Maestrale class (1934)
_crowned.svg){kind=small} Maestrale class |
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 Scirocco
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| overview | |
| Ship type : | cacciatorpedine destroyer |
| Units: | 4th |
| Builders: | Cantieri Navali Riuniti, Ancona Cantieri del Tirreno, Riva Trigoso |
| Keel laying : | September 1931 |
| 1. Launch : | April 5, 1934 Maestrale |
| 1. Commissioning: | September 2, 1934 Maestrale |
| Use until: | 1964 Grecale |
| Technical specifications | |
| Displacement : | 1,615 ts standard 2,207 ts maximum |
| Length: | 106.7 m above sea level, 101.6 m pp. |
| Width: | 10.15 m |
| Draft : | up to 3.6 m |
| Drive : | 3 Yarrow boilers 2 Parsons turbines with single gear 44,000 HP |
| Speed : | 38 kn |
| Fuel supply: | 520 tons of oil |
| Range : | 2,300 nm at 12 kn |
| Crew : | 153-191 |
| Armament: | 2 × 2 120 mm L / 50 guns 2 × 40 mm L / 39 guns 2 × 2 13.2 mm Fla - MGs 2 × 3553 mm torpedo tubes 56 mines 2 water bombs -Werfer |
| Armament of the Grecale from 1954: |
2 × 2 120 mm L / 50 guns |
The Maestrale- class was a destroyer- class of the Royal Italian Navy . It consisted of four destroyers that entered service in the fall of 1934. They were built at the Cantieri del Tirreno shipyards in Riva Trigoso and Cantieri Navali Riuniti in Ancona , which had already received orders from the Navy for destroyers of the previous classes. Since the four ships were all named after Mediterranean winds ( Maestrale , Grecale , Scirocco and Libeccio ), they were also known as classe venti .
They were an enlarged version of the Dardo and Folgore- class destroyers , were 10 m longer and equipped with a newer version of the 120 mm twin gun. The Italian destroyers of the Oriani and Soldati classes that followed until the outbreak of the war were largely similar to them.
When Italy entered World War II in 1940, the four ships of the class formed the 10th destroyer squadron stationed in Sicily. Three units were lost during the war. Only Grecale survived the World War, was reclassified to a frigate in 1957 and only canceled in 1964.
The names of the ships were used in the early 1980s for the construction of new Maestrale-class frigates .
History of the class
The keel-laying of the four Maestrale- class destroyers took place in the autumn of 1931, when the Freccia , the first ship of the Dardo-class, was just being delivered. Of these first one-chimney destroyers of the Regia Marina, two units, Freccia and Saetta, were also built at Cantieri del Tirreno in Riva Trigoso. From the following and the Maestrale -Zerstörern immediately preceding class Folgore all four units in 1931 had been launched. The reason for the hull enlargement was the fact that the previously built Italian destroyers exceeded their original design displacement and had too much weight above the waterline.
Therefore, a new hull was developed that was supposed to reduce this problem (poor sea characteristics) and, despite its size, was able to achieve the required maximum speed in use with a similar machine system. The newly constructed, approximately 10 m longer hull (106.7 m above sea level / 101.6 m pp) and the increased width of up to 10.15 m enabled a propulsion system of 44,000 hp with three Yarrow boilers and two Parsons Geared turbines continued the top speed of 38 knots . The larger fuselage allowed a better weight distribution, which enabled the new destroyers to achieve a speed of 2 knots higher than the previous classes under the various operating conditions. Despite all efforts, the ships of the Maestrale class also exceeded their planned standard displacement of 1449 t and displaced 1615 t under standard conditions.
The Maestrale class received improved 120 mm twin guns of the type OTO 1931 with the same basic design and distribution of the armament. As with the predecessors, two 40 mm L / 39 guns of the Vickers-Terni type and two twin 13.2 mm Fla - MGs of the Breda model 31 were installed. The destroyers still had two 553-mm torpedo tube -Drillingssätze on the centreline and two depth charges -Werfer. An existing rail system made it possible to take along and use up to 56 sea mines .
