All-around
As a multi-discipline or combination sport sporting competitions refer to operations involving several of the athletes sports or different disciplines in the same sport to be completed to determine, based on a combined assessment of all disciplines an overall winner.
As a rule, the individual disciplines in all-round sports are completed one after the other. In many, but not all, all-round sports, there is a break between the individual sub-competitions to allow the athletes to relax. To determine the winner, a total number of points is determined in some all-around competitions after an evaluation or conversion of the individual performances into points. Alternatively, in other combined sports, the performance of a discipline is converted into corresponding differences that affect the starting order and spacing in the following discipline. It is also possible to add the time measurements from the individual disciplines or a common time measurement for all sub-disciplines.
In addition to the individual disciplines, all-round competitions make special demands on the versatility of the athletes, as they usually combine sports with different forms of stress and movement sequences or with different demands such as endurance, strength, dexterity, responsiveness, precision and aesthetics. Most of the sports that are part of all-round competitions are also played as an individual discipline in international competitions and the Olympic Games , regardless of the all-round competition. However, there are only a few athletes who practice all-around competitions and, in parallel, one or more of the corresponding individual sports at competitive level.
All-round competitions as Olympic sports
The following all-around competitions are part of the Olympic Games program :
- the men's decathlon (decathlon), a combination of ten different athletics disciplines (100-meter run, long jump, shot put, high jump, 400-meter run, 110-meter hurdles, discus throw, pole vault, javelin, 1500-meter run ), which are completed over two days
- the heptathlon (Heptathlon) of women similar to the decathlon a combination of seven different track and field events (100-meter hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200-meter dash, long jump, javelin throw, 800 meter dash), which is also on two days to be completed
- the modern pentathlon (pentathlon), a competition consisting of the disciplines epee fencing, pistol shooting, swimming, show jumping and cross-country running, which nowadays is usually carried out on one day
- the eventing , formerly known as Military consisting of partial examinations in the equestrian sports dressage, show jumping and ride site
- the all- around competition in apparatus gymnastics for men, also known as the Olympic six- event, consisting of freestyle competitions in the disciplines floor, jump, parallel bars, pommel horse, rings and horizontal bar
- analogous to the men's sixth fight, the Olympic four-way fight in apparatus gymnastics for women, consisting of freestyle competitions in the disciplines of floor, jump, uneven bars and balance beam
- the weightlifting duel consisting of the disciplines of snatching and pushing
- the triathlon , which combines the three endurance sports swimming, cycling and running in a competition in which they are completed without a break between the individual disciplines
- the biathlon , a combination of sport shooting and cross-country skiing, in which both sub-disciplines are held in parallel
- the Nordic Combined , a competition consisting of the disciplines ski jumping and cross-country skiing
- the Alpine combination , resulting from a downhill - and a slalom composed
- the Medley , will come back, breaststroke and freestyle in which in a swimming competition equally long stretches in the swimming styles Butterfly
- the omnium in track cycling, consisting of the disciplines 250 m flying, points race, elimination race, individual pursuit, scratch and time trial
- the combination in climbing, consisting of speed climbing , bouldering and lead climbing
An eventing decathlon consisting of ten athletics disciplines first took place at the 1904 Olympic Games . The decathlon in its current form and composition, as well as the modern pentathlon and eventing, was played for the first time at the Olympic Games in 1912 . The most recent Olympic all-around sport is currently the triathlon, which has been part of the Olympic program since the 2000 Olympic Games ; At the 2020 Olympic Games , the combination in climbing will be added.
At the Olympic Winter Games in 1948 , a winter pentathlon was held as a demonstration sport as a winter equivalent of the modern pentathlon . A military patrol run was held several times (most recently in 1948) , from which the biathlon later developed.
All-around competition of the German Athletics Association
The German Athletics Association (DLV) has stipulated the name and composition of all-round competitions in the event regulations (VAO) based on age and gender.
The performances of the all-round competitions of men, women, seniors, juniors and youth will be evaluated according to the international athletics all- around competition as far as ten, seven or pentathlon competitions are involved. The performances of the other all-round competitions as well as those of the age groups of the pupils are evaluated according to the national point table .
