Michail Mitrofanowitsch Malzew

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Michail Mitrofanowitsch Malzew (2nd from right)

Mikhail Maltsev Mitrofanovich ( Russian Михаил Митрофанович Мальцев ; born November 10 ^{. Jul} / 23. November  1904 ^greg. At the train station Nikitowka, Horlivka ; † 25. April 1982 in Moscow ) was Major General of the Red Army and the first Director General of bismuth AG .

Live and act

Michail Mitrofanowitsch Malzew was born on November 23, 1904 in Nikitowka, a small railway station at the intersection of two railway lines, as the son of a railroad worker.

After the completion of four-year school, he worked at a local mercury mine and later started an apprenticeship with the railroad. When the civil war broke out in February 1918, at the age of 13, he broke off his apprenticeship and joined the Bachmut partisans . These associations were incorporated into the regular units of the Red Army in March 1919. Malzew took part in battles against Denikin and Wrangel and was promoted to second commander of a cavalry reconnaissance of the 81st Infantry Regiment of the 9th Division on the southern front. He was honored by the Revolutionary War Council of the Republic for his military services. As a member of the 11th Army, he took part in the conquest and "Sovietization" of Georgia by the Red Army in February 1921 .

After his departure from the Red Army in 1922 Maltsev took a job as an electrician at the railroad depot of Cherkassy on. In 1924 he also completed his studies as a reserve officer in the cavalry in Tbilisi .

From 1925 to 1929 Malzew was secretary of the regional committee of the Komsomol of Cherkassy. In July 1925 he joined the Communist Party .

In 1930 he graduated from the party school in Kiev and in the same year began studying at the Energy University in Dnepropetrovsk , which he continued at the Novocherkassk Industrial Institute and graduated as an electrical engineer in 1935 . Then Malzew worked on the construction of the Dnepr hydroelectric power station . In the same year his work began in the “Headquarters of Hydraulic Engineering Camps” of the NKVD of the USSR . Here he worked on the Volgostroi ( Волгострой ) project. This project included the construction of two hydropower plants in Rybinsk and Uglich . On March 21, 1940, he was appointed chief mechanic of the project, and on September 26, 1940, he was promoted to assistant to the chief engineer.

On April 26, 1941, he was appointed site manager of the Kaluga hydropower plant on the Upper Oka . The work there, however, was probably stopped because of the German attack on the Soviet Union on July 1, 1941. The planned construction of a corresponding labor camp for the provision of the corresponding workers was no longer realized.

From July 31, 1941, Malzew headed as a member of the Glawgidrostroi ( Главгидрострой ), the General Directorate for Hydraulic Engineering of the NKVD, the construction of defenses in the Bryansk area and from September 14, 1941 in the city of Bryansk. On August 23, 1941 he also took over the management of the main construction department in the field of defense construction (GUOBR - ГУОБР Главное Управление Оборонительных Работ ) of the NKVD.

On September 20, 1941, Malzew was drafted into the Red Army and took over the management of the construction sites of the NKVD GUOBR on the Bryansk Front . On October 15, he was promoted to major for his services . After the loss of Bryansk on 6 October 1941 and the dissolution of the Bryansk Front on November 10, 1941 Maltsev was up in March 1942 of 13 November 1941 commander of the 10th Army pioneer, the defenses in the Krai Ordzhonikidze and the Chechen-Ingush ASSR built .

From March 1942 he became head of the 5th Department of the NKO ( НКО - Народный Комиссариат Обороны ), the People's Commissariat for Defense of the USSR, and was responsible for the construction of defenses in the Rostov-on-Don area . On April 24, 1942, he took command of the 24th Construction Army and built defenses in the Stalingrad area .

Despite the victory of the Red Army in the Battle of Stalingrad, Malzew was assigned to Vorkuta on March 17, 1943 for reasons unknown (punitive transfer?) . There he took over the management of the Vorkuta- Pechora -ITL, which was led under the project name “WORKUTSTROJ” ( ВОРКУТСТРОЙ Воркутинского Строительства - Vorkuta construction management). Since October 24, 1941, this ITL has been subordinate to the Central Administration of Warehouses for Railway Construction and from October 5, 1943 to the Central Administration of Warehouses of the Mining and Metallurgical Industry (GULGMP - ГУЛГМП, Главное Управление Лагерей Гоырей Гоырино-Металелелерлелермелелелелелелелелелелелелено .

In Vorkuta, Malzew was promoted to colonel on March 23 . The task of the camp consisted of mining hard coal, building the city of Vorkuta and the corresponding infrastructure . In the exercise of his duties, however, Malzew obviously differed from other camp commanders. Malzew, together with his wife, the chief prosecutor of Vorkuta, prevented camp trials during his tenure and acted against the political chief Colonel Kuchtikow. After a conversation with Boris Abramowitsch Mordvinow , who was imprisoned in the camp and former chief conductor of the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow , Malzew was convinced of the idea of ​​building an opera house in Vorkuta. On August 8, 1943, with the order No. 883, he gave the corresponding order for the construction of the opera , which was inaugurated on October 1, 1943 with the operetta "Silva" by Emmerich Kálmán .

