Namlish

Namlish is a suitcase word made up of the English words Namibia (n) ( German Namibia / Namibisch ) and English (German English ). It is a mixed language that is spoken in Namibia by large parts of the country's black African population , but especially by the Owambo and Kavango . Namlish is a separate form of the English language and is sometimes viewed as a variant of pidgin . Leaving the numerous peculiarities of Namlish initially left out, it is similar in population in terms of pronunciation , accent and vocabulary more the British English than American English .
Namlish has developed particularly in northern Namibia, which is densely populated by the Owambo and Kavango.

Namlish is also mentioned by a large number, especially young German Namibians , as a synonym for the German language in Namibia .

background

English is the official language in Namibia today . This has been the case since the country gained independence in 1990, even though English is not spoken as a mother tongue by any major ethnic group in the country (e.g. Namibia was never colonized by an English-speaking nation ). Before the country's independence English was indeed as a lingua franca in addition to Afrikaans already widespread, but Afrikaans was used significantly more often in reality.
The main reason for choosing English as the official language for the new rulers after gaining independence (the SWAPO party) was the fact that English is a world language . In addition, by not making one of the Namibian languages an official language, they wanted to avoid possible ethnic tensions in the multiethnic state of Namibia: By choosing the English language, patronizing a certain Namibian ethnic group was avoided from the outset. Afrikaans, which is still widespread, was ruled out as the official language because the SWAPO and large parts of the black African population of Namibia viewed this language as a symbol of the oppression by the apartheid regime that was ultimately overthrown .
Therefore, when deciding on the official language, the fact that the number of native English speakers in Namibia was (and still is) very small at the time of independence played a rather subordinate role. In addition, at that time SWAPO took the view that due to the very small number of native English speakers, all ethnic groups were "equally disadvantaged".
However, this was only partially the case because, as it soon turned out, the white minority of Namibia generally had a good command of English. In addition, numerous Namibians in exile who returned to the country after independence had acquired some excellent English skills abroad . From then on, these two groups formed a kind of "English-speaking elite" in the country, which still exists today, while the large majority of the population remains disadvantaged by the fact that English is the official language.

In 2005 only 0.8% of all Namibians were native English speakers (according to Tötemeyer, however, 1.9% in 2001). At least in the first years after independence, Afrikaans remained the lingua franca of Namibia, although it had lost its official status to the English language. So were z. As at that time most criminal cases before court performed in Afrikaans.

In Namibia today there are 14 written languages and a further 16 languages which only exist in oral form. The 13 written languages besides English are now recognized as national languages in Namibia , but none of these languages is promoted in any noteworthy manner.
These 30 different languages and dialects that are spoken in Namibia today have an impact on the way in which English is spoken in the country.

Because the vast majority of Namibians only speak English as a second or third language, when English is spoken, many words and phrases are transferred from the actual mother tongue into English. In the vocabulary of Namlish numerous literal translations of words and phrases found today from the Namibian tribal languages Oshiwambo and Kavango into English. In addition, many words and idioms from Afrikaans are used in direct or literal translation. But there are also words and idioms from Damara , Herero and other Namibian tribal languages. In this context, the thesis that Namlish is present today in numerous forms due to Namibia's ethnic diversity, which differ from one another by region, was postulated by Haushona-Kavamba in the Windhoek Observer in 2013 . Due to the German colonial past, German words are also occasionally used. The resulting mixed language is quite comparable to the English spoken by the black African population in South Africa .

Real estate ad in typical Namlish : Apparently a female tenant is being sought for a double garage , which can be a working woman or a student. Here is the "female Lady" (dt. "Female lady" ) wrong here because the word Lady (dt. "Lady" ) is already playing the sex. In true English you would from the first set rather "Looking for a lady or a female student" (dt. "I'm looking for a woman or a student" ) sign. Furthermore, there is a grammatical error in the last sentence, because an S is missing at the end of depend and because "depend" is not followed by "from" in real English anyway . Correct would be "depends on"

Advertisement board of a butcher's shop in Oshakati with grammatically incorrect English: The English words game , pork and beef (German game, pork, beef) already describe the type of meat offered, so that the addition meat is out of place here

A car dealership in Ongwediva as an example of the continued existence of the German language in everyday Namibian life