Even before Italy entered the war, the retrofitting of the destroyers to improve their anti-aircraft capabilities began. For the outdated 40 mm cannons and the two machine gun twins, six 20 mm L / 65 automatic cannons of the Breda 1939/1940 design and two other depth charges were on board.
Assignments at the Regia Marina
During the Spanish Civil War , the four destroyers were used to monitor shipping traffic to Spain. Maestrale and Scirocco accompanied Italian merchant ships that transported alleged volunteers to Spain who took part in the civil war on Franco's side. The four destroyers of the class were temporarily stationed in Tangier in order to secure transports of the nationalists from Spanish Morocco to the mainland with other Italian ships . In particular, the Grecale was also used off the west coast of Spain and visited Belgium in August 1936 and in Lisbon in July 1939 .
During the Italian occupation of Albania in April 1939, Libeccio , Grecale and Scirocco were involved in the combat group deployed against Vlora (Valona).
After the start of the war in Europe, the aforementioned conversion of the anti-aircraft armament of the Maestrale class began. The four destroyers formed the 10th Destroyer Squadron (X Squadriglia Cacciatorpediniere) stationed in Sicily, which was to be used with the heavy units of the fleet in June 1940 when Italy entered World War II on the side of Germany.
1940
A first mission took place on June 10, 1940, when the four destroyers of the 10th Squadron Messina with the heavy cruisers Pola , Trento and Bolzano of Division III left for a first (unsuccessful) search for British units. On July 2, 1940, the squadron went to sea with its four destroyers and the light cruisers Giovanni delle Bande Nere and Bartolomeo Colleoni to pick up the troop transports Esperia and Victoria returning from Tripoli and accompanied by four torpedo boats and to accompany them to Naples . As additional security, Division I with the heavy cruisers Zara, Fiume and Gorizia and the 9th destroyer squadron with Vittorio Alfieri , Alfredo Oriani , Vincenzo Gioberti and Giosue Carducci of the Oriani or Poeti class were at sea as remote security.
On July 6, the 10th destroyer squadron with the aforementioned light cruisers left Naples with the largest Italian convoy to date. The convoy going to Benghazi finally consisted of the passenger ships Esperia (11,398 GRT) and Calitea (4013 GRT) as well as the ferries Marco Foscarini (6342 GRT), Vettor Pisani (6339 GRT) and Francesco Barbero (6343 GRT), who left Catania, and six Torpedo boats. On board the ships were 2,200 soldiers, 300 armored vehicles and trucks as well as 16,000 tons of material.
After the convoy reached its destination on July 8th with no losses, Gang Nere and Colleoni with Maestrale , Libeccio , Grecale and Scirocco ran back to their Augusta base to then join the Italian fleet, which carried out an advance against the British Mediterranean fleet , the ended on July 9 with the naval battle at Punta Stilo . The battle, fought by the battleships at great distances, was broken off by the Italians after a heavy hit from the Warspite on the Giulio Cesare . The 10th Destroyer Squadron arrived too late to take part in the final Italian destroyer attack.
From July 27 to August 1, the four destroyers again accompanied a convoy of seven transporters and four torpedo boats to Tripoli. The squadron from Catania joined the convoy coming from Naples, which was attacked by the British submarine Oswald on the penultimate day of the march . The Grecale was able to dodge a torpedo fired at her and push the submarine away.
On the nights of August 9th and 10th, the four destroyers laid 216 mines west of Pantelleria every night, while at the same time the Scilla mine ship , secured by the Sagittario and Antares torpedo boats , moved extensive barriers closer to the Italian island. On August 23, the British destroyer Hostile was lost on the lock laid by the destroyers .
When the Illustrious Swordfish attacked the Italian fleet in the port of Taranto on the night of November 12, 1940 (Operation Judgment ), the Libeccio was hit by a bomb in addition to three battleships and a heavy cruiser . This penetrated the destroyer without exploding, so that it was only slightly damaged.
