Sea bream

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Sea bream
Two-banded bream (Diplodus vulgaris)

Two-banded bream ( Diplodus vulgaris )

Systematics
Sub-cohort : Neoteleostei
Acanthomorphata
Spinefish (Acanthopterygii)
Perch relatives (Percomorphaceae)
Order : Spariformes
Family : Sea bream
Scientific name
Sparidae
Rafinesque , 1810

The sea ​​bream (Sparidae) are a family of perch relatives (Percomorphaceae), which consists of almost 40 genera with more than 140 species . They are 12 centimeter to 2 meter long fish that live in schools in the tropical and subtropical open ocean around the world. Half of all known species live in South African waters. In the Mediterranean 24 species. A few species also come into brackish and fresh water.

features

Sea bream are high-backed animals, with a laterally compressed body and an often silvery basic color, dark transverse bands and a black tail spot. There are also bluish, reddish or yellowish colors. The dorsal fin is continuous and is usually supported by 10 to 13 spines and 10 to 15 soft rays. The front rays can be elongated in the form of threads, e.g. B. at Argyrops and Dentex . The anal fin has three spines and 8 to 14 soft rays. The pectoral fins are long and pointed, the caudal fin is forked or at least notched. The number of vertebrae is 24 (10 trunk and 14 caudal vertebrae), and that of the Branchiostegal rays is six. Your maxillaria are covered when the mouth is closed. The gill cover is not bristled, the eye gill is large. The jaw teeth are designed as incisors, fangs or molars in adaptation to the diet. The ploughshare and palatine bone are edentulous. The sideline is complete, the body covered by comb scales, which in some species can still be almost cycloid .

Way of life

Among them there are omnivores, pure herbivores, as well as carnivorous species that usually eat hard-shell prey such as mussels, snails and crabs. The different species have specialized teeth according to their diet.

Sea bream are often hermaphrodites . Either they have female and male sexual organs at the same time, or in the course of their life they are first male and then female (protandric), or first female and then male (protogyn).

They are excellent food fish.

External system

The sea bream, together with the big-headed snappers (Lethrinidae) and the pseudo- snappers ( Nemipteridae), form a group of related "sparoid" families, which some scientists regarded as a superfamily (Sparoidea) of the Percoidei , but later as a separate order (Spariformes) from the perch-like ( Perciformes) was spun off. The Lethrinidae are the sister group of the sea bream.

Internal system

The sea bream used to be divided into six subfamilies (Boopsinae, Denticinae, Diplodinae, Pagellinae, Pagrinae and Sparinae). However, the subfamilies were recognized in phylogenetic studies as not monophyletic . Instead, two previously unnamed main clades were found.

Acanthopagrus bifasciatus
Argyrops spinifer
Boops boops
Calamus bajonado
Chrysoblephus gibbiceps
Dentex angolensis
Diplodus annularis
Diplodus cervinus
Marble bream
Red bream
Pagrus auratus
Common sea bream

There are over 160 species (not all listed here) in almost 40 genera:

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Thomas M. Orrell, Kent E. Carpenter, John A. Musick, John E. Graves: Phylogenetic and Biogeographic Analysis of the Sparidae (Perciformes: Percoidei) from Cytochrome b Sequences . Copeia, 2002 (3), pp. 618–631 PDF, 527kB ( Memento of the original dated March 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / sci.odu.edu
  2. ↑ Thomas M. Orrell, Kent E. Carpenter: A phylogeny of the fish family Sparidae (porgies) inferred from mitochondrial sequence data . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32 (2004) 425–434 PDF ( Memento of the original from October 20, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / sci.odu.edu
  3. ↑ a b Millicent D. Sanciangco, Kent E. Carpenter & Ricardo Betancur-R. 2015. Phylogenetic placement of enigmatic percomorph families (Teleostei: Percomorphaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. October 2015, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2015

Web links

Commons : Sea Bream  - Collection of images, videos and audio files