Neferkasokar

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Name of Neferkasokar
Neferkasokarsakkara.png
Cartouche name of Neferkasokar, list of kings of Saqqara
Proper name
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Neferkasokar (Nefer ka Sokar)
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Neferkasokar (Nefer ka Sokar)
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Royal Papyrus Turin (No. III./1)
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Neferkasokar (Nefer-ka-Sokar)
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Saqqara King List (No.9)
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Neferkasokar (Nefer-ka-Sokar)
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Greek
Manetho variants:
Africanus : Sesochris
Eusebius : Sesochris
Eusebius, AV : Sesochris

Neferkasokar (actually Nefer-ka-Sokar ) was an ancient Egyptian king ( Pharaoh ) of the 2nd dynasty ( early dynastic period ), who possibly lived from around 2744 to around 2736 BC. Ruled. In the few sources he is described as the successor to King Neferkare / Aaka and as the predecessor of King Hudjefa .

King Neferkasokar is considered an obscure figure in early Egyptian chronology , who so far only appears in posthumous sources of the New Kingdom .

supporting documents

Cylinder seal of Neferkasokar, origin unknown

The name Neferkasokar is primarily known from the list of kings of Saqqara in the tomb of the reading priest Tjuneroy ( 19th dynasty ) in Saqqara , where he is described as the seventh ruler of the 2nd dynasty. He also appears in the Royal Papyrus Turin , also as the seventh regent. The papyrus certifies Neferkasokar a reign of 8 years and 3 months. Contemporary monuments or artifacts have not yet been discovered.

A cylinder seal made of steatite of unknown origin names the ruler's cartouche name , followed by the epithet Meri-Netjeru ( m.rj-ntjr.w ). The latter inscription in particular indicates that the seal comes from a much later period. However, other Egyptologists question the authenticity of the seal.

Neferkasokar's name is mentioned again in a traditional story. This appears on a papyrus called pBerlin 23071 and deals with the architecture of temples and the official duties of the employees there. In a brief historical section it says:

This writing was found in the temple of Atum , the lord of Heliopolis , when one was looking for writings in the bookhouse in a dilapidated chamber, which was inscribed with the name of "Neferkasokar". It was copied again in order to preserve it, in the name of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Cheops, by the able king's son Djedefhor .

The papyrus then tells that under King Neferkasokar a seven-year famine ravaged Egypt and the temples fell into disrepair. During a dream , the ruler receives a warning to have all the shrines restored immediately . When Neferkasokar does this, the famine ended according to tradition. The ruler then had a decree drawn up , which Prince Djedefhor rediscovered.

The Egyptologist and demotist Joachim Friedrich Quack later named the treatise "Book of the Temple".

Historical assignment

Since Neferkasokar's name is only documented for Lower Egypt , many Egyptologists consider him to be the antagonist to the rulers Peribsen and Nubnefer .

He could be identical to a king whom the historian Manetho calls Sesôchris . Manetho writes of the ruler that his stature was 5 cubits and 3 hands widths .

Cartouche of Neferkasokar in the Turin papyrus, the royal title Nesut-Biti has broken off (far right)

Reign

Since so far no archaeological finds can be reliably assigned to Neferkasokar's time, nothing concrete is known about political , cultic or economic events. However, it is generally assumed that Neferkasokar only ruled in Lower Egypt, since his name appears in the Saqqara list, but is absent from the list of kings at Abydos and the Saqqara list reflects Memphite , i.e. Lower Egyptian, traditions.

Neferkasokar is also seen as a counter-regent to the rulers Peribsen and Sechemib . The background to this view is a presumed division of the empire at the time of King Ninetjer's death . In Neferkasokar's time, Egypt would have consisted of two halves of the country, of which the southern part was dominated by kings like Peribsen, while in the north, next to Neferkasokar, kings like Sened and Neferkare / Aaka ruled. The division of the empire was ended under King Chasechemui .