1941, Libeccio lost
From the spring of 1941 Maestrale , Grecale , Libeccio and Scirocco were often used in escort service to North Africa. However, the class destroyers were rarely used in a formation. During a supply convoy in mid-May with four Italian transporters and the German ships Preussen and Wachtfels , Grecale formed the local security with Aviere , Geniere and Camicia Nera of the Soldati class and the Dardo ; while Maestrale and Scirocco belonged to a large remote security group, which included four light cruisers and seven destroyers (three Soldati class, four Navigatori class ).
After further escort missions, the Scirocco was involved in the laying of two defensive mine barriers against British advances on the coast on June 3 northeast of Tripoli with five cruisers and six destroyers of the Navigatori class. These locks were fatal on December 19, 1941 for the British Force K , whose three cruisers were hit by mines on the previously undetected lock. Two barriers launched on the Straits of Sicily on July 7 by four light cruisers and five Navigatori- class destroyers , plus Maestrale , Grecale and Scirocco , did not have similar success.
From August 19 to 20, a fast escort of troops ran from Naples to Tripoli with the four troop carriers Marco Polo , Esperia , Neptunia and Oceania , secured by the destroyers Ugolino Vivaldi , Nicoloso Da Recco , Gioberti , Oriani and the torpedo boat Giuseppe Dezza . Due to the decryption of the Italian radio traffic, the British recognized that the escort was passing by deviating from the other route west of Sicily and had set up the U-boats Urge and Unbeaten at Pantelleria and Unique off Tripoli. North of Pantelleria, Unbeaten missed the Esperia . Despite further reinforcement of the security by the destroyers Maestrale , Grecale and Scirocco , Unique succeeded in sinking the Esperia (11,398 GRT) with three torpedo hits directly in front of Tripoli on the 20th . The security destroyers rescued 1139 survivors out of 1170 men.
From November 7th, the Italian supply convoy Beta (often referred to as the Duisburg convoy ) with its seven ships, accompanied by the destroyers Maestrale , Fulmine , Euro , Grecale , Libeccio , Oriani and secured by a long-range cover group with the heavy cruisers Trento , Trieste and the 13th destroyer flotilla with Granatiere , fuciliere , Bersagliere and Alpino the Soldati class of Naples through the Strait of Messina to Tripoli. After Ultra was able to intercept and decipher the radio traffic from the German Air Force, the convoy was finally discovered on November 8 by a Maryland bomber from the 69th RAF Squadron from Malta.
The Force K from Malta with the cruisers Aurora and Penelope as well as the destroyers Lance and Lively were able to maneuver themselves unnoticed into a favorable attack position with the help of radar and attacked the convoy shortly after midnight and sank all seven transporters: Duisburg (7389 GRT), San Marco (3113 BRT), Maria (6339 BRT), Sagitta (5153 BRT), Rina Corrado (5180 BRT), tanker Conte di Misurata (5014 BRT) and Minatitlan (7599 BRT). The attackers concentrated on the destruction of the ships to be protected, which were carrying 17,560 tons of fuel, 13,500 tons of supplies and equipment, 1,600 tons of ammunition, 389 vehicles, 145 Italian and 78 German soldiers.
However, the British cruisers first fired a few salvos at the destroyers at the head and at the end of the convoy. With her first three salvos, Aurora hit the Grecale , who was running at the end , which caught fire and remained unable to move, Penelope also hit the Maestrale leading the escort , but who remained ready for action and went to the port side of the convoy, since she did not recognize the attackers who were on the starboard side of the convoy. The destroyers Fulmine and Euro protecting on this side recognized the attackers, who stopped the two destroyers approaching them by changing the target of all units. Fulmine was hit several times by Lance and Penelope and sank. Euro received six hits, with the cruiser's 152 mm projectiles penetrating the destroyer, not exploding and not hitting any important parts. So she could run off and run to the gathering destroyers on the other side. A coordinated defense of the convoy was not carried out because the lead destroyer Maestrale was not badly hit, but its radio antennas were destroyed by the fire. The orders issued up to then had not taken into account that the British attack was carried out by a surface force. In this way, the Force K was able to sink the transporters fairly undisturbed, as the Italian cover group could not intervene effectively either. She did not recognize the situation, caught up too slowly and was not properly informed. She chased the attackers on their way around the convoy so that their own units were always between the heavy cruisers and the Force K. Only when this expired did the Italian cruisers have a clear field of fire without getting a hit. The still operational destroyers of the local security could not work together effectively due to the lack of communication and were mostly ignored by the attackers. In addition to Maestrale and Euro , Libeccio also received a hit.