Examples

Words

Baas: Afrikaans for boss (German boss ). In many cases, Baas is also generally used for white men (as a holdover from apartheid ).
Babelaas: Hangover (English for having a hangover ). The word comes from Afrikaans.
Bakkie: A pick-up or small truck (borrowed from Afrikaans).
Braai: Barbeque or grill party (borrowed from Afrikaans)
Broetchen (plural Broetchen ): A roll (borrowed from German)
Cherrie: A pretty girl or a pretty friend . Cherrie is probably from the English Cherry (dt. Cherry) derived, and it is accordingly but usually misspelled.
Cuca shop: A bar . The name is mainly used in the north of Namibia, which is inhabited by the Owambo, and is derived from a Portuguese beer brand that used to be sold in neighboring Angola when it was still a Portuguese colony.
Thank you: Thank you (borrowed from Afrikaans).
Lapa: Covered area in front of the house, which is usually equipped with a grill and a bar (borrowed from the Oshiwambo).
Memes: Polite form of address for an older woman (borrowed from the Oshiwambo) or, as a substitute, especially in the areas inhabited by the Kavango, "Nane" from the Kavango .
Nawa: Good or fine (borrowed from the Oshiwambo).
Tate: polite form of address for an older man (borrowed from the Oshiwambo).
Robot: A traffic light (Engl. Traffic Lights ).
Shebeen: A bar . Originally, unlicensed bars were called "Shebeen". Most of them now have official Shebeen licenses.
Botsotso: A criminal (borrowed from Oshiwambo).
Tekkies: Sneakers (in correct English: sneakers ).
Wors: A sausage (borrowed from Afrikaans).
Footing: To walk (in correct English would say: To go on foot or to walk . Footing other hand, means in English " foundation " or "base").
Mos: Filler word from Afrikaans with no real meaning, like the German “ne” or “gell”. Mos is used very regularly in Namlish and is mainly placed at the end of the sentence, e.g. B. at I like this place mos! (Eng. I like it here! ).
Toilet: Bath (in Namlish the word Bathroom (Engl. For bathrooms ) are not or hardly used).
Learner: A pupil or student (in correct English the word student would apply).
Naughty: In Namlish , naughty ( dt. Cheeky , naughty, naughty ) is generally synonymous with bad ( dt. Bad ).
Cool drink: A soft drink (e.g. Cola or Sprite). In correct English, the formulations pop or soda are used.
Hot stuff: A strong alcoholic drink . In correct English one would say spirit or hard liquor .
Nay or Ne: A filler word (comparable to Mos ), which is often placed at the end of a sentence to underline a statement. Nay can often be translated as " or? " B. with " the weather is hot today, nay? " (German: today is it hot, right? ). It is pronounced similar to the " ne " that is common in Germany .
Elastic: A rubber band (in correct English rubber band ).
Somehow: Often, especially when asked about the condition means Somehow (dt. Anyway) in Namlish just "OK" . In correct English one would just say "OK" .
Small boy: (Dt. Little boy) is generally used in Namlish for every young, mostly still unmarried, man. In correct English would be young man (young man dt.) Far more common. Small boy seems rather derogatory in "real" English.
Tire road: Literally translated as " tire road ", in Namlish it is an " asphalt road ". This term does not exist in correct English and one would usually say " paved road ".
jersey: a t-shirt or sweatshirt . In the "real" English is Jersey contrast rather specifically for a jersey , for. B. a soccer jersey, or generally for a shirt worn during exercise .
Trolley: a shopping cart , in correct English "shopping cart" .
Plaster: a patch , borrowed from the Germans, but in correct English "band-aid" .
Schooling: "Go to school" . This verb is a Namlish creation . In correct English one would e.g. B. "which school do you attend?" (Eng. "Which school do you go to?" ), while in Namlish you simply ask "where are you schooling" .