Members of the senior age group can also take part in competitions in a younger age group of senior citizens or in the age group of men or women. At the same event (including one that takes place on two or more days), however, they are only allowed to start in one age group in the same competition.
All-around female
| Schoolgirls D | Schoolgirls C | Schoolgirls B | Schoolgirls A | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| W9, 8 uj | W10 | W11 | W12 | W13 | W14 | W15 |
| All-around | ||||||
|
Three-way fight 50 m / wide / hit ball |
Three-way fight 50 m / wide / hit ball Four-way fight |
Three-way fight 50 m / wide / hit ball Four-way fight |
Three-way fight 75 m / wide / hit ball Four-way fight |
Three-way fight 75 m / wide / hit ball Four-way fight |
Three-way fight 100 m / distance / ball Quadruple |
Three-way fight 100 m / distance / ball Quadruple |
| Female youth B | Female Jgd. A | Women / U23 juniors | Senior women |
|---|---|---|---|
| W17 / 16 | W19 / 18 | Women / U23 | W30 / + 5 y. |
| All-around | |||
|
Three-way fight 100 m / distance / ball Quadruple |
Three-way fight 100 m / distance / ball Quadruple |
Pentathlon 100 m / high / ball / long / 800 m Pentathlon (hall) |
Three-way fight 100 m / distance / ball Pentathlon |
All-around male
| Pupil D | Pupil C | Student B | Student A | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M9, 8 uj | M10 | M11 | M12 | M13 | M14 | M15 |
| All-around | ||||||
|
Three-way fight 50 m / wide / hit ball |
Three-way fight 50 m / wide / hit ball Four-way fight |
Three-way fight 50 m / wide / hit ball Four-way fight |
Three-way fight 75 m / distance / ball Quadruple |
Three-way fight 75 m / distance / ball Quadruple |
Three-way fight 100 m / distance / ball Four-fight |
Three-way fight 100 m / distance / ball Four-fight |
| Male Jgd. B | Male Jgd. A | Men / U23 juniors | Seniors |
|---|---|---|---|
| M17 / 16 | M19 / 18 | Men / U23 | M30 / + 5 y. |
| All-around | |||
|
Three-way fight 100 m / distance / ball Pentathlon |
Three-way fight 100 m / distance / ball Pentathlon |
Pentathlon 200 m / distance / spear / discus / 1500 m Pentathlon (hall) |
Three-way fight 100 m / distance / ball Pentathlon |
All-round competition of the German Gymnastics Federation
Since the foundation of the German Gymnastics Federation in 1848, the aim of the association has been that there should be all-rounders in addition to apparatus gymnasts in order to meet the notions of the universally educated gymnast. All mixed all-round competitions, which consist of the types of gymnastics , athletics and swimming , are called Jahn competitions or " Jahn competitions " for short. The so-called "German all-around competitions" comprise an equal number of disciplines from the sports of apparatus gymnastics and athletics .
The following all-around disciplines are held as championships in Germany:
- Jahn-Neunkampf (for men and women), consisting of floor exercise, horse jump, parallel bars, 100-meter run, long jump, shot put, swimming, 25-meter distance diving and artificial jumping
- Jahn-Sechskampf (for male and female youth) consisting of floor exercise, parallel bars, sprint, shot put, swimming and jumping
- German eightfight (for men and women), which combines four disciplines of apparatus gymnastics and four athletic disciplines, namely floor, horse jump, parallel bars, horizontal bar (for men) or balance beam (for women), 100-meter run, long jump, shot put, and throwing a ball
- German six-way fight (for male and female youth), consisting of three disciplines of apparatus gymnastics and three athletic disciplines
- German twelve-fight , consisting of two compulsory exercises and a freestyle exercise on horizontal bar, parallel bars and horse, a free or hand-held exercise (as a compulsory or freestyle exercise) and two athletic exercises
- Athletics pentathlon , consisting of sprint, long jump, throwing ball, shot put and long distance run (1000 or 2000 meters)
- Swimming all-around or swimming pentathlon , consisting of three swimming disciplines of different styles, distance diving and artificial jumping
- Frisian fight , consisting of air rifle shooting, shot put, run, swimming and sword fencing
Other all-around battles
The all-around or combination sports also include:
- Biathle , in which running - swimming - running are completed over shorter distances
- the duathlon , which, analogous to the triathlon, combines the sports of middle-distance running and cycling in the order running — cycling — running in one competition.