The Italian units then focused on rescuing the castaways. The destroyers Maestrale , Euro , Oriani , Alpino , fuciliere and Bersagliere rescued a total of 704 survivors of the sunken ships, while the hospital ship Virgilio from Augusta, the Arno from Benghazi and had hurried to the aid of destroyers Da Recco , Antoniotto Usodimare and Gioberti from Trapani supported . On the morning of the 9th , Libeccio , who was busy rescuing survivors, was torpedoed by the British submarine Upholder . The destroyer, severely damaged at the stern, sank after four hours in the tow of the damaged euros as the first war loss of the class. His crew and those who were rescued could previously be largely taken over by Maestrale and Euro . The seriously damaged Grecale was brought in by the Oriani .
The reasons for the total success of the Force K were the code break-in, the radar that was previously unknown to the Italians and the good use of these advantages. The Italians assumed that British surface units could not find them at night. After the disaster, the Italian Rear Admiral Brivonesi and the escort on the Maestrale , Kpt.zS Bisciani, lost their commands.
When in December 1941 the entire available inventory of the Italian fleet was used to secure two further escort operations, Maestrale belonged to M.41 to close coverage group 1 under Admiral Carlo Bergamini around the battleship Caio Duilio with the cruisers Giuseppe Garibaldi , Gorizia and Montecuccoli as well as the destroyers Oriani and Gioberti .
In the second operation M.42 then belonged to cover group Admiral Angelo Iachino , the fleet manager, with the warships Littorio , Andrea Doria , Giulio Cesare , the heavy cruisers Gorizia and Trento and the further destroyers Granatiere , Bersagliere , fuciliere , Alpino , Corazziere , Carabiniere , Usodimare , Oriani , Gioberti . In the evening of December 17, there was a brief battle with Force B under Admiral Vian of the Mediterranean Fleet , which secured a supply convoy to Malta. Both sides broke off the First Battle in the Sirte because they tried to cover their objects of protection without knowing of the worthwhile targets on the other side. Maestrale did not play an important role in this battle.
1942, loss of the Scirocco
In early January were Maestrale and Scirocco with the destroyers Gioberti , Oriani and Lanzerotto Malocello the Nahsicherung under Admiral Bergamini replenishment operation M.43 with the battleship Duilio , the light cruisers Giuseppe Garibaldi , Montecuccoli , Emanuele Filiberto Duca d'Aosta and Muzio Attendolo , where five transporters and a tanker reached Tripoli on the 5th and the Duilio Association returned to Taranto on the 6th.
With the T.18 supply convoy to Tripoli from January 22nd, Bergamini commanded the long-range cover formation around the Duilio with the destroyers Antonio Pigafetta , Oriani , Scirocco and Ascari . Despite air security by German Ju 88s, the convoy lost the Transporter Victoria (13,098 GRT) northeast of Tripoli on the 24th through Albacore torpedo aircraft, but 1,046 of the 1,400 embarked soldiers were rescued.
In February, the two operational class destroyers, Maestrale and Scirocco , together with Pigafetta , Emanuele Pessagno and Usodimare and the torpedo boat Circe secured a convoy of three transporters from Corfu , which reached Tripoli without losses. An attempted attack by a British submarine on the convoy led to the sinking of the boat by Circe and Usodimare on the 22nd .