On November 26, 1943, Vorkuta received city rights. At that time, 13,000 civilians and 27,000 prisoners lived in the city.

The coal mining around Vorkuta played an existential role in supplying Leningrad . Between 1941 and 1945 9 million tons of hard coal were mined.

On behalf of the NKVD, Mikhail Malzew changed the project name “WORKUTSTROJ” to “WORKUTUGOL” on March 9, 1944 ( ВОРКУТУГОЛ Воркутинский Угольный Комбинат - Vorkuta Coal Combine).

On July 9, 1945, Malzew was promoted to major general and in 1946 he was elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Komi ASSR .

Also in 1946 Malzew became a member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In September of the same year he took over the management of the Saxon mining administration in the Soviet occupation zone (SBZ), the forerunner of the later general management of Wismut AG.

Its task consisted in the organization of a beginning uranium mining under the post-war conditions with a destroyed and dismantled material-technical base. Starting with a handful of miners in 1946, the workforce reached over 100,000 in 1948. During the same period, uranium production increased from 18 tons to 321 tons.

The company was run militarily with orders and orders. To accommodate the Soviet officers and miners, forced admissions and expropriations of living space were the order of the day. At the same time, the construction of mass accommodation began. As in the whole of the Soviet Occupation Zone, Wismut was assigned workers who were compulsorily obliged by the employment offices on the basis of the Allied Control Council Act No. 3 of January 17, 1946. Since the employment offices could not meet the requirements, the sick and disabled were also sent to Wismut. In most cases, however, these were rejected by the bismuth. The prisons were also searched for fit men. Malzew forbade the use of these workers at the bismuth.

To supply the miners, the OPWS (ОПВС Отдел Продовольствие Выработка Снабжение) department for food and manufactured goods was founded by order of Malzew in 1946. It was under the UPWS (УПВС Управление Продовольствие Выработка Снабжение) Directorate for Food and Manufacture Supply.

In order to enforce compliance with the norm, Malzew also worked with punishments such as the withdrawal of hot meals (Order No. 14 of January 27, 1947). The aim was to mine uranium ore at all costs.

With the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on May 10, 1947, Malzew was appointed General Director of Wismut AG, which was registered in Moscow on June 6.

Were the main shareholders of bismuth AG with 70 percent of the shares GUSIMS ( ГУСИМЗ Главного Управления Советского Имущества за Границей ) Directorate General of Soviet assets abroad, which was subordinate to the Ministry of Foreign Trade of the USSR and the State corporation for non-ferrous metals ( Государственного Акционерного Общества Цветной Металлургии ) which was subordinate to the Ministry of Colored Metallurgy, with 30 percent of the shares.

At the general meeting of shareholders held on June 4, 1947 , the resolution was passed to found a subsidiary in Germany. This was entered in the commercial register in Aue on July 2, 1947 . Its seat was in Aue, Niederschlemaer Weg 49. Malzew also headed this German subsidiary.

With order no.115 of June 3, 1947, Malzew ordered that, regardless of whether or not the standard was met, every member of the Wismut family was entitled to a warm meal per day and, if the standard was exceeded, special allotments of food (so-called Stalin packets) and cigarettes should take place. In the Malzew Orders No. 239 of October 20, 1947 and No. 250 of November 1, 1947, further benefits in the food supply as well as the allocation of tax-free drinking spirits (workers underground two liters, workers above ground one liter per month) were regulated . Employees should be encouraged to perform better with these incentives.

Order No. 239 also stipulated that all newly hired workers must receive training. In addition, from December 1, 1947, two to three months of apprenticeship training were to be introduced. Similarly, women's work underground was banned.

The obligation to work on Sundays, which had been valid until then in the Soviet Zone, was banned by Malzew in the area of ​​application of the Wismut in 1947. In the autumn of 1947, he also forbade the Wismut personnel department's unauthorized measures to recruit workers. The required workers were requested from the responsible labor offices or recruited through trained recruiters.

In the course of the next few years, under Malzew, the structures within the bismuth were strengthened. The exploration and mining of uranium is spreading to all of Saxony and Thuringia . As is common in the USSR, Wismut AG also constantly renames objects, merges them and then separates them again. The organizational structure of the bismuth is therefore in constant change. From the initial conglomerate of exploration and mining of uranium, transport, construction, social affairs and trade and supply, independent bismuth organizations are gradually crystallizing out (e.g. bismuth consumption , which began on October 1st 1950 takes over the role of OPWS). In 1949, Wismut AG relocated its headquarters and with it the Malzew office from Aue to Chemnitz-Siegmar , to Jagdschänkenstrasse 29.

