Otto Rauth (Author)

Portrait photo Otto Rauth, 1914

Otto Rauth (born June 3, 1881 in Leipzig ; † November 11, 1967 , ibid) was a German lawyer , publicist and translator . From 1932 until his death, Rauth "Kalantar" was the Mazdaznan movement for Germany, the German-speaking countries as well as Denmark , Sweden and Norway . Alongside Mazdaznan founder Otoman Zar-Adusht Hanish and the couple David (1855–1923) and Frieda Ammann (1862–1955) responsible for spreading the Mazdaznan message in Europe , Rauth is one of the most important protagonists of this religious and life reform movement.

Life

Origin and education

Otto Rauth was born as the son of the innkeeper, wine merchant and later wholesale merchant Carl Rauth (born May 23, 1847 in Ober-Ingelheim am Rhein ; † July 5, 1917 in Leipzig) and his wife Elisabeth Rauth , who came from the Rhineland and lived in Leipzig from 1877 , née Holzammer (* May 7, 1850 in Mainz , † March 8, 1929 in Leipzig), born. His younger brother was the painter and graphic artist Leo Rauth .

From 1895 Otto Rauth attended the König-Albert-Gymnasium , which he left at Easter 1902 with the school leaving certificate . He then studied law at the University of Leipzig and received his doctorate magna cum laude on June 26, 1906 . His dissertation on the subject of the content of Section 952 of the Civil Code won first prize in the prize topic advertised by the Leipzig Faculty of Law in 1904/05.

During his legal clerkship , Rauth worked at the Royal District Court in Leipzig and then settled there as a lawyer .

Activity for Mazdaznan

Before the First World War

Although Rauth, by his own admission, had only "been a member of the Mazdaznan Association in the extended board since April 1912" , according to Robert Ehler, he came into contact with the Mazdaznan apprenticeship during his student days. When the Swiss-American David Ammann , sent by Mazdaznan founder Otoman Zar-Adusht Hanish in the capacity of ambassador for Europe , began to spread the Mazdaznan embassy in the German-speaking area from Leipzig in the summer of 1907, Otto Rauth regularly attended his lectures and courses. Rauth demonstrated Egyptian breathing techniques according to the Mazdaznan doctrine with great skill as early as 1910 at the Leipzig Summer Gahanbar.

Due to his personal zeal, his intellectual abilities and his legal training, Rauth quickly came into closer contact with the Ammann family and became their personal advisor and lawyer. As such, he campaigned for the legal consolidation of the young movement in Germany. In 1913 it was entered in the register of associations of the Leipzig District Court under the name Mazdaznan-Bund and thus officially recognized. In the same year Mazdaznan Verlag, founded in 1909, was given the legal form of a GmbH . In addition, the copyrights to the German-language Mazdaznan literature he published were secured for Ammann. From 1912 Rauth officially belonged to the movement's narrower leadership circle. At the Mazdaznan Bundestag in December 1913, he was elected secretary of the building committee for a planned Mazdaznan temple in Leipzig.

When in the spring of 1914 David Ammann was supposed to be expelled from the country as an undesirable person by the Saxon authorities, "Rauth took over the communication with the authorities" . He used all legal means at his disposal to obtain the withdrawal of the deportation notice. After the public farewell lecture planned by Ammann for May 6, 1914, The Race of the Future and Racial Hygiene had been banned by the Leipzig Health Department and a complaint against it had been rejected, Rauth asked the members and sympathizers of the Mazdaznan Association to make a statement by means of which they were responsible for should bear witness to the harmlessness of Mazdaznan's teaching and express their protest against Ammann's expulsion. According to Rauth, more than 1000 so-called testimony declarations were sent to the headquarters in Leipzig. Rauth used some of these explanations for the Masdasnan white paper he published . With this book, Rauth pursues the goal of " educating the public about the nature and value of the Masdasnan doctrine" . According to Rauth, this publication resulted in a renewed increase in membership. At the same time, the Mazdaznan Association wanted to protest against the confiscation of the book Masdasnan-Rebirths , written by Otoman Zar-Adusht Hanish and translated by David Ammann on August 19, 1914 , which the authorities wrapped as "one in the guise of ethics and health indecent writing "had indexed.

