Nimezka mokra

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nimezka mokra
Німецька Мокра
Coat of arms is missing
Nimezka Mokra (Ukraine)
Nimezka mokra
Nimezka mokra
Basic data
Oblast : Zakarpattia Oblast
Rajon : Tyachiv Raion
Height : 661 m
Area : Information is missing
Residents : 540 (2004)
Postcodes : 90521
Area code : +380 3134
Geographic location : 48 ° 23 '  N , 23 ° 50'  E Coordinates: 48 ° 22 '48 "  N , 23 ° 50' 21"  E
KOATUU : 2124486102
Administrative structure : 2 villages
Mayor : Michajlo Mahal
Address: вул. Миру 225
90521 с. Руська Мокра
Statistical information
Nimezka Mokra (Zakarpattia Oblast)
Nimezka mokra
Nimezka mokra
i1
The bilingual sign at the entrance to the village

Nimezka Mokra ( Ukrainian Німецька Мокра , from 1946 to 2016 Комсомольськ ( Komsomolsk ); German German-Mokra , Russian Немецкая Мокрая Nemezkaja Mokraja , Slovak Nemecká Mokrá , Hungarian Németmokra in Bavarian dialect Daidsch-Mogra ) is a village in the Ukrainian Carpathians in the Oblast Transcarpathia with around 500 inhabitants, which was founded in 1775 by woodworkers and their families recruited from the Upper Austrian Salzkammergut . The name "Mokra" is Ruthenian and means something like "wet area". The name of the neighboring village of Ruska Mokra ( Руська Мокра , German Ruthenian Mokra ), which is about 5 km away , is derived from this, with which Nimezka Mokra forms a district council .

history

The place is about 600 m above sea level in the narrow valley of the Mokryanka , which flows into the Teresva . At the end of the 18th century, this area belonged to the Hungarian Máramaros County and there was a flourishing salt production in Solotvina, about 70 km south . The mining of the saltworks was a very profitable business at that time due to the salt monopoly, but large quantities of wood were required for it. Therefore, the Hungarian administration decided to recruit specialized saltworkers from the Upper Austrian Salzkammergut. These should provide the necessary raw material wood in the densely forested region.

founding

In 1775 around 100 workers from the Salzkammergut were recruited and moved with their families to the Forest Carpathians. A total of about 250 people arrived there in November 1775 and then founded the Deutsch-Mokra settlement. However, the houses promised to them in the contractual conditions were not available and so they had to provide improvised accommodation themselves in the beginning of winter. Despite these adverse initial conditions, the village soon began to flourish, not least because some privileges had been negotiated beforehand, such as the salary of a priest and schoolmaster by the salt chamber.

In 1815, a subsidiary settlement was even founded from Deutsch-Mokra, Königsfeld, 10 km downstream, today Ust-Tschorna (Усть-Чорна). Some residents also moved to Oberwischau, the Vișeu de Sus located in Romania today , where they met the Zipser , who also originally came from Austria, and also worked there in forestry.

End of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy

Carpathian Ukraine becomes part of Czechoslovakia

After the First World War, a difficult time began for the woodworkers from the Salzkammergut in the Forest Carpathians. The region, which previously belonged to the Hungarian part of the Habsburg Monarchy , came to the newly founded Czechoslovakia in 1919 . Here the place received the official name Nemecká Mokrá . As economic improvement, the building proved the extension of the forest railway Tereswatal of Ust-Chorna out in 1928. In November 1938, after Hitler the Sudetenland had been annexed, was German-Mokra after the First Vienna Award of the autonomous Carpathian Ruthenia within Czechoslovakia, while the southwestern part of Carpathian Ukraine was annexed to Hungary . In March 1939 the rest of the area up to the sources of the Tisza was annexed by Hungary. This meant that German Mokra had also become Hungarian. After the Red Army conquered the area at the end of 1944, however , Carpathian Ukraine officially returned to Czechoslovakia, but was contractually handed over to the Soviet Union in June 1945 . The name of the place was then changed from "Deutsch-Mokra" (Ukrainian Німецька Мокра ) to "Komsomolsk" ( Комсомольськ ), after the youth organization of the CPSU Komsomol .

Soviet time

Many German-speaking residents of Deutsch-Mokra were brought to Thuringia for forced labor by the Third Reich in the last months of the war . When they returned to their homeland from there in 1946, many were immediately arrested and sentenced to 25 years of forced labor in Siberia, where they had to work in the Khanti-Mansisk district as forest workers in the town of Poljanowo on the Ob . All German-speaking residents of the Soviet Union were suspected by Stalin of being collaborators with the enemy.