On March 25, 1949, Malzew issued the order to dismiss laborers in case of recurrence. The influx of more and more volunteers, due to the better wages and meals at Wismut compared to other companies in the Soviet Zone, meant that staff could be selected, but also sorted out.

By decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on March 31, 1951, the Ministry of the Interior was commissioned to build an anti-aircraft system around Moscow. With the order 726 of June 12, 1951, Malzew was appointed head of the corresponding building department 565 and then left the Wismut.

Until Malzew left the bismuth, uranium production had increased to 1,300 tons in 1950. The bismuth supplied 61 percent of the uranium mined in the Eastern Bloc (including the USSR).

On July 5, 1951, Malzew was appointed deputy head of the General Directorate for Industrial Construction Glawpromstroja ( Главпромстроя-Главное Управление Промышленности Строителсти 56 Строителел ) by order No. 850 .

On July 14, 1951, one, but probably several, ITLs with a total of 20,000 prisoners were set up near Moscow. The General Directorate for Motorway Construction GUSCHOSDOR ( ГУШОСДОР-Главное Управление Шоссейных Дорог ) was involved in the work . The infrastructure for stationing the anti- aircraft missile system of the type S-25 Berkut was built .

A further 50,000 prisoners and 40,000 soldiers and officers were made available to Malzew to carry out the pending work.

After the death of Josef Stalin on March 5, 1953 and the arrest of Beria on June 26, 1953, the entire structure of Glawpromstroja was reorganized.

On July 9, 1953, Malzew took over the Spetsstroitelstwa department ( Спецстроительства-специального строительства ) special construction for military components in the Ministry of Medium Engineering.

On May 21, 1954 he took over the management of the General Directorate Glawspetsstroj ( Главспецстрой Главное управление специального строительства ) special construction for military components, which was also subordinated to the Ministry of the Interior.

This is where the structure was created that was later referred to as the “ military-industrial complex ”.

The setup of the rocket positions did not seem to be fast enough and the costs were too high. Malzew was obviously informed of this as early as 1953. In March 1955, Malzew was removed from office, but at the same time appointed deputy head of the 9th Directorate in the Ministry of Defense. From 1960 he was then responsible for ZUMR and WES, the central office for economy and foreign trade in Moscow (ЦУМР И ВЭС МО Центральное Управление Материальными Ресурсами и вмеменими изчяв вмеменими кяв вмеменими Экяв of the Ministry of Defense.

From 1964 Malzew worked as the head of the inspection of the Minister of Energy and Electrification.

In June 1971, at the invitation of other veterans of the Group of the Soviet Armed Forces in Germany (GSSD), he took part in the 8th Party Congress of the SED in Berlin .

From 1977 until his death on April 25, 1982 he worked at the Institute Hydroprojekt.

In 2008, Mikhail Mitrofanovich Malzew was made an honorary citizen of the city of Vorkuta.

After Malzev's death, his children donated his awards to the museum in Volgograd (Stalingrad), where they are displayed in a separate showcase .

family

• Wife: Ida Naumowna Malzewa
• Daughter: Maja Michailowna Malzewa, born in 1935?
• Daughters: Twins, born in Vorkuta

Orders and awards

medal

1. Order of Lenin May 16, 1945 / October 29, 1949; The Order of Lenin has been awarded four times.
2. Order of the Red Banner of Labor July 14, 1944
3. Order of the Red Star ; was awarded twice
4. Revolutionary Honor Weapon 1920
5. Order of the Red Banner January 30, 1951

Honorary title

1. Hero of socialist labor
2. Hero of the Soviet Union

Medals

1. Medal "Hammer and Sickle" October 29, 1949
2. Medal "For the Defense of Moscow"
3. Medal "For Military Merit"
4. Medal "For the Defense of Stalingrad"
5. Medal "For the Defense of the Caucasus"
6. Medal "Victory over Germany"

literature

• Rainer Karlsch, Zbyněk A. Zeman: Urange Secrets. The Ore Mountains in the focus of world politics 1933–1960 . 1st edition. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-86153-276-7 .
• Rainer Karlsch: Uranium for Moscow. The bismuth - a popular story . 1st edition. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-86153-427-3 .
• Oliver Titzmann: Uranium mining versus radium bath . Self-published, Schlema 2003.
• Klaus Beyer, Mario Kaden, Erwin Raasch, Werner Schupan: WISMUT ore for peace? Printing and publishing company Marienberg, Marienberg 1995.
• Alexander Solzhenitsyn: The Gulag Archipelago . Third part labor and extermination. Scherz, Bern 1974.

Web links

• warheroes.ru
• bismuth.su
• pseudology.org
• spetsstroy.ru
• http://kinoart.ru/2003/n4-article28.html ( Memento from June 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive )

Individual evidence

1. ↑ gulag.memorial.de
2. ↑ vif2ne.ru ( Memento of the original from January 2, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.