Idioms

"Too" and "very": In Namlish , the English forms too and very can generally be freely substituted. When a speaker z. As a person other than too fat (dt. Too fat called) then can be meant here quite possible that the person in question is not about but very (Engl. Very is) fat.
It's paining: It hurts or it hurts (in correct English one would say: It hurts ).
How is the condition on your side?: How are you? In correct English one would say: How are you doing?
Even me: Somewhat synonymous with the English me, too or me neither (Eng. Me too ), but grammatically incorrect.
To dirtify something: Do something dirty (in correct English one would say: To make something dirty . The verb To dirtify does not exist in the English vocabulary).
Is it?: Really? (in correct English one would say: Really? )
It's time: We / I / it's done (literally translated " it's time "). In correct English one would say: " We are done ", " I am done " or " it is done ".
Are we on the same page?: Is that clear? or do you understand me? (In correct English one would say: Is it clear? or Do you understand me? ).
I'm coming: Although literally means " I am ", the exclamation substituted " I am coming " in Namlish rather the English " I will be right back " (dt. I'll be right back ). This can be very confusing, especially because Namlish speakers B. Say " I am coming " while leaving the room.
I'm coming now now: I'll come straight away (in correct English you would say: I'm coming right now ). The repetition of the word now (dt. Now ) is intended to especially underscore the imminence of the action to be performed. A one-time use Now only means in Namlish that an event is imminent, but not immediately as when using Now Now .
... and what what: ... and so on or etc. (in correct English one would say: etc. or ... and so on ).
The time is going / The time is running: Time is running out (in correct English, one would say: Time is running out ).
What's up?: How are you? (in correct English one would say: How are you? ).
Can I go with it?: Can i borrow it? (In correct English one would say: Can I borrow it? ).
Help me $ 20: Please give me $ 20 (in Namlish , help me is the polite way to ask for something. In correct English, however, you would say much more: Could you please give me $ 20? ).
Falling pregnant: Getting pregnant (in correct English would becoming pregnant or getting pregnant say).
Running stomach: Diarrhea (in correct English: Diarrhea ).
To use to: In Namlish the English is "usually" (dt. Usually) very often "to use to" what substituted in most cases the "usually" comes close, but is grammatically incorrect. An example is the phrase "I use to go to church on Sunday" (Eng. "I usually go to church on Sundays") . In correct English, however, one would say: "I usually go to church on Sunday" .
How late is it?: In Namlish , the phrase "how late is it" is common when asked what time it is. In correct English one would ask: "What is the time?" . The "how late is it" , on the other hand, is a literal translation of the Afrikaans "Hoe laat is dit?" .
How is the morning?: literally translated as " how's the morning? " " How is the morning " is an everyday greeting in Namlish , regardless of the time of day. In correct English one would say " how are you ".
To look smart: "Look good" or "be well dressed" , literally translated as "smart" or "look smart" . In "real" English one would rather say "to look good" or "to look nice" .
He / she is having / I am having: If ownership is represented in Namlish , then the English present tense with the Ing ending is used in almost every case, while in "real" English this is only used if the ownership shown is given exactly at the time of the statement. In Namlish one would e.g. For example, say: "He said she is having a new mobile phone" (Eng. "He said she has a new mobile phone" ). In real English, on the other hand, you would say "He said she has a new phone" because, due to the fact that the utterance "He said" is already in the past, the ownership relationship shown ( she has a new cell phone ) cannot possibly be in the immediate present. In Namlish , however, such details are generally ignored.

Other special features

As in the I'm coming now now example above , Namlish speakers often use word repetition to add extra emphasis to a state. To be mentioned here are e.g. B. Formulations like fine fine (dt. Good, good ) for very good or Hi, Hi! for a particularly happy greeting .
When you have a Namlish speaker with How are you? (dt. how are you? ) greets, then in most cases you will get the answer yes or yebo , although no answer to this sentence is necessary in English, as it is only a form of greeting. The yebo comes from the Zulu language and means a strong yes . It is widely used in southern Africa .

Many a time, the Namlish regarding the plural and singular grammatical oddities compared to "real" English on: Sun is Namlish z. As the phrase "She is having black hairs" (dt. She has black hair ) use, although in correct English hair (Engl. Hair no "s" attaches), despite real majority. This incorrectly appended "s" can be found e.g. B. also with the Namlish word "Musics" when the majority of pieces of music or musical styles are to be made clear or with Broetchens , the plural of rolls . In Namlish, money is often spoken of in the plural ( them ) instead of the common singular ( it ).

If about something small, such as B. a small object is spoken, Namlish speakers often put the syllable ka in front of the actual English word, so that z. As a small "thing" (English. Thing ) to ka-thing is.

In Namlish , the English " you have to " or " you must " (Eng. You must / you must ), " you should " (Eng. You should / you should ) and " you could " (Eng. You could / You could ) practically all of them summarized in the phrase " you must ". Thus, in Namlish practically only " you must " is used, which is irritating and possibly also impolite to outsiders, since this is a command form in British English.