At the beginning of March, the Scirocco was still in use with heavier units or directly in escorts and worked together with destroyers of other classes. In mid-March, the destroyer formed a long-range cover group for the Sirio supply company with the ready-to-use sister ship Grecale and the light cruiser Duca d'Aosta , whose heavily secured individual escorts (including the German motor cargo ship Reichenfels ), in addition to a considerable load of supplies, also 36 tanks and almost 300 more vehicles transported undamaged to Tripoli by the 18th.
From March 20, 1942, the British tried to bring their supply convoy MW.10 from Alexandria to Malta, whose security under Admiral Vian only had light cruisers and destroyers. In response to reports from Italian submarines, the Italian fleet ran towards them from the 21st. The fleet chief Admiral Iachino ran out of Taranto with the battleship Littorio and the destroyers Aviere , Grecale , Ascari and Oriani (11th destroyer squadron ).
The Scirocco and Geniere followed the fleet in the early morning, but could not get close to the Littorio Association, which was running at high speeds and wanted to cut off the British Association's route to Malta. Scirocco had considerable difficulties with the prevailing sea conditions and its engine. In the late afternoon, the two destroyers, who were still far behind, were allowed to march back to a closer port in Sicily. At about 8.45 p.m. the left machine of the Scirocco failed and it could only continue its journey at 14 knots (kn) . An increase in the cruising speed to 20 knots was short-lived. Shortly after midnight the destroyer was only able to continue running at 7 knots in the worsening weather. During the night and under the weather conditions, contact with the Geniere was also lost. At 5:39 a.m., the Scirocco's drive stopped completely. The propulsionless ship was at the mercy of the waves and sank within a few minutes on March 23, 1942 at 5.45 a.m. at the position 35 ° 50 'N, 17 ° 35' E (about 150 miles east of Malta). Of the 236 men on board, only two survived, which a seaplane found on March 26th.
Grecale took part in the Second Battle of the Sirte , fell out early because of an oar damage and had to turn back. The destroyer Lanciere of the Messina Group of the Italian fleet was also lost in the storm. Almost all Italian and British ships suffered severe storm damage on the march back.
The two remaining destroyers of the class were used to secure supplies to North Africa. In August both Oriani and Gioberti and seven Soldati-class destroyers were supposed to launch an action from the cruisers Gorizia , Trieste , Bolzano , Eugenio di Savoia , Montecuccoli and Attendolo against the British supply operation Pedestal . Support Gibraltar to Malta. The intervention of the Italian surface forces planned for August 13 was canceled because no adequate air security could be provided. On the march back, the British submarine Unbroken torpedoed the cruisers Bolzano and Attendolo near the Aeolian Islands .
In the late autumn, the Italian Navy moved a flank barrier from Bizerta north-east to the area west of Sicily to protect supplies from the Axis powers to Tunis. On the night of December 1st, Maestrale and Grecale, together with Mitragliere and Ascari, laid the partial closure »S.96« with 224 mines.
1943, loss of the Maestrale
The British mine cruisers Welshman and Abdiel placed offensive barriers within the flank barriers against the Italian convoy traffic between the Gulf of Tunis and Sicily . On January 9, 1943, a convoy ran into the barrier laid by Abdiel . The Maestrale was badly damaged and its propulsion system completely failed. The destroyer Corsaro tried to provide help and sank after two mines with 187 men. Maestrale was drifting towards its own minefields when the crew finally managed to stop their ship with two connected anchor chains.
Rescue teams later towed the destroyer to Bizerta , where it was temporarily repaired for two weeks and where it was barely missed by bombs in an American air raid.
After some emergency repairs, Maestrale left Bizerta on January 31st in the tow of the torpedo boat Animoso . One of the three escorted boats sank from a mine hit. Animoso reached Trapani with the destroyer in tow . From there it went on to Naples. After a few more repairs there, the Maestrale was towed to Genoa for the final repair at the beginning of April together with the also badly damaged destroyer Corazziere .