literature

  • Jan Assmann , Elke Blumenthal, Georges Posener: Literature and Politics in Pharaonic and Ptolemaic Egypt. Institut français d'archéologie orientale, Paris / Cairo 1999, ISBN 2-7247-0251-4 .
  • Jürgen von Beckerath : Handbook of the Egyptian king names. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 1984, ISBN 3-422-00832-2 .
  • Jürgen von Beckerath: Chronology of the pharaonic Egypt. von Zabern, Mainz 1997, ISBN 3-8053-2310-7 .
  • Wolfgang Helck : Lexicon of Egyptology. Vol. 4. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1982, ISBN 3-447-02262-0 , p. 195.
  • Jochem Kahl : Inscriptional Evidence for the Relative Chronology of Dyn. 0-2. In: Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, David A. Warburton (eds.): Ancient Egyptian Chronology (= Handbook of Oriental studies. Section One. The Near and Middle East. Volume 83). Brill, Leiden / Boston 2006, ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5 , pp. 94-115 ( online ).
  • Peter Kaplony : Inscriptions of the early Egyptian period, Vol. 2. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1963, ISBN 3-447-00052-X .
  • Joachim Friedrich Quack: An Egyptian manual of the temple and its Greek translation. In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy. No. 119, Habelt, Bonn 1997, pp. 297-300.
  • Hermann A. Schlögl : Ancient Egypt: History and culture from the early days to Cleopatra. Beck, Hamburg 2006, ISBN 3-406-54988-8 .
  • Thomas Schneider : Lexicon of the Pharaohs. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3 .
  • Martin A. Stadler: Weiser and Wesir: Studies on the occurrence, role and nature of the god Thoth in the Egyptian Book of the Dead. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2009, ISBN 3-16-149854-2 .

Web links

Commons : Neferkasokar  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ with the name ideogram for a king who represents the Horus falcon
  2. ↑ According to a cylinder seal inscription
  3. ↑ The presentation of the entry in the Turin papyrus, which differs from the usual syntax for hieroboxes, is based on the fact that open cartridges were used in the hieratic . The alternating time-missing-time presence of certain name elements is due to material damage in the papyrus.
  4. ↑ a b c term of office 48 years.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ To: Eduard Meyer : Aegyptische Chronologie (= philosophical and historical treatises of the Royal Academy of Sciences. 1904, 1, ZDB -ID 955708-8 ). Publishing house of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Berlin 1904, plate I., cartouche no.9.
  2. ↑ Notation according to the Papyrus Vindobonensis
  3. ^ Alan H. Gardiner : The Royal Canon of Turin. Griffith Institute, Oxford 1997, ISBN 0-900416-48-3 , illustration II.
  4. ^ Thomas Schneider: Lexicon of the Pharaohs. P. 175.
  5. ↑ after: P. Kaplony: The cylinder seals of the Old Kingdom. Volume 2, 1981, plate 1.
  6. ↑ Jan Assmann, Elke Blumenthal, Georges Posener: Literature and Politics in Pharaonic and Ptolemaic Egypt. P. 277.
  7. ↑ Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbook of the Egyptian king names. P. 29.
  8. ↑ a b Martin A. Stadler: Weiser and Wesir. Pp. 84 & 85.
  9. ↑ Joachim Friedrich Quack: An Egyptian manual of the temple and its Greek translation (PDF; 50 kB)
  10. ^ Hermann A. Schlögl: The old Egypt. P. 78.
  11. ^ William Gillian Waddell: Manetho (= The Loeb classical librabry. Vol. 350 ). Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.) 2004 (Reprint), ISBN 0-674-99385-3 , pp. 37-41.
  12. ^ IES Edwards : The early dynastic period in Egypt (= Cambridge ancient history. ) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1964, p. 35.
  13. ↑ Walter Bryan Emery: Egypt, History and Culture of the Early Period, 3200–2800 BC. Chr. P. 19.
  14. ↑ Herman A. Schlögl: The old Egypt. Pp. 77-78.
predecessor Office successor
Neferkare I. King of Egypt
2nd Dynasty 		Hudjefa I.
personal data
SURNAME Neferkasokar
BRIEF DESCRIPTION ancient Egyptian king of the 2nd dynasty
DATE OF BIRTH 28th century BC Chr.
DATE OF DEATH 28th century BC Chr.