Because Namlish speakers are in the vast majority of cases not native speakers of English, new formulations keep coming up in Namlish , which in comparison to "real" English can appear very strange and to outsiders quite funny. Examples include: B. proven "pronouncements" like "Both of you three come here!" (Eng. "Both of you three, come here!" ) or "Hang that calendar or else I'll hang myself" (Eng. "Hang up the calendar or I'll hang myself !" ). Regarding the latter, the Namlish spokesman wants to say that he will hang up the calendar if the person addressed does not do so beforehand, and by no means, as loudly "real" English proclaims, that he will hang himself if the calendar is not by the person addressed would be hung. Another example would be the phrase "Pick up the paper and fall in the dustbin!" ( Eng. "Pick up the paper and fall into the garbage can!" ), but the only requirement is that the person addressed should pick up the paper and throw it into the garbage can.

The English verb suffering (dt. "Suffer") is used very often in Namlish when discussing any major or minor problems or inadequacies. Therefore, suffering is very often "overused" in Namlish, because in real English it is mostly only used in relation to very serious, severe suffering under certain problems and inadequacies.

The English word meat (Eng. "Meat") generally only refers to beef , goat meat and venison in Namlish , while chicken, in contrast to "real" English, is in most cases specifically referred to as chicken (Eng. " Chicken ") . Pork and lamb , which in turn are specifically referred to as pork or lamb in "real" English , are in most cases simply referred to as "meat" in Namlish , analogous to beef, venison and goat meat.

pronunciation

In Namlish , the language influences on which it is based are also reflected in the dialect , so that many English words are not pronounced as usual. The English word Clothes (dt. Clothing ) is z. B. almost always stressed on two syllables, while in British English only the first syllable is stressed. Another example of such a changed syllable stress is z. As the English word kissed (dt. Kissed).

In general, the respective mother tongues seem to have a strong influence on pronunciation. Problems of understanding can arise e.g. B. come because a large number of native speakers of the Oshiwambo swap the letters "L" and "R" when they speak Namlish . One of the reasons for this is that the letter "R" does not appear in Oshiwambo. Therefore, in Namlish z. B. the sentence "My love for you flows stronger than the river Jordan" (Eng. "My love for you flows stronger than the river Jordan") as follows: "My love for you frows longer than the liver Joldan" . Native speakers of Otjiherero , on the other hand, have a problem with words that begin with the letter "D". You then have a strong tendency to put an "N" in front of the respective "D", so that e.g. B. from the English word "Dangerous" ( Eng . " Dangerous ") " Ndangerous " becomes. The Nama and Damara , on the other hand, tend to insert clicks , especially in English words that begin with a vowel . Native speakers of RuKwangali , on the other hand, have problems with the pronunciation of the English th sound , which is why it is very often spoken as a simple "S". The Lozi in the Caprivi Stripe have difficulty pronouncing an "S" following a consonant correctly. B. from the English against (dt. " Against (something) ") "agenest" becomes. Many native speakers of Afrikaans also reveal inconsistencies regarding the correct pronunciation of English words: the letter "H" at the beginning of an English word is often converted into a "J", so that e.g. B. from " Help " (dt. " Help ") " Jelp " is.

As a result, even many English teachers who grew up in areas with irregular use of the English language, especially in rural areas, pronounce English words incorrectly and bring up incorrect formulations and idioms compared to correct English . In doing so, they directly contribute to the further spread of Namlish .

The "R" is usually pronounced very softly in Namlish , so that z. B. the word Car (dt. Auto ) becomes more or less Ca. For listeners who are not used to the pronunciation of English words in Namlish , z. As the words Bird (dt. Bird ) and B (dt. Bed ) certainly listen identical. This is also due to the fact that Namlish speakers in the vast majority of cases use the Ö -like emphasis on the letters U and I in certain English words such as B. "Bird" (dt. Bird ), "to burn" (dt. Burning ) or "to turn" (dt. Rotate ) can not pronounce correctly, but that instead rather like a E emphasize.

reception

Opponents of the increasing spread of Namlish attribute this to the fact that, in their opinion, the quality of the national education system has deteriorated continuously over the years .
The sudden change in the Afrikaans education system initially brought with it considerable problems that continue to this day. This "hasty" changeover of the entire educational system to the English language has been criticized by critics to this day.

A study by Florida State University in 1993, three years after independence and the associated "language change", came to the conclusion that around 60% of Namibian teachers only had very poor English. Accordingly, the 1993 audit results were more or less shocking. Nevertheless, the government stuck to the line it had taken and blamed the teachers.