When the failure of the legal efforts to withdraw the deportation notice against Ammann and his family began to appear, Otto Rauth married David Ammann's daughter Hedwig on June 15, 1914 in Leipzig, who received Saxon citizenship through this legal act and was thus the only member of the family Ammann was spared deportation. The solemn blessing of the couple in the Mazdaznan rite was one of the highlights of the international Mazdaznan conference, which took place in Zurich from July 16-19, 1914 .

While David Ammann set up a new Mazdaznan center, the Aryana School of Life , in Herrliberg, Switzerland, after his expulsion , the Rauth couple kept work at the Leipzig headquarters. The "new 'double top' Hedwig Rauth-Ammann - Otto Rauth (...) took over (...) from now on not only the management of the 'Mazdaznan-Infrastruktur' (mail order business, publishing house), but also the leadership of the religious community in Germany."

During the First World War

The First World War had an inhibiting effect on the work of the Leipzig headquarters due to the difficult political and economic conditions. Like many other male members of the Mazdaznan movement, Otto Rauth was obliged to do military service. He fought on the Western Front from February 1915 . On October 7, 1915, he was awarded the Iron Cross and was appointed adjutant of a regimental staff and later a troop leader.

In February 1915 Rauth became the federal chairman of the Mazdaznan-Bund e. V. transferred. From June 1915 he also acted as editor of the Mazdaznan members' magazine. During this time, Hedwig Rauth-Ammann was responsible for the mail order company and the holding of courses.

The original premises of the Leipzig federal headquarters at Schulstrasse 1 had to be abandoned in 1916. Many activities could only be continued from politically neutral Switzerland during this time, which is why Herrliberg with Ammann's Aryana School of Life - especially for the members of Switzerland and southern Germany - actually became the actual center of the movement, whereas Leipzig became more and more popular Lost meaning.

In the Weimar Republic

Because of this, the Mazdaznan headquarters in Leipzig had to be reorganized by Otto Rauth after the end of the First World War. In 1919, the office with the publishing and mail order business moved to the residential and commercial building at Hospitalstrasse 12, which belonged to the Rauth family and which was subsequently expanded to become Mazdaznan's headquarters.

During this time, Otto Rauth worked primarily as the editor of the Mazdaznan membership magazine and as a translator and reworker of the writings of Otoman Zar-Adusht Hanish. His wife continued to run the mail order business. In addition, they organized joint lecture tours and the Gahanbars, which take place every six months at Easter and Christmas, for which the nearby bookshop could be used as a meeting place.

In 1921 - for the first time since his expulsion from Saxony - David Ammann came to Germany from Switzerland to give lectures and courses, including in Leipzig. During one of these lecture tours Ammann died unexpectedly on February 20, 1923 in Frankfurt am Main . After Ammann's death, the leadership dispute between the Mazdaznan centers in Herrliberg and Leipzig intensified.

Not least because of these tensions, Otoman Zar-Adusht Hanish now traveled regularly on lecture tours to Germany and across Europe. These trips were organized and mostly financed by Otto Rauth. Rauth accompanied Hanish during these stays, recording every speech and every utterance made by the Mazdaznan founder. These notes later served Rauth as the basis for his extensive journalistic activities.

Hanish's visits were also used to restructure the movement in terms of content and organization. As early as 1923, Hanish installed Frieda Ammann as her husband's successor, Mother Superior and Ambassador for Europe , while her son-in-law Otto Rauth, as Mazdaznan Reich Chancellor, had to organize the movement and watch over the purity of the teaching. From 1924 the leadership of the Madzdaznan movement was again aggressively represented from Leipzig.

In the years that followed, the in-house publishing house published around two dozen writings based on Hanish's shorthand speeches, some in double-digit print runs and a print run of up to 60,000 copies, as well as hundreds of pamphlets and the monthly (later quarterly) Mazdaznan Membership magazine published by Otto Rauth.

On July 31, 1926 the Mazdaznan Temple Association was founded. V. registered as the German branch of the Reorganized Mazdaznan Temple Association of Associates of God in the register of associations at the Leipzig District Court. She was subordinate to Otoman Zar-Adusht Hanish and Frieda Ammann, who could freely appoint the board.

