German language in Namibia

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German language in Namibia

Spoken in

NamibiaNamibia Namibia , southern and central part of the country.

Legal statuses of German in the world.svg
It is one of the language islands outside of the German-speaking area .

speaker around 20,000 native speakers (see introduction)
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Recognized minority /
regional language in 		NamibiaNamibia Namibia , one of the eleven national languages
Examples of German-language signage in everyday Namibian life.

The German language in Namibia (formerly known primarily as Südwesterdeutsch , today also referred to by scholars with the artificial word Namdeutsch , among the youth in Namibia primarily also as Namlish or Namsläng ), is linguistically a language variety , a language island and a quarter center of the German language . The latter is a linguistic classification within the German language centers. The descendants of inhabitants of the German South West Africa colony, which existed until 1915, are the only remaining German-speaking community with a significant number of native speakers in the former German colonies .

Currently, the distribution area extends in particular to rural areas in central Namibia and the cities of Windhoek and Swakopmund . According to various sources, 16,000–25,000 (2012) or just under 20,000 German native speakers (2011) live in 4,359 households in Namibia. The so-called kitchen German ( English Namibian Black German ) is used by around 15,000 people, most of whom are older than 50, as a second language contact variety . Younger Namibians tend to use English or Afrikaans to communicate between the ethnic groups of the country. German as a second language is spoken by several hundred thousand inhabitants.

The German spoken in multilingual Namibia has the status of a minority language , is recognized as one of the eleven national languages and, along with Afrikaans , Otjeherero , Oshivambo and English (today's only official language ), is one of the living languages ​​of the country. Lingua franca , it is currently by Stefan Engelberg from Institute for German Language not. In some parts of the country, German, mostly in addition to Afrikaans, Oshivambo and in any case English, also has an official status at the municipal level.

In the former colony of German South West Africa, German was the only official language until 1919. As a result of repeated efforts by the resident white German-speaking residents, from 1984 to 1990 German was given the status of a “semi-official” official language in their settlement areas in South West Africa .

As a means of communication, German also benefits from its similarity to Afrikaans and has an outstanding position in business and tourism. Many Namibian landscapes, cities and towns as well as street and object names have German names.

Some German-speaking residents see the future of the German mother tongue in Namibia as endangered. At an event in 2010, the chairman of the “ Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Schulvereine ” (AGDS) commented and quoted a. the linguist Ulrich Ammon . However, the statements there did not go unchallenged. The number of those who are learning the German language is currently increasing. In March 2014, there were 7,600 students in Namibia who learned German as a foreign language, and 1,500 received lessons in German as their mother tongue. This was an increase of 600 from 7000 the previous year.

Namibian education

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The Deutsche Höhere Privatschule Windhoek is one of the most famous German-speaking schools in Namibia

In addition to 32 schools where around 14,000 students learn German as a foreign language, there are a good dozen German-speaking schools that teach German as their mother tongue (including the German Higher Private School in Windhoek (DHPS), German schools in Omaruru and Otjiwarongo and five government schools ). In addition, there are several German primary schools , German-speaking high schools and a German-speaking private grammar school in Windhoek .

The University of Namibia offers German studies and economics in German as the language of instruction.

History of the German language in South West Africa

During the time as a German colony from 1884 to 1915, German was the only official language in German South West Africa (today Namibia). At this time an Afrikaans- speaking population, the Boers , some Orlam tribes and above all the Rehoboth Baster , lived in the country. They settled mainly in the southeast after they had advanced across the Orange from the Cape Province . But there were Boer settlements in other parts of the country as well, some of which arrived in South West Africa in several waves of immigration due to the British occupation of South Africa. Boer settlements existed in large areas of the country even before the German colonization .

With the South African occupation in 1915, South African officials took over the administration of the country. In spite of this, German language rights, namely the school system, initially remained untouched in the period that followed. In 1916 today's Allgemeine Zeitung was founded under the name Der Kriegsbote , which is now one of the largest daily newspapers in the country. After the end of the First World War , South Africa's attitude towards the German-speaking population changed. In 1919 and 1920 almost half of the German settlers were expelled.