In 2009, 19 years after the establishment of the English language as the official language, Tötemeyer saw the continued poor knowledge of the English language as the main reason for the large number of poor school qualifications in the country. According to Tötemeyer , around two-thirds of sixth graders in Namibia could not read in 2009.

As early as 2008, Namibia's largest daily newspaper, The Namibian , publicly denounced the conditions at schools in the country for the first time, highlighting the inadequate English language skills of many teachers and the general disinterest of parents in the school performance of their children. In 2011, 21 years after the establishment of English as the official language, this newspaper carried out a renewed investigation of the circumstances and came to the conclusion that 98% of teachers still did not have sufficient English skills to teach this language sustainably. This knowledge was based on an English test which all teachers in the country had to pass this year by order of the Ministry of Education. In addition, according to the test result, 70% of the teachers did not even have a basic knowledge of English. The newspaper's report also shows that many teachers even had problems entering personal information on the first page of the English language form because they did not understand what was written. In general, however, younger teachers performed better than older teachers in the exam, which gives the Ministry of Education hope for the future.

The Namlish tolerated or the Namlish -facing highlight its own dynamic and continuous development. In addition, proponents see Namlish as a side effect of the development of a national identity, "because one is Namibian and neither English nor American". As early as 2000, the then Education Minister of Namibia, Dr. Becky Ndjoze-Ojo , from neglecting the Namibian languages in favor of English in the future. Sindano also pointed out this problem in 2012 .

In 2012, Gerson Sindano doubted the authenticity of Namlish in the Namibian daily New Era and pointed out that it was merely a justification for simply poor knowledge of English in Namibia. As Sindano points out, there is actually no explicit "Namlish" spelling and grammar, which would clearly differentiate Namlish from general "bad English". Sindano , although he admits certain influences of the Namibian mother tongues on the language of expression, takes the position that Namlish is primarily defined by grammatical errors and a limited vocabulary compared to real English, which is why it can by no means be viewed as a clearly definable variant of the English language. According to Sindano , formulations such as B. "I am coming" rather than "I will be back" (dt. "I'll be right back" ) rather than Namlish be considered because it is merely grammatically incorrect English in such excesses.

In August 2013, the editors of the Namibian daily New Era announced that they would publish editions in indigenous languages in the future, with Oshiwambo starting as the country's most important indigenous language. However, other indigenous languages should gradually be taken into account as well. Because those responsible want to "promote access to information for all parts of society" with this step, this can be seen as an admission of the inadequate or unevenly distributed English language skills in the country after 23 years. In this regard, the Chairman of the New Era, Dr. Ben Mulongeni , also points out that it is important and not to be neglected for Namibian society to use another, indigenous and nationwide language for communication with one another in addition to English. This point of view can also be interpreted as a radical departure from the indoctrinated approach of the Namibian government in recent years with regard to the propagation of the English language.

Others

There was (as of August 2018) a Namibian online magazine called Namlish.com.

Newcomers to Namibia, whether English speakers or not, often get used to Namlish to a greater or lesser extent, so that in a certain sense they themselves become Namlish speakers to a certain extent over time .

In 2011 the Namibian Kwaito artist Tate Buti released his album " Kastoma Seves ", which refers to the Namibian pronunciation of English words. With " Kastoma Seves " while the English "is Customer Service " (dt. Customer service ) meant.

Web links

Informante.web.na (English)

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Namlish - A language for Northern Namibia. on informanté.web.na April 2, 2009. (English)

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Communication in Namibia: A glossary of some important Namibian words. on: namibian.org (English)

↑ ^a ^b Päivi Lahti: Sustainable Development - Case: Energy production in Namibia (English)

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Andree-Jeanne Tötemeyer: Multilingualism / Multiculturalism in Africa and its impact on reading culture: The namibian experience (English; PDF; 229 kB)

↑ No pidgin please. on: pidgin.wordpress.com (English)

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Traveling Breit (Reflections on God's light in the world): Nam-lish to English Translations, 2008 , June 5, 2012. (English)

↑ Namdeutsch. Humboldt University of Berlin. Retrieved September 12, 2019.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Neufeld D. and S .: Speaking Namlish on: Neufeldsinnamibia.blogspot.com , March 1, 2012. (English)

↑ ^a ^b Namibia: 'Namlish' Goes Wiki. on: allafrica.com (English)

↑ ^a ^b Dolores Wolfaardt: Namibia: A Case for a Gradual Transitional Bilingual Language Program. (English; PDF; 501 kB)