From 1928, regular teaching weeks, the so-called life school , took place at the Leipzig headquarters, organized and managed by the Rauth-Ammann family.

At the Easter Gahanbar in Prague in 1932 Otto Rauth was finally appointed Kalantar for Germany, the German-speaking countries as well as Denmark , Norway and Sweden by Otoman Zar-Adusht Hanish . As a token of his dignity he received the ring of the alliance , which was to be worn on a white tie, "in order to remind himself again and again that each of these calantars, like the diamonds of the ring, scintillates in all clarity in the light, Mazdaznan in every respect must maintain in all clarity and purity. "

Political activities

On October 18, 1923, Rauth made his first political appearance with a public lecture on the topic of the new currency in front of 650 listeners. His pamphlet New Work - New Currency , in which he summarized his proposals for a reorganization of the state finance and labor market, was handed over to Reich Chancellor Gustav Stresemann with a petition . In 1924 he sent a revised version of his lecture to Reich Chancellor Wilhelm Marx under the title: Deutsche Volks-Mark, the new German currency, fully covered by the Reichs-Sicherheits-Hypothek . On the basis of the thesis that a state inevitably has to go bankrupt that has many unemployed people, therefore too many civil servants and consequently too few who do really useful work, he recommended that the unemployed should not be provided with unemployment benefits but that they should be allowed to do marginal work. In the case of overtime, the wages should be paid to a blocked account, interest paid and paid out to the unemployed after a blocking period without any deductions. Rauth submitted these and similar proposals for solving the economic crisis again on June 19, 1930 in a letter to Reich Finance Minister Paul Moldenhauer .

Together with Otoman Zar-Adusht Hanish, Rauth founded the General German Reich Movement for the Rights of the Community in 1932 and published the Reich program designed by Hanish , which contained the Mazdaznan principles for the progressive development of a state or community. This imperial program "was sent personally to every member of the government, every senior official and every member of parliament and was distributed as a leaflet by the friends in the public by millions" . While those leaflets later drew the attention of the Gestapo to Rauth and the Mazdaznan movement, the government showed no interest in Hanish's imperial program.

During the reign of National Socialism

Printed postcard 1935 officially announcing the prohibition of the movement to members of Mazadaznan

At the invitation of Otoman Zar-Adusht Hanish, the Rauth family traveled on June 9, 1933 by ship Europa from Bremen to New York . In the months that followed, Rauth accompanied Hanish on lecture tours across the United States, and on these occasions also wrote in shorthand everything that came to his ears from Hanish.

Shortly after Rauth's return, the Mazdaznan movement and its affiliated organizations were banned by the National Socialists on July 29, 1935, initially in Saxony and on November 5, 1935 throughout the entire Reich . Mazdaznan Verlags- und Versandhaus GmbH was expropriated, and the movement's assets and all documents were confiscated. The Gestapo fell into the hands of the membership files, which resulted in house searches and other reprisals for many of the people listed there.

At this critical time for the movement, Otoman Zar-Adusht Hanish, the founder of the Mazdaznan movement, died on February 29, 1936. Frieda Ammann, the ambassador for Europe, had, on Hanish's advice, never returned to the German Reich from a trip to America.

Despite the ban, Otto and Hedwig Rauth continued their work for the movement. Rauth was exposed to public hostility. In order to counter rumors that he was of Jewish descent, Rauth had the ancestral passport printed on his stationery.

When in June 1941, in the course of the so-called Hess Action , the supporters of the life reform movement in particular were increasingly exposed to political persecution by the Gestapo, Otto and Hedwig Rauth were among the first to be arrested after being denounced by a supporter of the movement. After several months in Gestapo detention, on April 27 and 28, 1942, he was sentenced to six and ten months in a labor camp for "maintaining a prohibited organization" . While Hedwig Rauth was taken to the Ravensbrück concentration camp , Otto Rauth served his sentence in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp . Both met other members of the Mazdaznan movement in the concentration camp.

On February 25, 1943, Otto and Hedwig Rauth's private fortune moved in. During the Anglo-American bombing raids on Leipzig, their house, which was also the headquarters of the Mazdaznan movement, was completely destroyed.

