plays, e.g. B. "De bruoken Kroos" (H. v. Kleist's " The Broken Jug " in the original meter, world premiere in 1985 at the Munster Municipal Theater by the Low German Stage in Munster), "Dat Spiel van Doktor Faust" by Urfaust in Low German original Metrum (world premiere at the Münster Municipal Theaters by the Niederdeutsche Bühne Münster), dialect poet and editor of the collected works of Karl Wagenfeld Vol. 3 and 4 (Aschendorff Verlag Münster 1983 and 1992) and editor of the book “Spiellwiärks” by Wolfram Rosemann (Aschendorff Verlag Münster 1988).
  • Rainer Schepper
    Schepper has broadcast numerous plays in the Münsterländer Platt.
  • Rinje Bernd Behrens
    Peter cares incognito (Peter comes incognito) is a comedy in five acts by Behrens for eight actors. He transferred the comedy Dat Töttchenhotel to the Münsterländer Platt. Töttchen is a Munsterland dish that consists of various offal.
  • Käthe Averwald , poet (born February 22, 1931 in Eschendorf near Rheine ).
    The collections of poetry and short stories     Rausen un Nietteln (1989), Swalwenleed (1990) and Niee Wiäge (1999) are known from her.
  • Friedrich Ernst Hunsche , author in High German and Low German (1905–1994). Work on the documentation and preservation of the Low German language of the Münsterland. His ten volumes of Low German stories from Schöningh are well known . In 1988 he received the Wilhelm-Fredemann-Gedächtnispreis of the Heimatbund Osnabrücker Land e.V. for his special contribution to the maintenance and promotion of the Low German language . V.
  • Julius Abeler , Anton Aulke , Werner Brüggemann , Friedrich Castelle , August Hollweg , Ferdinand Krüger , Hermann Landois , Eli Marcus , Otto Pötter , Karl Wagenfeld , Ferdinand Westhoff (G. Ungt), Hermann Wette , Ferdinand Zumbroock

Münsterländer Platt, audible

Liesborn an der Lippe Spokesperson: Christine Grüter, Liesborn
Das Varuslied Speaker: Kaspar Mense, Wadersloh

music

The Gaitlinge group is known for their songs in Münsterland Low German, which are performed in four-part choral singing with accordion accompaniment.

The Kiepenkerlchor Nordwalde has existed since 1984 and performs Low German songs mixed with Döönkes . The group takes its name from a well-known Münsterland figure, the Kiepenkerl , a term for wandering salespeople and market deliverers.

The punk band Schrappmesser , consisting of members of the Donots and Waterdown groups , mainly plays music with lyrics in Münsterländer Platt.

De mönsterlänner Meersken , founded in May 2014, is the new women's singing group from Altenberge, Nordwalde and Münster. The Meersken (peasant women) sing a cappella and perform their songs primarily in the Münsterländer Platt.

literature

Textbooks and dictionaries

  • Rita and Rudolf Averbeck:
    • Dat Mönsterlänner Platt - textbook. Gutverlag, 2007 ( ISBN 3-89714-497-2 ); 2nd Edition. Publisher Edition 1.6, 2009.
    • Dat Mönsterlänner Platt dictionary. Publisher Edition 1.6, 2017.
  • Walter Born:
    • Small language teaching of the Münsterländer Platt. Regensberg Münster, 1978 (2nd edition 1983).
    • Small dictionary of the Münsterländer Platt. 1979 (4th edition Regensberg Münster, 1986).
  • Markus Denkler: The Münsterland Platt (Westphalian dialects Volume 1). Aschendorff Verlag , Münster 2016 ( ISBN 978-3-402-14344-5 ).
  • Klaus-Werner Kahl:
    • Dictionary of the Münsterländer Platt. Aschendorff Verlag , Münster 2000, 2nd edition 2003 ( ISBN 3-402-06447-2 ), 3rd edition 2009.
    • Kahl's platdüütske Naokieksel. Met 1650 Beller. Aschendorff Verlag, 2008.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jan Goossens (Ed.): Low German - Language and Literature. Volume 1: Language. Neumünster 1983, p. 14 f, p. 142 f. Hans Taubken: Low German language - Westphalian dialects. Münster undated
  2. ^ Klaus-Werner Kahl: Write flat. In: plattdeutsch.net. Retrieved January 29, 2016 .
  3. ↑ Münsterländer Platt in the Low German Bibliography and Biography (PBuB)