↑ ^a ^b Stephan du Toit SC: Speaking in tongues - A Namibian experience (English; PDF; 1.0 MB)

↑ F. Haushona-Kavamba: Embracing Namlish (Windhoek Observer, May 26, 2013) ( Memento of the original from February 21, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , August 16, 2013. (English) @1@ 2

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Guide to Namlish. on: serasphere.net (English)

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Namlish. on: tamaraswebb.blogspot.com May 25, 2009. (English)

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Sam in Namibia - A journal for my teaching experiences while in Africa: Understanding Namlish ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , July 13, 2012. (English)@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / saminnamibia.com

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Namlish ( Memento from November 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) on: Grooveasia.com January 9, 2012. (English)

↑ Twedten I. and Nangulah S .: Social Relations of Poverty: A Case-Study from Owambo, Namibia (1999). Chr. Michelsen Institute - Development Studies and Human Rights, Bergen, Norway PDF file, regarding Botsotso from page 48 ff. February 17, 2012. (English)

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d There And Back Again - A Coster Tale: Namlish , July 13, 2012. (English)

↑ List of South African slang words. in the engl. Wikipedia

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ongaipi from Oshakati (English)

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Melissa Yisak: The Diversity of English. (PDF; 1.5 MB) In: Perspectives from Africa. Issue 3, Spring 2010 (English) (Kellogg Institute for International Studies)

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Matu Hakaene: Namlish (English)

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Leslie in Owamboland (English)

↑ ^a ^b ^c Lessons in Namlish on: Nowlininnamibia.blogspot.com February 16, 2012. (English)

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Namlish, Namibia on: Beta.offexploring.com , March 1, 2012. (English)

↑ ^a ^b Johanna Wilkie: Namlish (English)

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Namlish (English)

↑ Namlish on: Tina in Namibia January 9, 2012. (English)

↑ Namlish: Literal Translations on: Museumstuff.com , March 1, 2012. (English)

↑ The Full Wiki - Namlish: Wikis , June 7, 2012. (English)

↑ A Lesson in Namlish on: Hannesdiary.com January 9, 2012. (English)

↑ ^a ^b Charles Tjatindi: I speak Namlish - and proud of it (2012) ( Memento from December 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (English)

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gerson Sindano: There is no such thing as' Namlish - New Era (Namibia, 2012) ( Memento from October 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), November 3, 2012. (English)

↑ Namlish will be our downfall (English)

↑ Namibia: 98 Percent of Teachers Not Fluent in English. on: Allafrica.com , July 13, 2012. (English)

↑ Talking straight about race ( memento of the original from June 6, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) @1@ 2

↑ H. Shaanika: Namibia: NEPC Unveils New Newspaper (New Era, August 27, 2013) , August 30, 2013. (English)

↑ General: Namlish Rag 2010. ( Memento of the original from May 31, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on: namlish.com January 13, 2011. (English) @1@ 2

↑ Tate Buti's album "Kastoma Seves" on Easyget.com.na ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , December 5, 2012. (English)@1@ 2

[informante-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Namlish - A language for Northern Namibia. on informanté.web.na April 2, 2009. (English)

[glossary-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Communication in Namibia: A glossary of some important Namibian words. on: namibian.org (English)

[lahti-3] Päivi Lahti: Sustainable Development - Case: Energy production in Namibia (English)

[Tötemeyer-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Andree-Jeanne Tötemeyer: Multilingualism / Multiculturalism in Africa and its impact on reading culture: The namibian experience (English; PDF; 229 kB)

[pidgin-5] No pidgin please. on: pidgin.wordpress.com (English)

[breit-6] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Traveling Breit (Reflections on God's light in the world): Nam-lish to English Translations, 2008 , June 5, 2012. (English)

[7] Namdeutsch. Humboldt University of Berlin. Retrieved September 12, 2019.

[Neufeld-8] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Neufeld D. and S .: Speaking Namlish on: Neufeldsinnamibia.blogspot.com , March 1, 2012. (English)

[wiki-9] Namibia: 'Namlish' Goes Wiki. on: allafrica.com (English)

[wolfaardt-10] Dolores Wolfaardt: Namibia: A Case for a Gradual Transitional Bilingual Language Program. (English; PDF; 501 kB)

[Du_Toit-11] Stephan du Toit SC: Speaking in tongues - A Namibian experience (English; PDF; 1.0 MB)