After the Second World War

After 1945, the reorganization of the Mazdaznan movement for the German-speaking area started again from Switzerland. The head of the Zurich local group, Othmar Böhmer, published a German-language Mazdaznan magazine, "which re-established the bond among the members in West Germany and Switzerland, which was torn by war and post-war distress."

Otto Rauth, who had returned to Leipzig after his release from the concentration camp, where he had opened a law firm at Universitätsstrasse 4 after the end of the war, persisted there, despite the politically difficult situation within the Soviet occupation zone . In August 1945, he and his wife applied to the Leipzig District Court for a Mazdaznan association for peacekeeping to be entered in the local register of associations. This effort failed, as did the attempt to found a new publisher. Mazdaznan remained banned in the Eastern Zone.

Initially he was not involved in the reorganization of the movement in West Germany. Since Rauth was convinced that the division of Germany would soon be overcome , he considered it more advisable to tackle the reorganization only after the conclusion of a peace treaty between Germany and the victorious powers. "Many friends in the West disregarded this wish of the German Kalantar, certainly for the best of noble reasons, and founded the German Mazdaznan Movement, working for the movement and old and new friends were delighted with the opportunities to get together and to work for the embassy. " In 1950, the first international Mazdaznan congress after 1945 took place in Zurich under the direction of the electors Henry Sorge and Clarence Gasque, the then general representatives of the movement, and in August 1951 and 1952 a Gahanbar was held under the same management in Bad Cannstatt .

In November 1953 the Mazdaznan magazine published an announcement addressed to all members, according to which on November 17, 1953 a board of directors was appointed by the Elektor Henry Sorge "to look after and represent the interests of the German Mazdaznan movement for the federal territory of Germany" . All of these activities took place without Rauth's involvement.

In the following year, Rauth seemed to have regained his authority among the members living in West Germany. In the September 1954 issue of the association magazine Mazdaznan - Ruf an die Welt "all our readers and friends who may not know it any more, as well as those who have joined our Mazdaznan family in Germany since 1932" , issued the last decree Otoman Zar-Adusht Hanishs, remembered the so-called Prague Treaty of 1932 , in which he had stipulated that Otto Rauth was appointed as the sole calantar for the German-speaking area and the neighboring Nordic countries for life and as such he alone had the right to his To arrange succession. Furthermore, the observance of the copyrights was warned and the editors declared "that the magazine 'Mazdaznan - Ruf an die Welt' will appear with the permission of the German Kalantar until Dr. Rauth can take it over under his own direction" .

In the May 1955 edition, the editorial staff of Mazdaznan - Ruf an die Welt reaffirmed Otto Rauth's authority and declared the executive board appointed by Henry Sorge to be ineffective.

Otto Rauth, who had been commissioned by Hanish as early as 1934 to re-edit the Mazdaznan literature that had appeared up to this point in time and, in particular, to revise the translations from the American language used in the publication, resumed his journalistic activities from 1954 and published it successively the revised Mazdaznan titles, supplemented by lectures that Otoman Zar-Adusht Hanish had given on his travels in Germany from 1923 to 1932 and in America until his death.

Südfriedhof Leipzig: The urn community facility, originally planted with rose bushes, in front of the steps to the columbarium, in which Rauth's urn was anonymously buried.

On the occasion of Otto Rauth's 80th birthday, a comprehensive and unqualified appraisal of his life's work was published in the members' magazine.

Otto Rauth, who worked on the publication of Hanish's works to the end, died unexpectedly of a stroke that befell him while working at his desk in his apartment in the Villa Sieglitz in the Plagwitz district of Leipzig .

