National Guard
A national guard is a paramilitary organization that, depending on the organization, can consist of volunteers and reservists or conscripts. In many countries, the National Guard is part of the military , which, unlike the armed forces of the Army , the Air Force and the Navy is intended for use inside. That is why the establishment of national guards is discussed again and again in the area of combating terrorism, as in 2016 in France , where the introduction of a national guard was decided, and in Germany. Domestically, the function of national guards corresponds to the security police of the Weimar Republic or the internal troops (also called troops for internal security ) of the former Soviet Union or Russia , which were renamed the National Guard of Russia in April 2016 .
The historical model is the French National Guard ( Garde Nationale ), which was founded during the French Revolution in 1789. The National Guard of the United States , established in 1903, is an important National Guard .
The French National Guard
Active national guards in other countries
Estonia
In Estonia, the Kaitseliit is regarded as the national guard.
India
The Indian National Guard was established for anti-terrorism operations. India has the largest number of paramilitary units of any democratic state that operate internally and are not part of the regular armed forces . The National Security Guard is mainly deployed in Kashmir .
Kuwait
The Kuwaiti National Guard is part of the military and, alongside the army , air force and navy, is the fourth branch of the armed forces that is available for military use inside.
Latvia
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In Latvia, the National Guard is a branch of the armed forces and comprises ten battalions with more than 11,000 reservists.
Pakistan
The National Guard of Pakistan consists of several paramilitary units, such as the Women's Guard , the Janbaz , or the Mujahid and is not part of the regular military .
Portugal
The Republican National Guard (GNR) is responsible for internal security outside of cities. It is a militarily organized police unit , comparable to the French gendarmerie or the Italian carabinieri . The tasks of the GNR include maintaining public safety outside of cities, traffic control on highways, customs matters and the protection of government buildings. The GNR also has two reserve infantry regiments and formations of honor for state visits.
Russia
In April 2016, the National Guard of Russia was established in Russia . It reports directly to the President and was composed of the troops of the Interior Ministry and elite and special police units . The official tasks include the fight against organized crime and terrorism . Unofficially, the unit was also referred to as Putin's Praetorian Guard , or "Army against the enemies from within". The commander-in-chief is Viktor Zolotov .
Saudi Arabia
The Saudi National Guard is the fourth branch of the armed forces , alongside the land forces , the air force and the navy . The tribal militias , which existed for historical reasons, are part of the National Guard. The areas of responsibility include the protection of the royal family, the protection of the holy places, as well as military operations inside.
Tunisia
The 15,000-strong paramilitary Guard Nationale reports to the Tunisian Ministry of the Interior.
Ukraine
On October 22, 1991, a law of the Supreme Soviet of Ukraine decided to form a national guard of 30,000 soldiers. This was dissolved in 2000 by a resolution of the parliament.
As a replacement for the Berkut unit, which had recently been disbanded, the National Guard of Ukraine was established on March 12, 2014 by resolution of the Ukrainian parliament . It was founded against the backdrop of the Russian intervention on the Crimean peninsula .
Venezuela
The Venezuelan Guardia Nacional was founded for military use in the interior and is the fourth branch of the armed forces of Venezuela , alongside the army , air force and navy . These are units of the light infantry .
United States
When established in 1903, National Guard of the United States ( Engl. : United States National Guard, briefly National Guard ) is, to the second instance of the military reserve of the United States Armed Forces . It consists of the two branches of the Army National Guard and Air National Guard . In addition to the National Guards, there are also reserve units of the individual armed forces of the US Army , US Navy and US Air Force . These are mostly specific professional groups, such as doctors, logisticians, etc., while the National Guards mainly provide infantry and artillery forces.
The members of the National Guard are volunteer militiamen . In addition to the National Guard, who said in the application Governor of the State or the President of the United States are subject to entertain currently 22 states and Puerto Rico one the governor subordinate to State Defense Force (State Guard) , which can support the National Guard when used at the state level.
The United States National Guard also participates in foreign missions, since 2005 for up to two years.
Main article: United States National Guard
Republic of Cyprus
In the Republic of Cyprus , the regular forces as are Cypriot National Guard (Cypriot National Guard), respectively. They encompass both land and naval and air forces and were founded in 1960, the year of independence, as implementation of paragraphs 129-132 of the constitution.
Other states
- Bahrain
- Georgia
- Mauritania : subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior
- Uzbekistan : subordinate to the Ministry of Defense
Former National Guards
Iraq
In Iraq , a national guard has been established by the Americans since the Iraq war , which should support them in the fight against insurgents. In the long term, the Iraqi National Guard should be able to take complete control of the country so that American forces could gradually withdraw. The National Guard was disbanded in early 2005 (long before the US troops withdrew at the end of 2011).
Croatia
In Croatia existed at the beginning of the Croatia war in 1991 a Croatian National Guard , which the foundation, which was founded in the same year the Croatian Armed Forces was formed.