In the German-speaking population, the desire for German to be made the official language was always alive and well and was stipulated in the Treaty of Cape Town in 1932 . In 1920, English and Dutch became the official languages ​​of the South African Union . In 1925 there was a change in English and Afrikaans, which was also adopted for South West Africa in 1968. Many efforts to obtain such an official status for German have failed. The official rejection was justified by the fact that such a step would cause a rift with the Union of South Africa and that it would be rejected by the non-speaking white African residents of South Africa, but de facto all three languages ​​were still used as official languages. In 1984, when Namibia was still under South African administration, German was given the status of de jure official language (or a “semi-official” official language ) in the German-speaking settlement areas , but this only existed for eight years.

After Namibia's independence in 1990, English became the only official language. The spread and influence of the German language are decreasing. a. due to the renaming of individual streets, whereby the Namibian government endeavors to pay tribute to people from the country's recent history with street names and at the same time to reduce names from the German, British and South African colonial times. The criticism is not only that one violates agreements on the preservation of cultural heritage, but also that these are often unknown personalities from the past of the governing party SWAPO , whose non-partisan, nationwide significance is questionable.

Language situation today

Spread as a mother tongue

Distribution of German as a mother tongue in Namibia (2011)
  • <1%
  • 1-5.99%
  • 6-10.99%
  • 11-20.99%
  • 21-30.99%
  • 31-49.99%
  • 50-75.99%
  • 76-90%
  • > 90%
    • German (Gaussstrasse) and English (Goethe Street) street signs at an intersection in Grootfontein

    German as the mother tongue or main language is spoken by a total of around 20,000 people in 4,359 households. Overall, 0.9% of all households in Namibia speak German as their mother tongue. German is the most widespread mother tongue in the regions

    In all other regions, German is spoken as a mother tongue in less than 0.4% of all households.

    everyday life

    The Carstensen bakery in Otjiwarongo : Just one of many examples of the German language in everyday Namibian life.

    About 20,000 Namibians speak German as their mother tongue, and tens of thousands of people in Namibia, mostly English- or Africa-speaking whites or wealthy blacks, speak German as a foreign language. In addition to teaching the German language at many Namibian schools, there are also numerous German-language media in the country (see also under “ Education system in Namibia ”). Although German is hardly spoken by the vast majority of the black African population, some of the civil servants and, above all, employees in the tourism sector have sufficient to good knowledge of German. The black SWAPO orphans who grew up in the GDR and now use the German language among themselves in everyday life in Namibia are an exception . Numerous shop displays, websites, menus, advertising signs, company and business names are also in German.

    In contrast to this, one can also find parts of the city, institutions and places where the German language is hardly to be found. These are predominantly areas with a small percentage of white people, especially in the north of the country, but also in some parts of Windhoek .

    Like schools, churches, both Protestant and Catholic, have a language-preserving function. Likewise the "Working Group of German School Associations" (AGDS). The working group, together with the “German Cultural Council” (DKR), awards grants to German teachers who are completing the teaching internship.

    Culture

    Examples of multilingual signage in Namibia

    German is used as a medium in many cultural areas:

    Signs

    Example of German names and street signs in Windhoek

    In today's Namibia, German, like Afrikaans, English and the African languages, is increasingly becoming a kind of niche language. Certain areas of life are shaped by different languages. Public signs are mostly in English, a smaller part in Afrikaans, although there are also numerous multilingual signs on which mostly English and Afrikaans can be read, but often also German. Mostly one orientates oneself here on historical contexts (monuments and historical buildings from German colonial times) or on the "target group" of the signs, like tourists (street reference to the " Warmbads Warmbads ", "Naturreservat Naukluft " etc.). Often, however, it is also just about signs from the time before 1990, when Afrikaans and German were still official languages, or you can find restored or imitation signs from the German colonial era, which applies to the majority of street name plates in Namibia. Mostly one reads here names with reference to the German Empire , such as B. Lüderitzstraße , Kaiserstraße or Bismarckstraße . Especially in the larger cities such as Windhoek , Swakopmund , Keetmanshoop , Grootfontein or Lüderitz , most of the street names are German, although in recent years numerous streets with names from the German and British colonial times have been renamed in order to retain indigenous African names. So is called z. B. the former "Mittelstrasse" in Swakopmund is now "Tobias Hainyeko St". Many street names end with "Str.", Which deliberately leaves an interpretation of this abbreviation as Street (Engl.), Straße or Straat (Afrikaans) open. Since independence, these have mostly been abbreviated with "St", which still allows them to be interpreted in different languages.

    Place names

    German place names are particularly typical in the south of the country
    As can be seen on this map, Namibia, with the exception of the north, is characterized by German and Afrikaans place names

    Unlike other areas with numerous German immigrants and thus formerly common German place and landscape names, such as. B. South Australia, South Brazil or North America, Namibia never experienced a wave of renaming after the world wars in order to push the unwanted German names out of everyday life. A large part of all Namibian towns - with the exception of the far north - still have German names today. Especially in the south of the country (regions Hardap and ǁKaras ) around 80% of all place and landscape names are German or a mixture of German and Afrikaans or English, e.g. B. "Keetmanshoop" (after the German industrialist Johann Keetman and the Afrikaans word for "hope", hoop ).

    Principle of multilingualism

    In many of the Namibian cities and villages, public life is multilingual. In addition to the national official language English, Afrikaans, German or, for example, Ovambo are added . The first three languages ​​are used throughout the country, but especially in the south of the country. Public signs are mostly in English and German, and more rarely in Afrikaans. Commercial signs are arbitrary and mostly in English and in the shopkeeper's native language, although the combination of German and English is extremely common. This is not only due to the fact that the German native speakers are an important economic factor in Namibia, but also to attract the attention of the numerous German-speaking tourists.

    German speaking media

    The Allgemeine Zeitung, the only German-language daily newspaper in Africa, one of the largest newspapers in Namibia

    The most important publication is the Allgemeine Zeitung in Windhoek , which has appeared daily since 1916 . It is not only the oldest newspaper in the South West African state, but also the only German-language newspaper in Africa. Readers are mainly around 22,000 German Namibians and other German-speaking people at home and abroad. The Allgemeine Zeitung contains a tourism supplement once a month. One newspaper that contains articles in German, among other things, is the Namib Times in Walvis Bay .

    German-language radio programs are offered by the public Namibian Broadcasting Corporation and the private Hitradio Namibia . The Namibian Broadcasting Corporation also broadcasts a weekly German-language television news program.

    General linguistics

    The German language in Namibia is characterized by a certain simplification and the adoption of many words and the like. a. from Afrikaans , English and Bantu languages . This variant of German is colloquially known as “ South West German ”, casually also as “Namdeutsch” and, among the younger generation, as “Namsläng”. This language is currently (2013/14) being investigated by means of a joint research project carried out by the University of Potsdam and the University of Namibia. The variant dictionary of the German listed on its 2nd edition 2016 "Namibismen" d. H. specifically Namibian peculiarities of standard German .

    Some typical Namibian-German words

    agreement (v.)

    1. Lead water (from Rivieren ). 2. ( weather , wind , drafts , storms etc.) arise, move up.

    Old woman (w.)

    (NOT derogatory) 1. (regardless of age) (steady) girlfriend ; Partner . 2. girl . 3rd wife .

    Age (m.)

    (NOT derogatory) 1. (mostly) husband. 2. (regardless of age) boyfriend.

    to bark at (v.)

    Call ( Afrikaans om te bel and Dutch opbellen or bellen ) (by phone ).

    different ( adj .)