With great sympathy from the Mazdaznan community, the funeral ceremony took place in the main chapel of Leipzig's southern cemetery . His urn was buried anonymously on December 15, 1967 in an urn community facility at the foot of the columbarium .

literature

• Johannes Graul: Nonconforming religions in the sights of the police. An investigation using the example of the Mazdaznan religion in the German Empire . Ergon-Verlag, Würzburg 2013 [Religion in Society, 37], ISBN 978-3-89913-988-4 .
• Bernd Wedemeyer-Kolwe : The new person. Physical culture in the empire and in the new republic . Königshausen and Neumann, Würzburg 2004, ISBN 3-8260-2772-8 .
• Ulrich Linse : Mazdaznan - the racial religion of the Aryan kingdom of peace . In: Stefanie von Schnurbein , Justus H. Ulbricht: Völkische Religion and Krisen der Moderne. Drafts of "species-specific" belief systems are at the turn of the century . Königshausen and Neumann, Würzburg 2001.
• Mazdaznan - call to the world. The magazine for individual health care through rhythmic breathing and glandular exercises, pure nutrition, physical culture according to Dr. DZA Hanish . Stuttgart, Hanover (from 1973) [NF] 1.1952.3 (May / June) - 37.1988.2.
• Mazdaznan. Journal for Zarathrushtric-early Christian religious philosophy and life practice . Sonnenkreuz-Verlag, Trogen 1.1945 - 7.1951 (8.1952 = NF1.1952).
• Gotthilf Rümelin: The big morning. A life story . G. Rümelin, Rio de Janeiro 1953.
• Otto Rauth (ed.): Reich program. General German Reich movement for the rights of the whole . Leipzig 1932.
• Mazdaznan . Monthly magazine of the Mazdaznan Temple Community, Headquarters Herrliberg. Zurich, 1.1924 / 25 (1925) - 5.1928 / 29 (1929).
• Otto Rauth (Ed.): Masdasnan - White Book . Masdasnan publishing house, Leipzig 1916.
• Mazdaznan . Magazine of the German Mazdaznan headquarters in Leipzig. Leipzig 1.1908 / 09 - 28.1935.

Web links

• Literature by and about Otto Rauth in the catalog of the German National Library
• German website of the Mazdaznan movement
• Swiss website of the Mazdaznan movement
• The Mazdaznan Diet
• Traces of the Aryana settlement in Herrliberg