Austria
The Austrian National Guard was approved by Field Marshal Prince Windisch-Graetz at the beginning of the March Revolution on March 14, 1848 in Vienna at the instigation of the merchants Emil Hardt , Mayrhofer and Keßler and then set up in all larger towns. Men between the ages of 19 and 50 were admitted (with the exception of skilled tradesmen, servants, weekly and day laborers). In military matters, the Vienna National Guard was headed by a high commander who was assisted by a staff (adjutants) and a corps of field officers (chancellery and security service). Subordinate to the high command were the district chiefs in the twelve Vienna police districts (Schotten, Widmer, Kärntner and Stubenviertel in the city, Leopoldstadt, Landstrasse, Wieden, Mariahilf, Neubau, Josefstadt, Alservorstadt and Roßau in the suburbs) and these in turn were the leaders from several companies each. The high command was also subordinate to a sniper, artillery and cavalry corps as well as the Academic Legion; In addition, the citizens' militia that existed before the revolution was incorporated into the National Guard. The total strength of the National Guard was calculated at a target level of 60,000–70,000 men, in fact it was around 44,000 in May 1848 and only 18,000 men in October; this decline led to the formation of the Mobile Guard (which anyone could join). A board of directors appointed by the district organizations, special corps and the Academic Legion was set up for the civil interests of the National Guard. A “political central committee” formed on May 7, 1848 of 200 delegates was renamed “Central Committee for the Maintenance of Peace and Law” on May 18, 1848 and dissolved on May 21, 1848. There were different political currents in the National Guard in the course of the revolutionary year; Some of the companies in the districts were considered “black and yellow” (loyal to the emperor and conservative), others were radical; accordingly difficult was the position of the respective commander in chief. The headquarters of the National Guard was in the Stallburg, but on October 31, 1848 (just before the imperial troops conquered Vienna) it was moved to the Lower Austrian Landhaus. After the riots, the National Guard was provisionally dissolved in 1848 and finally dissolved in 1851.
Bavaria
In 1809, the Bavarian army restructured its former vigilante groups into a national guard based on the French model . However, the name disappeared between 1814 and 1816, the new name for these reserve associations was then Landwehr .
Hungary
During the Hungarian popular uprising in 1956, then Prime Minister Imre Nagy officially recognized the revolution on October 28, 1956 . On October 30th, he united the Hungarian army and freedom fighters into a so-called National Guard and placed them under the leadership of Béla Király .
Nicaragua
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The Guardia Nacional of Nicaragua was installed as a force equipped and trained by the US government in 1933 to protect its interests in the Nicaraguan Civil War and had army and police functions . From the beginning to 1979 it was under the command of the Somoza family , who used them bloody to maintain their dictatorship and for private purposes.
Panama
The Panama National Guard was a paramilitary unit that was disbanded after the US invasion of Panama in 1989.
literature
- Serge Bianchi, Roger Dupuy: La Garde nationale entre nation et peuple en armes. Mythes et réalités. 1789-1871 . Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2006 (French)
- Dieter Marc Schneider (Ed.): Paris Commune 1871. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1971
Web links
- National guard . universalis.fr (French)
- On the history of the USNG , American Law Encyclopedia, Vol 7 (English)
- Official website of the US National Guard Bureau (English)
- Official site of the Association of US State Garden (English)
- Official site of the US Army Reserve (English)
- Official site of the US Navy Reserve (English)
- Official website of the US Air Force Reserve Command (English)
- afrc.af.mil ( Memento from January 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
Individual evidence
- ↑ Fight against terrorism: France builds national guard with 84,000 reservists. In: Zeit Online. August 3, 2016, accessed August 16, 2016 .
- ↑ dpa: France decides the national guard. In: FAZ.net . August 3, 2016, accessed October 13, 2018 .
- ↑ n-tv.de
- ↑ Reuters / AFP: Berlin is considering a new reservist force. In: FAZ.net . July 26, 2016, accessed October 13, 2018 .
- ↑ Vladimir Putin: Russia creates a new national guard. In: Zeit Online. April 6, 2016, accessed November 22, 2016 .
- ↑ de.sputniknews.com
- ↑ In conversation: Evgenia Albats Editor-in-Chief of the New Times , Echo Moscow, April 5, 2016
- ↑ The bodyguard's sudden impotence , NZZ, September 13, 2018
- ↑ Слезая с сатисфакции ( Shimmering Satisfaction ), Novaya Gazeta, September 12, 2018.
- ↑ Ukraine: Parliament decided to establish the National Guard , Der Standard on March 12, 2014
- ↑ Iraq to dissolve National Guard , BBC News, December 29, 2004; Accessed March 18, 2012 (English)
- ^ Vienna National Guard in the Vienna History Wiki of the City of Vienna
- ↑ www.ungarisches-institut.de ungarisches-institut.de ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
