Polish swarming

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A Reverberation (2007)
Lot of the Donnersberg women's club for 12 cruisers from 1831

The enthusiasm for Poland (also known as “enthusiasm for Poland”) was the enthusiastic participation of the German liberals in the Polish freedom struggle in the November uprising of 1830/1831. Organizationally, it manifested itself in the regional Polish clubs ; But the governments of the German federal states also supported the emigrants on their way to France or England.

In terms of the history of ideas , the German enthusiasm for Poland, like philhellenism, was a counter-movement to the restoration of the Biedermeier period .

background

During the pre- March period , liberalism and conservatism were vying for political power in the German Confederation .

“Throughout Europe the terrible division is going in two systems or directions, and not according to the countries, but through all countries, provinces, communities and families ... into constitutionally minded and absolutists, liberals and serviles, or if you want, followers of revolution and that of reaction. "

- Karl von Rotteck

The French July Revolution of 1830 gave the German liberals a boost. In fear of the autocratic tsarist Russia , they stood on the side of their eastern neighbors, whose state had disappeared from the map of Europe since the partitions of Poland . When Polish emigrants traveled through Germany on their way to France in 1831 and 1832 , they met with enthusiasm. Initially disorganized, financial and medical aid began in the spring of 1831, and old trade relations with Warsaw proved successful. All over the federal states, German Polish clubs sprang up that were also supported by women. Aid to Poland has been declared a national obligation. Representatives of radicalism thought:

“The restoration of Poland can only be done through Germany. Our nation is morally and legally bound to atone for the grave sin of the destruction of Poland. "

- Anonymous (1832)

The national element joined the liberal. For Dieter Langewiesche a new “European feeling” was created. The Hambach Festival in 1832 became a symbol of German-Polish fraternization . The result was the (unsuccessful) Frankfurt Wachensturm on April 3, 1833. Adam Mickiewicz inflamed Germans and Poles to fight for democracy with his books .

Polish songs

Like many fraternities caught up in the Poles, Julius Mosen wrote the popular poem The Last Ten of the Fourth Regiment when they crossed the Prussian frontiers in the autumn of 1831 . Its poles friends devoted Karl von Holtei the song Do you remember, my brave Lagienka from his stage play The old commander of 1825. After Johann Philipp Glock , the German was folk song enriched by about a thousand "Poland Songs":

“A kind of foreign followers among the historical folk songs of our country were the so-called Poland songs in the 30s and 40s of the last century. These were songs which glorified the bravery shown by the Poles in their revolt against Russia, and mostly in a very exuberant feeling, which corresponded to the romantic tastes of the age. Out of a kind of cosmopolitan sympathy, which is innate before all other peoples us Germans, the Slavic victory hymns in honor of Labienka and in memory of the thousands of Warsaw found an intoxicating echo in the hearts of simple German citizens, because they were in the increasingly gloomy political times Had no freedom heroes in their own camp after the wars of freedom. ... Even the smallest rural towns had their Polish club with a special club bar, in which the so-called dignitaries of the place, the clergy and teachers not excluded, met every evening. In these Polish clubs, Polish speeches were given, Polish highs were raised, Polish songs were sung, drunk from Polish bowls and bravely smoked from Polish pipes. "

- Johann Philipp Glock

Student sympathies

Two Königsberg Masurians with Konfederatka (4, 5)
Leipzig student with Pekesche (1844)

In the Légions polonaises (France) the Uhlans made the Konfederatka known. It came back into use in the November Uprising. Liberal German students at the Albertus University in Königsberg (and perhaps other universities) wore them with their color as a student hat . Pekeschen made of velvet with cord lacing were worn by students long before the enthusiasm for Poland, but they became fashionable at some universities. Polish students brought the lace-up skirt to the Aschaffenburg Seniors' Convent . Unlike the fraternities , the corps were rather skeptical of the Biedermeier fanatics in Poland. Richard Wagner left the Corps Saxonia Leipzig because the Leipzig Corps students did not share his “painful grief” over the Polish defeat in the Battle of Ostrołęka (1831) . The silhouette collection of the Corps Lusatia Leipzig only shows pub jackets late , from 1843 to 1846 only four.