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Kalantare were appointed heads of a country or linguistic region by the founder of the Mazdaznan movement, Otoman Zar-Adusht Hanish, who "see to it that this free and happy news continues, that nothing is added and nothing is taken away from this message " . Quoted from: Mazdaznan - Call to the World . Volume 3, 1954, No. 9/10, p. 151.
2. ↑ König Albert-Gymnasium (ed.): Student album 1880-1904 / 05. König Albert Gymnasium (Royal Gymnasium until 1900) in Leipzig . Friedrich, Leipzig 1905, no.1683.
3. ↑ Graul, p. 70, note 104: "Otto Rauth had studied exclusively in Leipzig. According to UAL, Quästurkartei, Rauth, Otto he was enrolled at the university between April 1902 and June 1905; he lived with his parents during this time, Hospitalstrasse 12 (the hostel of the 'Mazdaznan Home' from 1919) " .
4. ↑ Printed by R. Nöske, Leipzig 1906.
5. ↑ According to the interrogation protocol of the detective commissioner Carl Wilhelm Förstenberg from February 15, 1914. Quoted from: Johannes Graul: Nonconforming religions in the sights of the police. An investigation using the example of the Mazdaznan religion in the German Empire . Ergon-Verlag, Würzburg 2013, p. 211.
6. ^ Robert Ehlers (1909–1982): since 1972, succeeding Mila Ketterers, editor of the magazine Mazdaznan - Ruf an die Welt . In this capacity he continued the publication of Otto Rauth's literary estate. See: Otto Meffert: Obituary for Robert Ehlers. In: Mazdaznan - Call to the World . Volume 31, 1982, No. 1, p. 25.
7. ^ From the certificate of appointment issued by Hanish after David Ammann's death for Frieda Ammann as Mother Superior and Ambassador for Europe, it emerges that Otto Rauth was won over to the movement through Frieda Ammann. Frieda Ammann had been in Leipzig since September 1905 with her four children: Walter Robert (* 1883), Lucie Dora Elisabeth (1884–1926), Hedwig Charlotte (1885–1986) and Fritz Emil (* 1886) at the Leipzig Conservatory to be trained (cf. Graul, p. 65). This harmonizes with Rudolf Ehler's account, according to which Rauth came into contact with Mazdaznan while he was still a student, i.e. before 1907.
8. ^ Robert Ehlers: Dr. Otto Rauth - 100 years. In: Mazdaznan - Call to the World . 30. Vol., No. 4, 1981, p. 103.
9. ↑ The Gahanbar : The word comes from the Avestian language and means "to gather around the (altar) table" . This is the name of the Mazdaznan movement for its large biannual gatherings at the regional level. See Graul, p. 69.
10. ↑ "We have known each other since 1910; at the 1910 summer bar in Leipzig we both demonstrated the Egyptian breathing exercises to those present for the first time, and I was impressed with the grace with which Dr. Rauth also mastered the exercises." Rudolf Kayser, middle sense. In: Mazdaznan - Call to the World . 17. Vol., 1968, No. 1, p. 13.
11. ↑ The copyrights to the publications by David and Frieda Ammann were extended by Otto Rauth to 70 years after their death. They expired in 1993. Otto Rauth's copyrights to the works he has published are valid until 2038. Cf. Mazdaznan - Ruf an die Welt . 17th vol., 1968, No. 1, p. 39.
12. ↑ Graul, p. 310f. That Rauth Ammann also advised the previous editor of the Mazdaznan magazine, Hugo Vollrath (1877-1943), an "extremely colorful and extremely controversial figure whose biography still raises all sorts of questions" (Graul, p. 105, here especially note 228) To withdraw the license in 1909 and to found his own publishing house, as well as to apply for naturalization in the Kingdom of Saxony in November 1911 , is obvious, but has not yet been proven.
13. ↑ On April 14, 1914, the ordinance of the Ministry of the Interior to the Police Office of the City of Leipzig was issued. The family then immediately received the deportation order, in which they were informed: "Since you are, if not by name, at least the real leader of the 'Mazdaznan-Bund' (seat in Leipzig) and yourself as such and as Since you are an American citizen, i.e. a foreigner and as such have no right to stay in the Kingdom of Saxony, as you are hereby shown, you and your family will be expelled from the Kingdom of Saxony as an annoying foreigner . You have to leave Leipzig and the Kingdom of Saxony by May 15, 1914 (...) Your family has to leave Leipzig and the Kingdom of Saxony by July 1, 1914. " Quoted from: Graul, p. 240f
14. ↑ Ibid.