The sister ship Grecale also had a dramatic start to the year. On January 3, 1943, the destroyer was in Palermo when the port was attacked by manned British Chariot torpedoes , Grecale not suffering any damage. On the 12th, shortly after midnight, she left Palermo on the way to Bizerta with German soldiers on board. The torpedo boat Ardente came towards her on the way along the Sicilian coast . The two Italian ships recognized each other too late and collided near Capo San Vito . Ardente sank immediately with 118 men. Grecale was badly damaged and had almost completely lost the forecastle. She arrived back in Palermo in the early afternoon. Eight men of the crew and 102 men of the embarked German soldiers lost their lives on the Grecale . The destroyer was not operational again until August 1943.
On the night of September 9, 1943, the Grecale belonged to the 14th destroyer squadron , which with the destroyers Artigliere , Legionario and Oriani together with the 12th destroyer squadron and its destroyers Carabiniere , Fuciliere , Mitragliere and Velite the battleships Roma , Italia ex Littorio and Vittorio Veneto and the cruisers Eugenio di Savoia , Duca d´Aosta and Montecuccoli accompanied when the Italian fleet under Admiral Carlo Bergamini left La Spezia to run to Malta according to the terms of the armistice . The cruisers Luigi di Savoia Duca degli Abruzzi , Garibaldi and Attilio Regolo with the torpedo boat Libra joined the association at sea .
The German Air Force attacked the fleet with eleven Do 217 K2s from Istres near Marseille , which were armed with Fritz X guided bombs (FX 1400) . The Roma , hit by two guided bombs, sank after a huge explosion, the Italia hit by a guided bomb was able to continue its journey after a short time.
While Attilio Regolo , Mitragliere , Fuciliere , Carabiniere and Libra were left to rescue survivors and were able to rescue 596 Roma survivors with further torpedo boats , the remaining unit (with Grecale ) ran to Malta and was picked up by Allied units on September 10th accompanied to Malta. On September 12th, the Grecale was refueled in Valletta and left Malta on the 14th with Italia , Vittorio Veneto , four cruisers and three other destroyers and ran with the association to Alexandria , where it arrived on the 16th.
The repair of the sister ship Maestrale in Genoa was not yet completed when the Italian surrendered and she was made unusable by the Italians. A repair planned by the Germans made hardly any progress. After the end of the war, the remains of the destroyer were demolished.
Operations of the Grecale on the side of the Allies
The Grecale was deployed on the Allied side to protect escorts from autumn 1943. In June 1944 she and an Italian speedboat brought British and Italian combat swimmers to La Spezia, who penetrated the port on the 22nd and destroyed the heavy cruiser Bolzano , which was under repair , and sank the cruiser Gorizia on the 26th .
In April 1945, Grecale supported a similar attack by Italian combat swimmers on Genoa. There the almost finished aircraft carrier Aquila (23,350 tons) was sunk to prevent its use as a block ship.
Postwar use of the Grecale
After the end of the war and peace agreement, Italy was allowed to keep the Grecale . The destroyer was the first ship of the new Italian Navy to be modernized from 1947 to 1949 in the renewed facilities of the arsenal of La Spezia. The 120 mm L / 50 cannons were replaced by a more modern version and six 37 mm L / 54 and two 20 mm L / 65 automatic cannons were installed as anti-aircraft weapons. After the conversion, the ship only had a triple torpedo tube set. It received lattice masts and a radar system of the type LWS .
The destroyer was modernized again as early as 1953 and NATO membership was made clear by the new registration D 552 instead of GR . On October 26, 1954, the Grecale was the first unit of Marina Italiana to enter the port of Trieste, when the city, internationalized at the end of the war, was abandoned to Italy. the destroyer was followed by grenades , artigliere and the cruiser Duca degli Abruzzi . The population welcomed ships and their return to Italy with greater joy.
In 1955 the ship was converted into a fast anti-submarine frigate. In 1958 the ship was reclassified and received the identification F 556 .
In 1959/60 the Grecale was converted for the last time, which was to serve the naval staff for an accompanying period of time, since the cruiser Duca degli Abruzzi was to be separated and the conversion of the Garibaldi , which was intended as a flagship, was not yet completed. During this last modification, the armament was expanded to include a 40 mm twin gun. The old superstructures behind the chimney were removed and the raised forecastle was extended far back. A new, wide structure was built in front of the bridge.