Press and literature

The newspapers reported regularly and extensively on the fighting. The Deutsche Tribüne , Das Konstitutionelle Deutschland and Der Freisinnige quite openly took a pro-Poland position. The watchman on the Rhine inspired liberalism in the Grand Duchy of Baden . The liberal Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung did not go along with "the loud Polish cheers". The Allgemeine Preußische Staatszeitung provided a "cold jet of water into the uploaded waves of the endless Polish swarming" .

Nikolaus Lenau , Adelbert von Chamisso , August von Platen , Franz Grillparzer and Annette von Droste-Hülshoff devoted themselves to the Polish topic. The Masurian Ferdinand Gregorovius processed it literarily and historically. Ernst Moritz Arndt polemicized against “Poland noise and enthusiasm for Poland”. Friedrich von Blittersdorf saw an "almost puzzling enchantment of the governments and an equally incomprehensible delusion of many statesmen" .

In the course of the Wielkopolska Uprising of 1848 , the conflict between German and Polish national interests became particularly evident in the Prussian Grand Duchy of Poznan . Wilhelm Jordan , like Gregorovius a liberal East Prussian, turned against the naive "enthusiasm for Poland" of his compatriots and demanded a "Greater German Reich" under the leadership of Prussia with his nationally-minded vote in the Frankfurt National Assembly . Robert Blum , who inseparably linked the fate of a divided, oppressed Poland with the fate of a united, free, democratic Germany , spoke out vehemently against this standpoint of “national egoism” .

The “enthusiasm for Poland” subsided noticeably in the German states in the period after the events in the Frankfurt National Assembly.

See also

literature

  • Olga Kuthe: Heinrich Laube's novel “The Warriors” in connection with the enthusiasm for Poland around 1830 . 1925. GoogleBooks
  • Wolfgang Michalka , Erardo Cristoforo Rautenberg , Konrad Vanja , Gerhard Weiduschat (eds.): Poland enthusiasm. A contribution in the German-Polish year 2005/2006 to the traveling exhibition "Spring in Autumn". From Polish November to German May. The Europe of Nations 1830–1832 . Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-89181-075-X .
  • Daniela Galas (catalog: Weronika Jakubowska, Izabella Pach): Solidarność 1830 - niemcy i polacy po powstaniu listopadowym (= enthusiasm for Poland). Zamek Królewski w Warszawie (November 2005 to January 2006); Museum of European Cultures - National Museums in Berlin (April 2006).
  • Heinrich Laube : The warriors (novella about the enthusiasm for Poland). Mannheim 1837. GoogleBooks
  • Hubert Orłowski : “Polish Economy” - On the German Polish discourse in modern times . Harrassowitz Verlag , Wiesbaden 1996, ISBN 3-447-03877-2 . Digital copy (GoogleBooks)
  • Joseph Straszewicz: The Poles and the Polish women of the revolution of November 29, 1830 or descriptions of the lives of those people who distinguished themselves in the last Polish freedom struggle . Translated from the French by Karl Andree . Swiss beard, Stuttgart 1832. Digitized (GoogleBooks)

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e G. Brudzyńska-Němec
  2. ^ Egbert Weiß : Corps students on the way to German unity , in: Rolf-Joachim Baum (Ed.): "We want men, we want action!" German corps students from 1848 to today . Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-88680-653-7 , pp. 84 f.
  3. ↑ a b Guardian on the Rhine (1832)
  4. ^ Literature overview on the image of Poland and enthusiasm for Poland at the Federal Institute for Culture and History of Germans in Eastern Europe
  5. ↑ F. Gregorovius: Expectant Omar and Vladislav. From the desert romanticism , 2 parts (1845) F. Gregorovius: The idea of ​​Polenthums. Two books on the Polish history of suffering (1848). Digitization of the 2nd part
  6. ^ F. Gregorovius: Poland and Magyar songs (1849)
  7. ↑ World history as a world judgment
  8. ↑ Maria Muallem: The Poland image at Ernst Moritz Arndt and the German journalism in the first half of the 19th century (dissertation). Peter Lang 2001. GoogleBooks
  9. ↑ Review of Muallem's book (see points)
  10. ↑ Tzu-hsin Tu; The German Ostsiedlung as an ideology until the end of the First World War
  11. ↑ Prussia. Chronicle of a German state