15. ↑ These included, among other things, the appeal to the Royal District Headquarters in early May, which was rejected on May 13, 1914; an immediate petition to annul the deportation order from the Saxon King of May 8, 1914, as well as an action for annulment to the Royal Higher Administrative Court in Dresden on May 25, 1914 with a simultaneous complaint to the Royal Ministry of the Interior in Dresden. See: Expulsion from the legal point of view. A report by the lawyer Dr. Rauth . In: Mazdaznan . 7th year, 1914, No. 7, pp. 145ff.
16. ↑ Graul, p. 241, note 332. Individual testimonials were published in the Mazdaznan magazine, 7th year, 1914, no. 7, pp. 166–168.
17. ↑ Masdasnan White Paper. To educate the public about the nature and value of the Masdasnan teachings. Edited by the lawyer Dr. O. Rauth in Leipzig as chairman of the German Masdasnan Association. V. in Leipzig on his behalf . 1st edition 1st to 5th thousand, 2nd edition 6th to 10th thousand, Masdasnan Verlag GmbH, Leipzig 1914 and 1916.
18. ↑ Masdasnan White Book, Leipzig 1916, p. 3 .; See the expulsion. Report by lawyer Dr. Rauth in Leipzig on August 10, 1914. In: Mazdaznan - Zeitschrift, 7th year 1914, No. 8/9, pp. 190ff.
19. ↑ Mazdaznan Call to the World , Volume 30, 1981, No. 4, p. 104.
20. ^ OZ Hanish: Doctrine of rebirth. Translated and edited by David Ammann . Leipzig 1913.
21. ↑ Masdasnan White Paper, p. 12.
22. ↑ Hedwig Charlotte Ammann (born November 5, 1885 in Zurich; † May 10, 1986 in Norco ) was stricken with paralysis at the age of 16, from which she is said to have been cured by Otoman Zar-Adusht Hanish. This was the reason for the parents to devote themselves entirely to the expansion of the movement. From 1923 Hedwig and her husband headed the Mazdaznan headquarters in Leipzig. After the National Socialists banned her movement, she was arrested and taken to Sachsenhausen concentration camp. In 1944 she was released. Her health affected by her imprisonment, she moved to California in 1949 to take care of her mother . After her death in 1955, she lived in seclusion in the Mazdaznan settlement in Norco, where she died at the age of 101. Her ashes were buried on July 2, 1986 in her father's grave in the Herrliberg cemetery.
23. ↑ Rümelin, pp. 253f.
24. ↑ On May 16, 1915, the Mazdaznanhaus was inaugurated in Herrliberg. Some members settled in the vicinity. The house and settlement were named Aryana . The settlement included vineyards and meadows, which were gradually transformed into vegetable gardens, which were used for self-sufficiency and worked according to the principles of Mazdaznan soil culture. The Aryanahaus had a large, modern kitchen with an oven for making bread. The kitchen, the adjoining dining room and a shop selling baked goods and personal care products formed the ground floor of the house, while the ballroom was on the upper floor. The settlement included a printing works that belonged to a son-in-law of David Ammann, Carlos Bunge. A number of helpers who stayed in Herrliberg to be instructed in the Mazdaznan doctrine managed the house and grounds. See Rümelin, p. 281ff.
25. ↑ Graul, p. 244.
26. ↑ The Mazdaznan assembly rooms were previously located at Leplaystrasse 10a / II. Etg. (Since April 18, 1909). On September 25, 1910, the inauguration of the Mazdaznan House at Schulstrasse 1, the former seat of the Freemason Lodge Minerva zu den three Palmen , built by Max Bösenberg , took place. See Mazdaznan magazine No. 7, pp. 130f. From 1916 to 1919 the addresses of the Mazdaznan headquarters were Sophienplatz 4 and later Weststraße 6. (Graul, p. 72)
27. ↑ See Graul, p. 70.
28. ↑ The house was acquired by Carl Rauth from the property of the Felsche family and expanded into a four-story apartment building in 1905. It was located on today's Prager Strasse, between Stephan- and Platostrasse, across from the Old Johannisfriedhof . In addition to Otto and Hedwig Rauth, his widowed mother, Elisabeth Rauth, who was also an active member of the Mazdaznan movement, and his brother Wilhelm and his wife, who were both close to Mazdaznan, lived in the house at this time. At the end of the Second World War it was destroyed by bomb hits.
29. ↑ The visits to Otoman Zar-Adusht Hanish took place annually from 1923 to 1926, then again in 1929 and 1932.
30. ↑ Graul, p. 70.
31. ↑ Wedemeyer-Kolwe, p. 158.
32. ↑ Otto Rauth and Hedwig Rauth-Ammann acted as chairmen, mother Elisabeth Rauth as adviser and the Fischer couple as deputy chairmen.
33. ^ Mazdaznan magazine 1928, p. 318.
34. ↑ With Rauth, further calantars were determined: Dr. Jindrich Sucek for Czechoslovakia , Poland and Russia , Dr. Carlos Bunge for France and Spain , Dr. Cornelius Sypkens for Holland and its possessions and Heinrich Sorge for Mexico and Guatemala .
