Mirra Moissejewna Guchman

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Mirra Moiseevna Guchman ( Russian Мирра Моисеевна Гухман * February 23 . Jul / 7. March  1904 greg. In Baku ; † 5. April 1989 in Moscow ) was a Soviet linguist , German studies and high school teacher .

Life

Guchman's father Moissei Arkadjewitsch Guchman (* 1868 in Masyr ) was a doctor after studying in Dorpat and Heidelberg . After the October Revolution he became a delegate of the parliamentary group of national minorities in the parliament of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan and was friends with the German consul . Guchman's mother Jelena Iwanowna Gefter studied education in Leipzig .

Guchman spoke only German until the age of twelve . After attending high school, in 1920 she began studying at the Faculty of History and Philology of the Azerbaijan State University . There taught Vyacheslav Ivanov , Boris Tomashevsky , Panteleimon Krestowitsch Schuse , Nicholas Marr , Vasily Bartold and Mehmet Fuat Koprulu . She was particularly active in Ivanov's seminar together with Moissei Semjonowitsch Altman, Zesar Samoilowitsch Wolpe , Jelena Alexandrovna Millior and Viktor Andronikowitsch Manuilow . Maximilian Alexandrovich Voloshin suggested that she go to Italy to study ancient art , but her father did not give her permission. In 1925 she completed her studies with a first class diploma.

After graduation, Guchman worked in Leningrad at the Institute of Language and Thought (IJaM) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (AN-SSSR, since 1991 Russian Academy of Sciences (RAN)). Despite the prevailing New Doctrine of Language at the time, she dealt with comparative linguistics . With Viktor Maximowitsch Schirmunski she wrote her candidate dissertation on the Gothic language and the problem of archaisms in Gothic syntax , which she defended in 1936. Guchman then taught at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute for Foreign Languages (MGPIIJa), where she was appointed professor in 1940 .

After returning from the evacuation during the German-Soviet War , Guchman worked from 1944 to 1959 in Moscow in the Military Institute for Foreign Languages. From 1950 she belonged to the sector for Germanic languages ​​of the new Institute for Linguistics (IJa) of the AN-SSSR. After Stalin's article on Marxism and the problems of linguistics in Pravda in 1950 , Guchman was criticized as a supporter of the New Doctrine of Language. She then withdrew her doctoral thesis in 1952 . She was now studying literary languages and in 1955 and 1959 published the two volumes of her work on the development of the German vernacular into literary language and standard German , which were later translated into German.

In 1955 Guchman successfully defended the second version of her doctoral thesis on developments in the old Germanic languages ​​and the emergence of the passive form . This work was published in a revised version in 1964. In 1958 she published her famous textbook of the Gothic language. She was the responsible editor of the first volume (1962) and the third volume (1963) of the four-volume comparative grammar of the Germanic languages ​​as well as all three volumes of the historical- typological morphology of the Germanic languages ​​(1977–1978), to which she herself made important contributions. In 1976 she was elected to the Scientific Council of the Institute for the German Language in Mannheim . At the end of the 1970s, the IJa set up the problem committee for the theory and history of literary languages on her initiative , which then published a number of anthologies under her leadership. In 1980 she received the Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm Prize of the GDR for 1979. In 1983 she received the Konrad Duden Prize .

A cousin of Guchman was the physicist Alexander Adolfowitsch Guchman .

Guchman was buried in the Donskoy cemetery .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Большая российская энциклопедия: ГУ́ХМАН Мирра Моисеевна (accessed October 7, 2019).
  2. ↑ a b Encyclopedia of Russian Jewry: Гухман мирра моисеевна (accessed October 3, 2019).
  3. ↑ a b Большая российская энциклопедия: ГУ́ХМАН Мирра Моисеевна (accessed October 3, 2019).
  4. ↑ a b c История кафедры: Мирра Моисеевна Гухман (accessed October 3, 2019).
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g Аликаев Р. С .: Мирра Моисеевна Гухман . In: Отечественные лингвисты XX века . Издательский дом ЯСК, Moscow 2017, ISBN 978-5-9908330-3-6 , p. 133-150 .
  6. ↑ Guchman, Mirra M .: The way to German national language Part 1 . 2nd Edition. Akademie-Verlag , Berlin 1970.
  7. ↑ Guchman, Mirra M .: The way to the German national language part 2 . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1969.
  8. ↑ Guchman MM: Развитие залоговых противопоставлений в древних германских языках и становление системтогение системтогение системтогение системтогение . Moscow 1955.
  9. ↑ Guchman MM: Развитие залоговых противопоставлений в германских языках: Опыт историко-типолорико-типологико-типологико-типологического . Moscow 1964.
  10. ↑ Guchman MM: Готский язык . Иноиздат, Moscow 1958.
  11. ↑ Dirk Hubrich, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ordenskunde : Award list for the "Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm Prize of the GDR" from 1979 to 1989 (accessed on October 7, 2019).
  12. ↑ Prize winners (accessed on October 7, 2019).
personal data
SURNAME Guchman, Mirra Moiseevna
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Гухман, Мирра Моисеевна (Russian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian linguist, Germanist and university professor
DATE OF BIRTH March 7, 1904
PLACE OF BIRTH Baku
DATE OF DEATH April 5, 1989
Place of death Moscow