The German Mokraers who only returned from Thuringia in 1948 were no longer deported, and after Stalin's death in 1953 there were no more immediate persecutions. Deutsch-Mokra remained part of the Ukrainian Soviet Republic until the end of the Soviet Union . In the course of the planned economy , the area also came to modest prosperity, as the wood production in the Forest Carpathians was greatly expanded regardless of the long transport routes. A contact to the West or even to Hungary and Romania was not possible for the people from Deutsch-Mokra at this time and so until the fall of the Iron Curtain they were not aware that their ancestors had once come from the Salzkammergut. In publications from the Soviet era, the wrong theory was therefore often voiced that the ancestors of the German Mokraers came from Tyrol. The native Ukrainian-speaking population called them, together with other German-speaking groups, simply "Swabians" (Швабы).

The German Mokraers deported to Siberia were released from forced labor after Stalin's death, but were only allowed to move freely within a certain zone in Siberia. In the 1970s, some took the opportunity to emigrate to what was then the GDR , but many stayed in the vicinity of Khanty-Mansiysk and assimilated there. Only a few have returned from Siberia to the Forest Carpathians.

Many Mokraners emigrated to West Germany (especially to Baden-Württemberg) in the early 1970s as part of Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik .

In 1969 the traffic of the forest railway through the place was stopped again, the reasons for this lay in the relocation of timber transports to trucks and the poor condition of the tracks.

In Ukraine

On August 24, 1991, the Ukrainian SSR left the Soviet Union and the residents of Deutsch-Mokra received a new citizenship once again. This made it possible to contact the West and travel from the West to Ukraine was made easier. Soon some linguists from Austria and Bavaria rediscovered this small Bavarian linguistic island and made it known in the West through various publications. Some aid projects were also started to help the people in German Mokra. For example, the Upper Austrian Landlerhilfe has been sending civil servants abroad to the town for several years, who work on various projects there and also teach German. On February 4, 2016, the village was renamed Nimezka Mokra again .

Since 2005 it has been possible for EU citizens to enter Ukraine without a visa, which has made contact between the Salzkammergut and Deutsch-Mokra much easier. Conversely, the accession of Poland, Hungary and Slovakia to the Schengen area in 2007 severely restricted the freedom of travel for Ukrainian citizens. To travel to Austria, for example, the residents of Deutsch-Mokra first had to drive to Kiev , which is more than 600 km away , to wait several days for a Schengen visa, which was prohibitively expensive for most people. In addition to high unemployment, this made economic development in the entire region more difficult. However, the visa requirement for short stays of Ukrainian nationals in the Schengen area was lifted on June 11, 2017; since then, Ukrainians no longer need a visa to cross the border.

language

The emigrated Salzkammergütler not only took their skills as lumbermen and saltworkers with them to the Forest Carpathians, but also their customs, their costumes, their songs and their language, the old Middle Bavarian dialect from the Salzkammergut. After living mainly in the two places Deutsch-Mokra and Königsfeld , where they made up the majority of the population for a long time, their culture and language remained for a long time. This was nothing unusual in this multilingual and multiethnic area, because in the Carpathian Ukraine , besides Ukrainians, Hungarians , Romanians , Roma , Yiddish- speaking Jews , Slovaks and Russians lived mixed up, mostly in separate villages.

After the end of the Second World War, the German-speaking residents were subjected to massive repression and Russian and Ukrainian largely supplanted the old dialect. Today only about 300 German-speaking people, mostly elderly, live in the entire Theresiental area . However, they have almost never learned standard German and are most likely to have a conversation with Austrians who can still speak the old form of the Salzkammergut dialect. For many modern terms, they mostly use Russian and Ukrainian words. For example, an alpine hut is called "Kolifn" (from Ukrainian: koliba ) and a locomotive is called "Maschin". Since 1991 at the latest, Ukrainian has been the dominant language in all areas of life for these people.

Publications on the Salzkammergut dialect in German Mokra come mainly from Hermann Scheuringer and Wilfried Schabus (both University of Vienna ), Georg Melika (University of Uschhorod ) and the Innviertel dialect writer Hans Kumpfmüller, from whom the book " Comrade Iwan Zepezauer - Forgotten Austrians in Transcarpathia "comes from.

Individual evidence

Web links

Commons : Deutsch-Mokra  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Верховна Рада України; Постанова від February 4, 2016 № 984-VIII Про перейменування окремих населених пунктів та районів
  2. ↑ http://www.golos.com.ua/article/264378