35. ↑ Mazdaznan - Call to the World . 30. Vol., 1981, No. 4, p. 105.
36. ↑ Graul, p. 72, note 108
37. ↑ Madzdaznan . 8.1930, p. 205.
38. ↑ Printed in Mazdaznan . 02.1932, p. 39ff (series 1); 03.1932, p. 63ff (episode 2).
39. ↑ Mazdaznan - Ruf an die Welt , Vol. 25, 1976, No. 1, p. 6. - Graul mentions the dispatch of the leaflet with a print run of 160,000 copies. (Graul, p. 72, note 108)
40. ↑ Graul, p. 72, note 108.
41. ↑ See Bremen passenger lists .
42. ↑ "The Saxon Minister of the Interior dissolved and banned the Mazdaznanbund, which operated a respiratory and nutritional cult and also represented pan-European and pacifist ideas, in Saxony (...), and dissolved Mazdaznan-Verlag- und Versandhaus GmbH, based in Leipzig , banned and ordered the confiscation of Mazdaznan's property. " Quoted from: Ruemelin, p. 384
43. ↑ Mazdaznan - Call to the World . 1981, p. 107. Before this confiscation, however, Otto Rauth was able to move a large part of the printed stock of Mazdaznan literature to North America in good time. See Ruemelin, p. 385.
44. ↑ ^{a b} Otto Rauth: Handwritten report on the time of his internment in Sachsenhausen from January 27, 1966 . Source: ITS archive Arolsen, file 967915, Doc-No .: 8215125 # 1.
45. ↑ See, for example, the article in the Völkischer Beobachter of August 1st, 2nd and 3rd, 1935
46. ^ See Graul, p. 106, note 233.
47. ↑ A reaction to Rudolf Hess 's illegal flight to Scotland on May 10, 1941.
48. ^ David Hamburger: Miss Hedwig Rauth of Hollywood. In: Mazdaznan - Ruf an die Welt , Vol. 34, 1985, No. 4, p. 104.
49. ↑ Graul, p. 72, note 109
50. ↑ Graul, p. 72, note 109.
51. ↑ Rümelin, p. 401. When the Zurich local group had to stop publishing the Mazdaznan magazine for financial reasons, the Stuttgart publishing house Der Silberstreifen took over the publishing of the members magazine under the new title Mazdaznan - Ruf an die Welt .
52. ↑ As justification, he referred to a transfer Otoman Zar-Adusht Hanishs: "Master sat here and said, in Leipzig the underground currents between the running Slavs and the Angelntum back and forth, and that was important." Compare: Mazdaznan - Call to the World . 17. Vol., 1968, No. 1, p. 8.
53. ↑ Graul, p. 72, note 110.
54. ↑ See: David Hamburger: Miss Hedwig Rauth of Hollywood . In: Mazdaznan - Ruf an die Welt , Vol. 34, 1985, No. 4, p. 104.
55. ↑ Mazdaznan - Call to the World . Vol. 22, 1973, No. 1, p. 6.
56. ↑ Clarence Gasque named herself as the successor to Otoman Zar-Adusht Hanish's mother, who died in 1936, Superior Gloria , she died on December 23, 1959 in Los Angeles. Her obituary: Mazdaznan - call to the world . Born in 1960, No. 1.
57. ↑ Mazdaznan - Call to the World . Volume 2, 1953, No. 11/12, p. 183.
58. ↑ Mazdaznan - Call to the World . Volume 2, 1954, No. 9/10, p. 151 f.
59. ↑ Mazdaznan - Call to the World . Volume 2, 1954, No. 9/10, p. 153.
60. ↑ "The people appointed by Meister according to the Prague contract - with us Dr. Otto Rauth - and Emanuel Bachmann, who was appointed sole elector for life in Los Angeles in 1930 and in Leipzig in 1932, can not be deposed or ousted as long as they are alive have taken on the obligation to exercise their office, however the circumstances may allow. Third parties cannot and must therefore not exert any coercion or overturn these master orders. (...) As we learn upon request at the Bremen District Court, the 'Association e.V. German Mazdaznan Movement 'and its board of directors have never been entered in the register of associations because the formal requirements for this were not met.In our opinion, such an entry or establishment would also have violated the Prague Treaty, since the consent of the German Kalantar would have been prior The administration of the Mazdaznan movement, based in Leipzig, is officially suspended due to the division of the country in two halves, but still exists. " (Quote: Mazdaznan - Ruf an die Welt . 4th year, 1955, No. 5/6, p. 123) A similar wording can be found again in the sequence number 7/8, p. 153f: "For us German Mazdaznan is was appointed by master as elector and calantarian Dr. Otto Rauth, everything else is illusory. "
61. ↑ By 1981, nine new works by Otto Rauth had been published in book form, nine further works were published as a serial in the magazine Mazdaznan - Ruf an die Welt and another seven works were still waiting to be printed when Rauth died. See. Mazdaznan - call to the world . 30. Vol., 1981, No. 4, p. 108.
62. ↑ Mazdaznan - Call to the World . 10th year, 1961, No. 3.