    Strange. But that's a different story [ ʃtɔri: ] : That's a strange story.

    sort out (v.)

    ( English to sort sth. Out ) Discuss something.

    Baas (m.)

    1. Lord , boss , boss . 2. Farmer on a farm . 3. Speaking his Baas: the best (sb.) Knows his way around. The rotten * so much NamDollars . The is moets (= probably, possibly, definitely) money is baas!

    Bakkie (m.)

    (Afrikaans) off-road vehicle with loading area (pick-up), flatbed truck .

    depressed (adj.)

    (afrikaans bedonderd / bedonnerd ) angry, angry; insane.

    better too (Redew.)

    (Afrikaans beter ook ) 1. It would be better if…, to recommend, necessary. 2nd speech ... you better too: do it this way and not differently, otherwise ... 3. (threat). Who meets who Better? ( Wortspiel ; book title by Marga Vaatz, Windhoek, 1989.)

    biekie or bikkie (adv.)

    (Afrikaans bietjie ) A little bit, a little bit.

    bleddy (adv.)

    ( English bloody ) Damn, shitty, shitty.

    Bokkie (s.)

    (Afrikaans) General term for goats and sheep .

    Braai [ braɪ ] (m.)

    (Afrikaans) 1. the grilling , barbecue . 2nd phrase braai or (afrikaans braaivleis ) braai meat : grilled meat, grilled meat. 3. Gridiron, grill .

    braain [ braɪn ] (v.)

    (Afrikaans braai ) crickets; roast , fry .

    Brack (m.)

    (North German, Afrikaans brak ) dog ; pejorative mutt Mutt .

    Buschveld or Buschfeld (s.)

    (Afrikaans Bosveld ) bush; Savannah .

    Dam (m.)

    (English) dam , water reservoir , reservoir .

    Damper ( subst. Pl. )

    (Afrikaans (skok) dempers ) shock absorbers .

    Deutschländer or Jerry , Gerry (m.)

    German (from Germany).

    Donga (w.)

    Deep chimney of natural origin.

    Drankwinkel (m.)

    (Afrikaans) liquor store , beverage shop.

    enter (v.)

    (probably influenced by English to hand in ) hand in something (especially exams, essays ); (sometimes) submit ( applications ).

    remember (v.)

    (not reflexive , Anglicism ) Redew. I remember , you remember , he, she, it remembers etc .: I remember, you remember, he, she, it remembers etc. Do you remember? - The good old times! - I still remember how we went from Swakop to the beach in the sunshine and drove out into the dunes of the Namib in cloudy weather . (see wonder.)

    to catch (v.)

    (English to catch ) Get caught, get caught. I snuck into the house and was caught by my wife.

    to seize [ fɛstkɛ: ʀn ] (v.)

    (Afrikaans vaskeer ) 1. Drive into a corner, stop, crowd together. 2. Stop, prevent.

    to fish (v.)

    (English to go fishing ) idiom fish go: fishing .

    Futsek! [ futsɛk ] (interj.)

    (Afrikaans “voertsek”) (exclamation) Get out of here !, Get out of here !, Get lost !, Go to hell!
    ( Syneretic actually from Voort sê ek! = " Away , I say!".)

    go (v.)

    (Afrikaans gaan ) (Used to form the future tense ) Becoming. I'm going to see my stork * again tomorrow.

    to handle ( v. )

    (English to handle ) 1. Handling; get by; be competent. 2nd speech Don't handle: can't stand.

    Stern (s.)

    (North German, Afrikaans hek ) gate , farm gate; Gate .

    Is this? or Isses?

    (Afrikaans Is dit? ) Right?

    casual work [ dʒɔp (ə) n , dʒɔb (ə) n ] (v.)

    1. Function, work. 2. (English "to do a job ") work, pursue a job . - Expression of overtime work: pushing overtime .

    Boy (male)

    (English boy ) (regardless of age) farm worker.

    Poop (m.)