- the skiduathlon , which combines the cross-country skiing styles classic and freestyle in a pursuit race in which equipment and running technique are changed halfway through the distance.
- the Scottish all-around competition of the Highland Games , which consists at least of the disciplines of tree trunk throwing , stone throwing and hammer throwing .
- National gymnastics in Switzerland, in which gymnastics is combined with the traditional strength sports swing and stone throwing.
- Dance sports tournaments over " ten dances " are also called "combination" because both the standard and the Latin American dances are danced, which technically differ greatly from each other.
- Sprint Four battle of speed skaters , one of two disciplines (500 and 1,000 meters) of existing competition, which will be completed in two days twice each.
- Small and large four-way battle of speed skaters , a competition consisting of four disciplines (500 to 10,000 meters) that is completed on two / three days.
- Four-way combat , consisting of the four disciplines of 3-kilometer cross-country running, 50-meter freestyle swimming, dressage riding and show jumping.
- Para-skiing , a combination of giant slalom and parachute target jumping in alpine terrain
- Athletic all-round competitions in the student area, which are held as eight-way competitions (M15 / M14) or so-called block competitions (“sprint / jump”, “run” and “throw”). The latter consist of five disciplines, with a short sprint (usually a 100-meter run ), long jump , a hurdle run (mostly over 80 meters) and two other disciplines of your choice (high jump & javelin, middle-distance run & ball throw or discus throw & shot put ) - be completed.
- Racketlon , a competition consisting of the four with clubs played racquet sports tennis , badminton , table tennis and squash .
- Chess boxing , a martial art that combines the two traditional sports of chess and boxing . The athletes take turns competing in chess and boxing rounds.
Pentathlon in ancient times
The so-called Pentathlon was held at the ancient Olympic Games . This pentathlon consisted of the disciplines javelin throw, jump (with weights), discus throw, run and wrestling, although the order of the disciplines and the exact rules of the competitions have not been passed on with certainty.
Other historical all-around battles
In the German and Scandinavian all-round tradition, versatility was in the foreground. It is therefore evaluated with point scales closed at the top, so that top performance in individual disciplines was not worthwhile, but good performance was required in all disciplines. This tradition was carried out within the German gymnastics association in the last third of the 19th century, before the sporting idea that top performance had to be worthwhile gradually took hold. This problem was also evident at the Olympic Games in 1912 , where the tradition of all-around combat by Swedish officers and the Anglo-American all- around tradition met . The same ideal of uniform physical training was shown e.g. B. also with the hand javelin throw , which was also only used at the Olympic Games in Stockholm in 1912.
See also
Web links
- Article all-around in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)
- Event regulations (VAO) of the DLV, decided by the Association Day on March 24, 2001, amended by the Association Council on February 26, 2010 (PDF 121 kB)
- Points calculation for all-around and block competitions
Individual evidence
- ↑ Event regulations (VAO) , decided by the Association Day on March 24, 2001, changed by the Association Council on February 26, 2010, to: dis-sportschiedsgericht.de, accessed July 6, 2016
- ^ Arnd Krüger : Is there any sense in competition, specialization and the striving for records? The struggle between Turnen, sports and Swedish gymnastics in Germany, in: GUY BONHOMME (Ed.): La place du jeu dans l'éducation. Histoire et pédagogie . Paris: Fédération Francaise d'Education Physique et Gymnastique Voluntaire 1989, 123–140.
- ↑ Sandra Heck: From playing soldiers and fighting athletes. The genesis of the modern pentathlon . V & R Unipress, Göttingen 2013, ISBN 978-3-8471-0201-4 .