On June 1, 1964, the Grecale was decommissioned and then disarmed. The hull was in Taranto for several years before it was scrapped.
units
| Surname | Shipyard | Keel laying | Launch | in service | Whereabouts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maestrale ML | CNR, Ancona | 09/25/1931 | 5.04.1934 | September 2, 1934 | sunk in Genoa itself on September 9, 1943, not ready for use. |
| Scirocco SC | CT, Riva Trigoso | 09/29/1931 | 04/22/1934 | 10/21/1934 | sunk in the storm on March 23, 1942 after the second battle in the Sirte |
| Grecale GR | CNR, Ancona | 09/25/1931 | 06/17/1934 | 11/15/1934 | from 1943 used by the Allies, modernized 1954 D552 , 1957 F556 , deleted in 1964 |
| Libeccio LI | Riva Trigoso | 09/29/1931 | 4.07.1934 | 11/23/1934 | by torpedoes from the British submarine on November 9, 1941 Upholder dropped |
See also
literature
- Whitley, MH (1988). Destroyers of World War 2. Cassell Publishing. ISBN 1-85409-521-8 .
Web links
- MAESTRALE destroyers (1934) on navypedia.org (accessed December 28, 2017)
- Maestrale Cacciatorpediniere on marina.difesa.it (accessed December 28, 2017)
- Jürgen Rohwer, Gerhard Hümmelchen: Chronicle of the Naval War 1939–1945 , published by the Library for Contemporary History, Württemberg State Library, Stuttgart 2007–2017
- Scilla (3) (1931-1977) on simplonpc.co (accessed December 28, 2017)
- Vince O'Hara: November 9th, 1941 The Duisburg (Beta) Convoy Battle on Regia Marina Italiana (accessed December 29, 2017)
Individual evidence
- ^ Rohwer: Sea War , July 6-11, 1940 Mediterranean Sea, Battle of Punta Stilo (Calabria).
- ^ Rohwer: Sea War , July 6-11, 1940 Mediterranean Sea, Battle of Punta Stilo (Calabria).
- ^ Rohwer: Sea War , August 6-10, 1940 Mediterranean Sea, Italian mining offensive in the Strait of Sicily.
- ^ Rohwer: Sea War , November 4-14, 1940 Mediterranean, Brit. Fleet operation with carrier attack on Taranto.
- ^ Rohwer: Sea War , May 8-15, 1941 Mediterranean.
- ↑ Rohwer: naval warfare , 06/03/1941 Mediterranean.
- ↑ Rohwer: naval warfare , 07/07/1941 Mediterranean. ( Memento of the original from February 9, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Rohwer: Sea War , August 12-24, 1941 Mediterranean.
- ↑ Rohwer: naval warfare , 7.- 11.9.1941 Mediterranean.
- ^ Rohwer: Sea War , December 13-16 and December 15-19, 1941 Mediterranean.
- ↑ Rohwer: naval warfare , 3.- 6.1. and January 22-25, 1942 Mediterranean Sea.
- ^ Rohwer: Sea War , February 21-23, 1942 Mediterranean.
- ↑ Rohwer: naval war 7.- 11 and 15.- 21.03.1942 Mediterranean
- ^ Rohwer: Sea War, March 20-26, 1942 Mediterranean Sea, Second Battle of the Sirte.
- ↑ Rohwer: naval warfare, 29.11.- 12.01.1942 Mediterranean.
- ↑ Rohwer: naval warfare , 7.1.- 02.07.1943 Mediterranean.
- ^ Rohwer: Sea War , January 8–23, 1943 Mediterranean.
- ^ Rohwer: Sea War , 8–11 September 1943 Italy / Mediterranean.
- ↑ /44-06.htm Rohwer: Sea War , June 20–26, 1944 Mediterranean / Tyrrhenian Sea.
- ↑ /45-04.htm Rohwer: Sea War , April 19, 1945 Mediterranean / Tyrrhenian Sea.