    (Afrikaans ek vang 'n kak / kak! ) Redew. Kack a catch: get angry, the nose have full, no pleasure , have bored, be weary.

    calve (v.)

    break down, give up the ghost.

    Kamp (s.)

    (English) 1st camp . 2. Enclosed pasture land .

    Cliff (w.)

    (Afrikaans klip ) 1st stone . 2. rocks ; Rock .

    Station wagon (m.)

    Minibus .
    (The German-speaking Europe colloquially " combi " identified vehicle is called in Namibia Station Wagon .)

    to get (v.)

    1st phrase get cold: freeze. 2nd phrase getting warm: ( person ) sb. Is warm; ( Animal , device) overheat. I get warm: I'm warm. 3rd expression hard to get: to struggle, to toil. 4th phrase getting seer: suffering pain . 5. Get the phrase Lekker *: Have fun, go well. 6th phrase get woe: be sorry.

    lekker or tasty (adv.)

    (Afrikaans) 1. Tasty, good, beautiful (not just in terms of taste ), amusing. 2nd speech Lekker sleep: wish a good night ; good, comfortable sleep. - Talk. Lekker slaap !: Sleep well !, good night! 3. Speech. Lekker Pad !: have a good trip!

    Locasia (w.)

    (Afrikaans lokasie , English location ) general term for small villages or remote parts of the city of the locals. See also shipyard * .

    Lorrie (w.)

    (English lorry ) trucks .

    mall (adj.)

    (North German, Afrikaans times ) Crazy, angry, angry.

    Manga (s.)

    ( Portuguese mangueira "large enclosure for cattle") A piece of equipment into which a cattle can be pinched. This enables the farmer to (mostly) carry out medical treatments without the cattle fighting back and possibly injuring themselves.
    (This Lusitanism penetrated the "Namibian" vocabulary with the Portuguese-speaking immigrants from Angola and Mozambique . It is one of the "Namibian" language universals of all languages ​​spoken in Namibia.)

    Morro-tse! (interj.)

    (afrikaans môre “morning”, nama tse “good”) Good morning!

    mors (adv.)

    (Afrikaans) adverbial phrase In mors: kaputt .

    rotten (v.)

    (Afrikaans mors ) waste; torment, abuse.

    Naafi or Nafi ( male and female )

    (English abbreviated for no ambition and fuck all interest ) Person who develops no ambition and no interest in anything.

    net or nice [ nɛt ] ( adv. )

    (Afrikaans) Only.

    nochall ( conj . )

    (Afrikaans nog al ) Namely, but.

    Nüffel ( male and female )

    Child , young school child. (see pen.)

    Oukie [ œŭki: , ɔŭki: ] (m).

    (afrikaans outjie ) 1st boy; Dude, guy. 2. Often in collective contexts for z. B. the Namibians, the Germans , the farmers .

    Pad (w.)

    (afrikaans) 1. Path , way , road ; Gravel road , dirt road . 2. (Afrikaans op pad ) Redew. On pad: on the way; on road. 3. Fig. Subject . Get off the pad.

    Pip (w.)

    ( North German ) whistle .

    Pontok or Pondok (m.)

    (South African) Traditional home of the locals.

    to post (v.)

    (Dutch post , Afrikaans pos and English to post ) Send a piece of mail.

    Povian (m.)

    1. Baboon . 2. Dog monkey . 3. (Fig.) Simple-minded person; someone who apes.

    Ram ( noun )

    Aries , a male breeding animal of the sheep .
    (In standard German Ramm , Rammel , Rammer "Schafbock".)

    Rainy season (w.)

    1. Rainy period during the summer. 2. meton. Summer. (see dry season.)

    Rivier (s.)

    (Afrikaans) river that is temporarily on dry land; Dry river.

    Robot (m.)

    (English) traffic lights.

    to roll (v.)

    (English to roll over ) ( vehicle ) roll over . At the place of the crash (= at the scene of the accident) one saw many cars that had rolled (= rolled over).

    Die (w.)

    Term for a South African horse disease .

    step [ ʃti: f ] (adv.)

    (North German, Afrikaans) 1. Very. - (Emotional movement from within, indicating from the depths upwards; a procedure from within) er, ur-. Step comfortable: really comfortable, "very" comfortable. 2. A lot, lots and lots. 3. Nice, pretty.

    Pen [ ʃtɪft ] (m.)

    ( German pen " Halbwüchsiger ; apprentice ") Younger child ; little guy.

    Stork [ ʃtɔrç ] (m.)

    1. Young girl . 2. (Fixed) girlfriend.

    Dry season or cold period (w.)

    Winter. (see rainy season, 2.)

    Tuffie (m.)

    (formerly of commonly used South African military expression Tiffie ) 1. veraltend technician , expert , soldier or officer with technical or specialized training . - Aspro-Tüffie: doctor . - Tampax Tüffie: Paramedic . - Kitchen tuffie: cook . 2. (today general) mechanic .

    Uitlander [ œĭtlandər ] (m.)

    (Afrikaans) foreigners , not bure .

    Varsity (w.)

    (English for university ) Uni .

    Veld (s.)

    (Afrikaans) scrubland, pasture land ; Hallway , bush.
    (Not "field" in the German sense, but the undeveloped, open land, i.e. the corridor .)

    Vlei or ( hapax ) Vley [ flɛĭ ] (w.)

    (Afrikaans) geographically 1. Depression , pan (especially salt and clay pan). 2. Shallow depression that sometimes fills with water; Dry pond .
    (Especially in geographical proper names: Sossusvlei , Dead Vlei , Hiddenvlei . For the hapax modification of Vley , see "Roiland der Wanderer" (1950) by Adolf Kaempffer.)

    warm (adj.)

    1. Hot. 2. Annoyed, angry. 3. Sexy. 4. ( vehicle ) hairdressed; very fast.

    Corrugated iron (s.)

    1. Wavy road surface . 2. Corrugated, galvanized sheet metal .

    Shipyard (w.)

    (North German; Afrikaans werf “ property , courtyards or courtyard ”) 1. outdated dwellings of the indigenous population in German South West Africa surrounded by palisades or protective walls . 2. ( analogous to 1.) obsolete living space of the local farm workers in the south-west African mandate of the South African Union . 3. ( expanding to 2.) settlement , mostly the farm workers in today's Namibia . See also locasia * .

    Angle (m.)

    (Afrikaans) Small shop .

    to wonder (v.)

    (not reflexive , Anglicism or Afrikaans ek wonder “I would like to know whether”) Redew. I wonder , you wonder , he, she, it wonders etc .: 1. I wonder, you wonder, he, she, it wonders etc. I wonder what is going to be on TV today: I wonder what probably on TV today. (See remember.) 2. Asking yourself, not being sure, being unsure of your cause. I wonder if the oukie * knows what he's doing with his stork *!?!

    desolate adv.

    (intensifying epithet ) Very, extremely; violent, excessive.
    (In High German it has more of the meaning of "wild, wasteful".)

    to (adv.)

    (German or influenced by Afrikaans toe "stupid") 1. Stupid, stupid. How can you just be like that? 2. Stubborn, shy, awkward. She didn't know what to do; too she stood there, close to tears of despair. - The other adjectival meanings are common German: 3. Drunk. He totally came home. 4. (nose) stuffy. He speaks with a too nose.

    to ignite (v.)

    Understand, understand; get it.

    See also

    literature

    • Ulrich Ammon , Hans Bickel , Alexandra N. Lenz ( Hrsg. ): German dictionary of variants . The standard language in Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, East Belgium and South Tyrol as well as Romania, Namibia and Mennonite settlements. 2nd, completely revised and expanded edition. De Gruyter, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-11-024543-1 .
    • Joachim Born, Sylvia Dickgießer: German-speaking minorities. An overview of the state of research for 27 countries. On behalf of the Foreign Office ed. from the Institute for the German Language. Mannheim 1989. ISBN 3-922641-39-3 . [On Namibia pp. 145–150.]
    • Norbert Kleinz: German Language in Contact in South West Africa. The current use of the languages ​​German, Afrikaans and English in Namibia (German language in Europe and overseas. Reports and research. Volume 9). Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-515-04049-8 .
    • Kateřina Klukanová: The history of the colony German South West Africa and today's Namibia in the context of the German language. Diploma thesis, Masaryk University, Brno 2013. ( PDF )
    • Joe Pütz: The big Dickschenärie. Peters Antiques, Windhoek Namibia 2001, ISBN 99916-50-46-6 .
    • Erik Sell: Esisallesoreidt, Nam Släng - German, German - NAM Släng. EeS Records, Windhoek Namibia, 2009, ISBN 978-99945-68 .
    • Marianne Zappen-Thomson: German as a Foreign Language in Namibia. Klaus-Hess-Verlag, Windhoek 2000, ISBN 3-933117-15-1 .

    Web links

    Wiktionary: Südwesterdeutsch  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
    Wiktionary: Directory: German / non-European varieties  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ Anika Tina Kroll-Tjingaete: STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE IN NAMIBIA: AN INVESTIGATION BASED ON TEXTS FROM THE GENERAL NEWSPAPER. UNAM, May 2016.
    2. ^ Dialect study on South West German, Institute for German Studies German Language of the Present at the University of Potsdam
    3. ↑ Namdeutsch. Humboldt University of Berlin. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
    4. ↑ Karina Schneider-Wiejowski, Birte Kellermeier-Rehbein, Jakob Haselhuber: Diversity, Variation and Position of the German Language . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-11-030930-0 , p. 46.
    5. ^ Stefan Engelberg and Doris Stolberg: Linguistics and colonial language contact . Academy Publishing House. Berlin. 2012. S 298f. ISBN 978-3-05-005973-0 .
    6. ↑ Publication of the “Initiative Deutsch in Namibia” (DiN): Frequently asked questions . Retrieved November 7, 2015.
    7. ↑ a b Namibia 2011 Population and Housing Census Main Report. Namibia Statistics Agency, 2013, p. 68 ( memento of October 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on January 15, 2014
    8. ^ Ingo H. Warnke: German language and colonialism . Walter de Gruyter. Berlin. 2009. S 114f. ISBN 978-3-11-020037-9 .
    9. ↑ a b c Stefan Engelberg, Doris Stolberg: Linguistics and colonial language contact , De Gruyter, 2012, series Colonial and Postcolonial Linguistics / Colonial and Postcolonial Linguistics (KPL / CPL) , No. 3.
    10. ↑ German in Namibia (PDF; 5.9 MB) Supplement to the Allgemeine Zeitung. July 18, 2007. Archived from the original on May 28, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2008.
    11. ↑ Stefan Fischer: Receipt of German "questionable". In: Allgemeine Zeitung . September 13, 2010.
    12. ↑ German language increasingly popular . General newspaper. April 11, 2014. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved on November 7, 2015.
    13. ↑ "According to the provisions of the Cape Town Treaty, the South African government is requested to introduce German as the third official language."
    14. ↑ Street renamed. In: Allgemeine Zeitung. December 19, 2001.
    15. ↑ Renaming leads to wrong ways. In: Allgemeine Zeitung. June 19, 2003.
    16. ↑ Ulrich Ammon: The position of the German language in the world. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2015, p. 359ff. ISBN 978-3-11-019298-8 .
    17. ↑ Henning Radke: “Lekker read this namtal. I hou about it. " In: German reports . tape 43 , no. 2 , 2017 ( winter-verlag.de [accessed on February 18, 2018]).
    18. ↑ Does Namibia have its own German dialect? ( Memento of October 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) and Allgemeine Zeitung of October 28, 2013 ( Memento of October 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive ).